The Battle of eMfuleni Kayala yisikhathi. Likuphi emfuleni Kayala?

Igama elithi "umfula Kayala" umfundi ezivamile umsebenzi kuphela eyodwa ubudala Russian, okungukuthi ku "Lay", okuyinto igcwele iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kusukela buqala izimfihlakalo kaningi kanye puzzle. Monk-Imbongi ethile yabhala kungekho kuka 8000 amazwi, futhi inani imisebenzi ku le timu maduze ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili. izifundo Slavic emhlabeni wonke ukufunda kabusha ulifunde futhi ubeke amazwana isikhathi ngasinye ngokuletha intuthuko abaningi kanti ukuthola into kungaqashelwa, kabusha kuhunyushwa umbhalo wasendulo.

Kungani vele kufanele ngitadishe umsebenzi wokuhlekwa

Kungani vele kufanele ngitadishe umsuka komkhiqizo, endaweni lapho ebhaliwe, Nakabhala? Ukuze ubuke ku elikuqukethe, ukuqonda essence yayo. Ayindida futhi umfula ongaqondakali Kayala. Kukhulunywa ngaso embhalweni umbhali, izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili. zokuma kwendawo zomlando ayikwazi thembeke uthi lapho umfula Kayala. Ngo-70 labavubukuli Ukrainian leminyaka elidlule ukukhiqiza olunye ucwaningo, kodwa wathola noluncane impi. Uma kungenjalo imisebenzi emithathu, sasingeke siphinde abakufundile ezinye yesifundazwe Prince Igor, kulapho angeke aweve zomfula, eduze kwayo impi zenzeka. River Kayala - lo mfula semi wasenganekwaneni.

lokusungula Psychology

abalobi Old Russian Ubhale hhayi yedwa, kodwa ngomusa, ngomthandazo. Babenesimo sengqondo ohluke ngokuphelele phansi, okungukuthi, ama-monk ebizwa ngokuthi wesigodlo ka wezindela futhi wanikeza nokulalela. Ngakho nombhali "Amagama ..." - nayo iyathinteka kulokhu. Noma yimuphi Ababhali basendulo abazange ufuna ukunikeza out, ukusunduza ngokwabo, futhi efuna ukulibulala ancibilike ngomsebenzi wakhe. Ngakho-ke, cishe, akekho uyothola igama lakhe. Kodwa isizini yakhe, yena ngokucophelela akazange ukufihla. Futhi manje a baxgeki ezithile etemibhalo ngomhla ephakathi kwengu-1188-1200, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi sidalwe, cishe lo Vydubychi Monastery ekhatsi Kiev, lapho egcinwe Hypation Chronicle, esivele ibhalwe, lapho kwaba ongazithatha ukuze ucacise imininingwane. Kodwa kubonakala sengathi monk wayebuye abe umhlanganyeli kulo mkhankaso, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi usibeka embhalweni yokuvela siqu.

Futhi lokho umbhali wabhala, "... uLizwi"?

Uma ubheka zonke ubudala izincwadi Russian XI-XII eminyaka, siyabona ukuthi ngeke ukwazi eqanjiwe akusho. Kayala River, okuyinto ezishiwo "Igama", ngokusobala, egameni yesimanje has igama elehlukile. Academician Dmitry Likhachev bekubona emfuleni Syuurly. Futhi impande izwi lihlotshaniswa igama eliyisenzo elithi "ukuba baphenduke." Ngakho umbhali wezinkondlo wabhekisela komfula, lapho Igor akuyona ngengozi kuhlulekile. Futhi, njengoba kungabonwa endatjaneni, isikhulu kwakudingeka baphenduke. I lasendulo umbhali ukucabanga zenkolo futhi ongokomfanekiso linqoba. Lokhu ukuchazwa izenzakalo ngokusebenzisa imibhalo yemiBhalo. Zonke - kokubili izindela kanye abavamile - babe abantu Orthodox zonke wabukela, ebhekisela umBhalo, ne Providence Waphezulu, ikakhulukazi izindela. Babekholelwa ukuthi kakulalutho izenzakalo zomlando, okuyinto angakalayishwa echazwe eBhayibhelini. Babefuna ukuze abonise indlela umuntu Orthodox ukusindisa umphefumulo wakhe, ikakhulukazi bangaphambi ukuphela kwezwe, okuyinto ngalezo zinsuku kanye nokumesaba elinde Orthodox namaKatolika. Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka endleleninchubo kunombono wezwe zale imisebenzi. Kufanele sibheke kubo labo nezincazelo osihlalele umlobi. Lokhu kwakuhilela abacwaningi, "Amazwi athi" iminyaka ecishe ibe ikhulu ezimbili.

umkhankaso Igor sika

Uma eBhayibhelini, kwakuthiwa ngoShemi, noHamu, noJafete, amadodana kaNowa olungile bahlukanisa izwe, futhi benza isivumelwano ukuthi cha transgress phansi nomunye. Izwe labo, futhi kuyomelwe ukuvikela, kodwa emikhankasweni nolaka ukuya akuvumelekile. Lapha kokuvinjelwa kwephula Igor sika. Ngonyaka owandulela umkhankaso wakhe wahlulwa Polovtsy. Emkhankasweni babe ngesonto lesibili Ebolekwe. Futhi alwa ngoLwesihlanu, futhi ukuzila ukudla. Futhi uJehova wabanikela ukunqoba. Prince Igor ayikwazanga iqhaza emkhankasweni ngenxa izinselo onesifo ukuthimula kwamahhashi akhe walimala phezu eqhweni. amabutho Igor sika baphoqeleka ukuba baphindele. Akazange iwine ke udumo.

ukushaywa engadingekile

Futhi manje ulangazelela alenzele isihlawulelo, futhi Cumans eziphukile ababuthakathaka, abakwazi ukumelana naye. Ubizwa udzimelele ukumasha umhlaba zabanye abantu akuyona kwayo alindele ukuyivikela kodwa ukunqoba futhi nengcebo nodumo, nenkazimulo. Omunye kubi kakade futhi kuphambene imiyalo waseBhayibhelini, kuba nokuziqhenya - isono esikhulu kunazo zonke. Futhi uNkulunkulu ulunika uphawu - ayeke, ophendukayo. It ithumela umnyuziki ukusitheka kwelanga. Lokhu ephelele ngalolo suku kuphela izinkanyezi azibonayo esibhakabhakeni, futhi kubonakala sengathi ilanga njengoba ucezu mncane. Ngakho-ke uchaza Laurentian Chronicle. Kodwa Igor inezici lokhu akuzange kuwumise. Isheshela ukuze refract umkhonto, baphuze nezigqoko amanzi, okungukuthi ukunqoba izwe Polovtsian. Ufuna ukufakazela ukuthi ngonyaka odlule wayengazisabi nomfelandawonye wayo wangaphambili Polovtsian futhi lesi sikhathi, kumnyama noma kubomvu, uyohlala konke kuyinto iqhawe anesibindi. Futhi ngandlela-thile boyars yakhe hung amakhanda abo. Bayaqonda ukuthi isivivinyo uyowa. Kayala emfuleni bamane ngeke.

ukushaywa okuqhubekayo

Futhi akubonayo Igor, nomfowabo, Vsevolod, okuyinto selikhonza ngaphansi kwe-Igor nendodana yakhe uVladimir, nomshana wakhe, Prince Svyatoslav, njengoba kuchazwe eyalotshwa imbongi, ibutho, embozwe ufasimbe. Kodwa Igor iqhubeka. Yena okholwa kungcono ngife. Makube impi on emfuleni Kayala kuka ulinde ngokwesaba kuphangwa Polovtsian, ehlezi ekhaya. "Ngifuna, - uthi - noma lapho ingacamelisa khona ikhanda, noma ukunqoba Polovtsy." Yebo, isikhulu waphenduka umoya wokuzidela wabembatha nabangane bakhe. A uphawu kaNkulunkulu konke kukhulu futhi iyakhula. umhlaba ukukhanya Russian basala kubo. Ebusuku nokugquma isiphepho, izinyoni ephaphama, njengokungathi uzama Igor wacabanga, phansi izingwejeje, futhi ikhwelo. Zonke imvelo ivame ukuba ayeke Igor endleleni yakhe, ekupheleni okuyinto ukufa.

Mashi perdition

Lezizibonakaliso sethusa futhi kuyesabeka baqinise umbono ngekusasa hhayi umphumela eminingi ebuhlungu amabutho Igor. A esongelayo nezimpisi abasizi Polovtzy kakade axazulule nemihosha, elinde inyamazane nolwazi, izinyoni ezidla inyama enkundleni yempi oki ehlezi, elinde yakudala. It kuvela ukuthi izilwane asemaqeleni ukuzwelana isiRashiya, abakhathazekile ngabo, ukusongela kwabo kanye namacebo enu. Yebo, ukukhanya ezweni elihle Russian wasala kakade ngemuva amagquma - ngaphambi kumnyama. Small, ayizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu lixuku esondela Don, nomaphi may Kayala-emfuleni notshwala. abafundi zesimanje aziliboni e amateur Kayala Potudan, okuyinto agelezela Don.

Tmutarakan

Le ndawo itholakala esifundeni Taman zamanje. Ngesikhathi baseByzantium yayibizwa ngokuthi ehlukile - Tamatarkha. Kodwa ekhulwini XI kwaba ubukhulu Russian inabantu abaningi Russian futhi zibuswa izikhulu Chernigov. Ingabe ngenxa yakhe, Igor wabona ikusasa lakhe, "zoyise" yakhe forcibly basishulwe Polovtsy, okumele ibuyiswe. Sangaleso iziNtaba zaseCaucasus, in the kwemihosha, mhlawumbe ekuqaleni komfula wathatha Kayala. Lena ayesesiphethe nge ncazelo, imbongi, okusheshayo,. A emifuleni plain no enkangala zonke egeleza, kancane esilazayo, futhi impi senzeka emfuleni Kayala wazola, ukugobhoza neburnom.

Ngobusuku obandulela le mpi

Long ebusuku wokudamba elinde impi Igor impi. Umbhali zaphawula kufanele ukuthi quthu ka ingaqiniseki kubonakale kabuhlungu eside futhi ephazamisayo njalo. Ebusuku owehla kancane kancane ekuseni kwafika ... Kuyanda, ukusa liphuma, ukukhanya kwalo amathonsi. Amasimu zambozwa inkungu. Nightingales bathula. Jackdaws bevuswa. Ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso singasho ukuthi lapha mayelana ekushintsheni ubusuku nosuku, ngoba ecula - inyoni ebusuku, futhi Chough - ngosuku. Futhi amasosha Russian kakade ekuseni zikleliswe oda lwempi. A polovtsy ishesha kakhulu, off-road, ngokusebenzisa emaxhaphozini futhi gatyam ezifaneleke ibutho Igor. Ingabe bezoqala impi on emfuleni Kayala (ngonyaka 1185 ngemva Kristu).

kuhlangana kwabo kokuqala

Kodwa musa sekwephuzile Polovtsian. Futhi Igor Ubala kuso. amabutho Igor zikleliswe ukulwa ukuze. Abane babo ababeyikho eziyisisekelo. Maphakathi - the ibutho of Igor, ngakwesokudla - the ibutho Vsevolod kwesokunxele - umshana Sviatoslav Igor phambili - uVladimir, indodana ka-Igor. Yena, ngenhlanhla ke engu-14 ubudala. Futhi waba ngowokuqala ukuthatha babekezelela. Phambili wema phansi isibili, zazo zonke regiments ka yabacibishelayo.

Futhi impi yaqala

inkulumo iDemo Igor wakhuthaza amabutho zakhe nezikhulu. Futhi impi iqale ngo emfuleni Kayala (usuku - Meyi 5, 1185, ngoLwesihlanu). Polovtsi wakha abantu abalwa ngeminsalo. Bona babadubula volley imicibisholo wagijima emuva. Polovtsian ukulwa uhlelo siphangiwe. regiments Advanced bawaxosha. Igor futhi Vsevolod, kancane, wahamba, ukugcina uhlelo ukulwa. Luck ngoLwesihlanu ababehamba nabo. Balithatha iziboshwa wathumba Polovtsian zokuhlala ayimizulane ezinqoleni. Ingxenye regiments axoshwe ongcolile eside kuze kube sebusuku, wabe esebuyela ngokugcwele. Ngokusho the Ipatiev Chronicle, Russian emva skirmishes owokuqala wathatha impango ocebile. Kwakumelwe Indwangu ocebile WaseByzantium, bewazisa kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo, izingubo zokulala kanye bedspreads, outerwear, uphahlwe noboya ezibizayo futhi wambozwa izindwangu ocebile, umsebenzi womfekethisi igolide ngentambo, nemikhonto, horsetail - ponytails esibondeni, kuwuphawu lwamandla. Bunchuk izinwele ukuthi ababethi abomvu.

usuku lwesibili nolwesithathu

Ngokusankondlo umbhali uchaza ivela ulwandle amafu amnyama. Lesi sifaniso sisetshenziswe izikhathi wendabuko izinkondlo iwuphawu isitha. Lezi amafu eziphepho ofuna ukumboza izikhulu zethu abanesibindi lamakhosi nempi yawo. Futhi yathuthumela amafu, okukhulu, begijima blue-violet umbani. Zonke inkungu bayisa. Battle, njengenjwayelo, waqala bekude firefight abacibisheli ukuthi lihamba phambili ukwakha. Ukudlulisa umoya ovela olwandle njengoba fu, wanika Polovtsy inzuzo. imicibisholo yabo hit ngokunembile target, kuyilapho amasosha Russian landizela yonke indawo nomaphi. Njengoba uphawu yokudabuka imbongi okubonisa isithombe imifula ezinodaka zamanje turbid e sifinyelela yabo engenhla yemvula. Lokhu amanzi anodaka, okusho ukuthi ukudabuka ngeshwa wendabuko izinkondlo, okubonisa isithombe esongelwa inhlekelele. It kubonisani Igor ukunqotshwa at Kayala emfuleni. Futhi uthuli vzmetaetsya e asemaqeleni akhanzingiweyo phambi Swirl isiphepho. "Rises Silushka okubi, okungalungile." Polovtsev kwaba okuningi. Bazungeza qembu elincane njengoba yehlathi eliminyene, indandatho obukhulu, okuyothi kwakungenakwenzeka babe nempumelelo.

ekupheleni sad

Ezinsukwini ezintathu ezama ukuphuma Igor eDonets. abantu bomile wahlupheka, kanye namahhashi nakakhulu. Abaningi babulawa futhi abanye balimala ngesikhathi emashalofini Russian. papolomoy Green, okusho black umngcwabo indwangu, amboze wabahlongakeleko, kodwana lapha esinazo emqondweni ukuthi embozwe utshani.

Kusukela ekuseni kwaze kwahlwa ishaya ngamandla impi. Ukulwa midlalo ebusuku yesibili, futhi yazamazama Covo (amaqhawe Turkic owaphila ubukhulu of Chernigov) entathakusa. Igor abakwazanga ukubamba kwabo. Futhi, uma sebebuya yena lathunjwa. Wabona izimpi umfowabo Vsevolod, wababuza wathi: ngokuvumelana indaba sokufa, hhayi ukubona ngokufa komfowabo u. Kuwo wonke amabutho Russian asindisa wakhulula abantu abambalwa. Zonke ezinye waminza.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ibutho Russian lahluleka esabekayo. Le nhlekelele ethile eboshelwe 'uzekwayo kangaka emkhankasweni ka Igor. Futhi indaba lalakhiwa asemaqeleni nimashe isikhulu Russian. A kuqhathaniswa Kayala emfuleni kufanele kuthiwe zokusesha - umsebenzi lezazi zokuma kwendawo mlando nabavubukuli. Mhlawumbe, futhi iminonjana ke seziphelile, gone efana endaweni Igor impi.