Pedagogy - a ... Isayensi pedagogy. pedagogy Komphakathi. izinkinga pedagogy

Umlando wezeMfundo elisuka esikhathini eside esadlulako. Kanye abantu bavela okokuqala nemfundo, kodwa isayensi inqubo ungubani kumiswa sesakhiwe kamuva kakhulu. Imbangela okuvela kuyo noma igatsha ngokwesayensi ngokuthi izidingo zokuphila. Lapho isidingo Yenza isipiliyoni imfundo ukwakha izikhungo ekhethekile zemfundo nokuqeqeshwa ukuqeqesha isizukulwane esisha baqala ukuvela njengoba pedagogy ehlukile. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ukwanda inqubo ukuzihlalela lo theory waqala ukulungisa izingane ukuze baphile impilo ezimele emphakathini. Inani esiphezulu umzali ekuqaleni enamathiselwe kuphela kumazwe amaningi asethuthukile - China, Greece, Egypt naseNdiya.

Ngokushesha futhi ke wakwazi ukuthola ukuthi umphakathi eba kancane noma ngokushesha kuye ngokuthi ezingeni lapho kuba imfundo asemasha.

banikela ngendlela ebalulekile. endulo

Ifilosofi ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo elibizwa ngokuthi isizinda sokucabanga kuzo zonke zezemfundo European. ummeleli wayo bhá - kuyinto Democritus. Wakhomba ukufana imfundo kanye nemvelo, bethi imfundo rearranges ngabanye, kanjalo nokuguqula umhlaba okuwo.

Isayensi pedagogy iye yabizwa kuqhutshekwe athuthukile ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi uSocrates, u-Aristotle, uPlato. Aye ekuthuthukiseni imibono ebaluleke kakhulu neziqondiso ezihlobene kumiswa ubuntu.

Isithelo umcabango zemfundo yamaGreki namaRoma kwaba umsebenzi "Semfundo isikhulumi". Umbhali wayo - Marku Faby Quintilian, isazi sefilosofi.

Ephakathi

Phakathi nale nkathi, IBandla wahlanganyela monopolization kokuphila okungokomoya somphakathi isiqondiso imfundo kwabantu bemikhakha ehlukene zikhuluma ngenkolo kuphela. ukuthuthukiswa pedagogic kwenzeka kude hhayi njengawe eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Kube eminyaka ubudala yokuphepha izimiso inviolable yokufundisa bagomele, obabukhona eYurophu cishe nambili namakhulu eminyaka. ithiyori Pedagogical cishe athuthukile, naphezu kwemizamo zefilosofi ukukhanyiselwa njengo-Augustine, uTertullian, Aquinas.

Renaissance

Lesi sikhathi libhekene njengoba okuningi evumayo sokuthuthukiswa pedagogy, kunokuba Ephakathi. It kugcwele imisebenzi eziningana othisha sezifundo - Fransua Rable, Erasmus, Vittorino da Feltre, Michel Montaigne nabanye.

Isayensi pedagogy ehlukanisiwe nefilosofi ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi Yana Amosa Comenius (Czech Republic). Umphumela womsebenzi wakhe - "didactics Elikhulu" Liyini - omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni zemfundo. Banikela ngendlela ebalulekile le ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi ukwenze, futhi Dzhon Lokk. Ngo "Abanye Imicabango Ngokuphathelene Ezemfundo," waveza umbono wakhe mayelana nokukhetha umnumzana kweqiniso - umuntu enokuzethemba sikwazi ukufeza imfundo yekhethelo izimfanelo professional, ukuqina umbono nangobuciko imikhuba.

isikhathi esisha

Umlando wezeMfundo ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle amagama anjalo owaziwa Western Ukukhanyiselwa, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Adolf Disterveg, Johann Friedrich Herbart futhi Iogann Genrih Pestalotstsi.

pedagogy Russian imzuzele sibonga udumo emhlabeni wonke ukuba Konstantinu Dmitrievichu Ushinskomu. Siyabonga kuye, kwakukhona revolution langempela theory kanye umkhuba kwesayensi embuzweni. Waphawula ukuthi injongo yemfundo ukukulungiselela umsebenzi wokuphila, hhayi injabulo.

nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni pedagogy kwadingeka Edvard Torndayk futhi Dzhon Dyui, Maria Montessori futhi Bendzhamin Spok, Krupskaya futhi Wentzel, Makarenko futhi Sukhomlinsky futhi Danilov.

isimo yamanje

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, nenqubekela phambili ebonakalayo osekuzuziwe eziningi izindawo pedagogy, futhi kuqala kunazo zonke umsebenzi on the ubuchwepheshe entsha pre-school kanye primary imfundo esikoleni. Qualitative program e-computer ezikhethekile ukusiza ukulawula inqubo yokufunda futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuze zithole imiphumela emihle amandla aphansi kanye nezindleko isikhathi.

pedagogy Modern buboniswa ngokuba umsebenzi asebenzayo ukudalwa izikole-copyright, ucwaningo kanye ukukhiqizwa izakhiwo kanye amasayithi zokuhlola. Ukufundiswa nokuqeqeshwa kusekelwe ezimisweni neyobuntu ubuntu ngamakhasimende. Noma kunjalo, imfundo - kuyinto isayensi, okuyinto kuze kube manje akanawo umbono olulodwa sendlela kufanele sisebenze ngayo esizukulwaneni esisha. Hhayi othile wekhulu ahlalisane izindlela ezimbili ezahlukene ngokuphelele. Ngokwe-kuqala, kudingeka bafundise izingane belalela nokwesaba. Ngokwe-yesibili - uthando nomusa. Kulokhu, uma ukuphila ngokwako ingenye izindlela iye categorically wamlahla, wamane abasekho. Kulesi simo, lezo nkinga ezinkulu zenzeka pedagogy, futhi impendulo ngqo umbuzo nendlela yokuthatha isinyathelo, engakaze ezitholakele. Ngezinye izikhathi inzuzo esiphezulu emphakathini ukuletha abantu wakhulela ngokuvumelana nezimiso eziqinile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi - ezihlakaniphile, umnene futhi unomusa. Ngesikhathi izindlela ezifanayo kobushiqela yokusebenza nezingane kunesisekelo ecacile ngokwesayensi. Ngokusho UMA Herbart, izingane kusukela ekuzalweni esingokwemvelo "buhle zasendle", yingakho ukuqeqeshwa kuphela kobukhulu kungaholela imiphumela ingabonakali. Izindlela eziyinhloko wabiza usongo isijeziso, imingcele kanye nokuqondisa.

Ukungahambisani lolu hlobo kwethonya umuntu kwaba inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela imfundo khulula. Umbhali wayo - JJ Rousseau. Zhan Zhak yena nabalandeli bakhe wakhuthaza nenhlonipho izingane futhi ashukumise inqubo yabo yemvelo yentuthuko. Ngakho, ohlangothini olusha - pedagogy neyobuntu. Kuyinto uhlelo kwezinkolelo-mbono zesayensi. It esabela indima abafundi alinganayo, bengazi, futhi abambe iqhaza ngokugcwele inqubo yemfundo.

Indlela ukucacisa degree of the humanization yenqubo zemfundo? It kuncike kanjani ngokugcwele walungiselela preconditions ngamunye iSilekeleli Sokwazisa.

Basics of pedagogy. Khetha into, isihloko, izinjongo nemisebenzi isayensi

Into pedagogy - muntu, okuyinto eba ngokuhamba ubudlelwane zemfundo. Abacwaningi abakazi ukuvumelana okungukuthi isihloko isayensi embuzweni. Nazi ukubukwa abalobi ezahlukene: Pedagogy kuncike - imfundo yomuntu njengoba isici esikhethekile umphakathi (Kharlamov); isimiso semithetho Inhloso inqubo ethile zomlando yemfundo (Likhachev); imfundo, ukuqeqeshwa, ezemfundo, ukuthuthukiswa zokudala futhi komphakathi yomuntu (Andreev).

Imithombo lesayensi nokuthuthuka

- Experience esekelwe umkhuba eminyaka ubudala, imfundo, abethela indlela yokuphila, amasiko.

- iziNyathelo zefilosofi, ososayensi bezenhlalo, odokotela bengqondo nabafundisi.

- Izimiso umkhuba kwefundo.

- Idatha eqoqwe ngokusebenzisa izifundo ngokukhethekile-eklanyelwe.

- Experience yothisha-izinto, ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuqala bese imibono imfundo.

imisebenzi

Kubhekwe isayensi eklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ucwaningo ngenhloso okwandisa isitokwe ezenzekayo, okutholakele kanye nokwakhiwa amamodeli we imfundo izinhlelo zemfundo. Lokhu izinkinga ngokwesayensi. Ngokwazi esisebenzayo, ukuthi phakathi kwabo kukhona abafundi imfundo nokuqeqeshwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi zihlukaniswe lesikhashana unomphela. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa inhlangano imitapo, izincwadi ngogesi, umsebenzi pedagogical ku nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe, ukwabiwa stressors ezinkulu emsebenzini uthisha, didactic ukuqeqeshwa nokuthuthukiswa base abantu ababuthaka, ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe ezintsha kanye nokuqeqeshwa kothisha esizayo, njll Phakathi imisebenzi unomphela yilezi ezilandelayo: Ukukhonjwa lwamaphethini emkhakheni ukuqeqeshwa, imfundo, imfundo, ukuphathwa zemfundo kanye nezinhlelo zemfundo; ukufunda isipiliyoni womsebenzi Pedagogical; ukusebenza izindlela ezintsha, amafomu, kusho, ohlelweni lwezemfundo noqeqesho; Ukubikezela kugucuka e inqubo yemfundo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze futhi akude; ukuqaliswa imiphumela eyatholakala ngokuhamba ucwaningo ongazijwayele.

imisebenzi

Pedagogy - isayensi, okuyinto ebalulekile ukuqaliswa yonke imisebenzi zemfundo nokuqeqeshwa emazingeni kwezobuchwepheshe kanye theory. Cabanga theory ezingeni imisebenzi:

- esishoyo. Ingabe ukuchaza imfundiso amaqiniso, izenzakalo futhi izinqubo, kanye echaza ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo futhi kungani izinqubo lemfundo zenzeka ngendlela hhayi ngenye indlela.

- Kwesifo. Kuyinto ukusungula isimo imihlola ezithile Pedagogical, ukusebenza kahle umsebenzi uthisha nabafundi, kanye nokunqunywa imbangela ekuqinisekiseni impumelelo.

- wokuqagela. Kuyinto ilindele nobufakazi yokufundisa umsebenzi kwezemfundo, okubandakanya kokubili izakhi theory kanye nama-practical.

Ngokuphathelene ezingeni zobuchwepheshe, sihilela imisebenzi elandelayo:

- projective ezihlobene ekuthuthukiseni base methodical (iziqondiso, iziqondiso, izinhlelo kanye nezinhlelo).

- Aguqulayo okuhloswe ngaso ukwethulwa izimpumelelo pedagogy zemfundo nemikhuba zemfundo sinombono ngcono yayo kanye nenguquko.

- obunobuhixihixi kanye ukulungiswa, ezihilela nokuhlolwa umthelela ucwaningo nokufundisa umkhuba.

- indlela abantu abakhuliswe ngayo nemfundo, waqaphela ngemfundo, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nentuthuko yomuntu siqu.

Imithetho nezimiso pedagogy eziyisisekelo

Isayensi kungenziwa ngokuthi ezikhulile kuphela lapho sembula lokho okushiwo yinkulumo ukucabangela esiphezulu izenzakalo futhi uyakwazi ukubikezela ushintsho emkhakheni kanye izenzakalo futhi essence.

Ngaphansi izenzakalo kuhilele izenzakalo ezithile noma izinqubo izakhiwo lapho ukuveza uhlangothi sangaphandle ngokoqobo futhi kuwuhlobo khona into ethile. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, kuyinto isethi ubudlelwane, ukuxhumana okujulile nemithetho yasekhaya liqine izici kanye izitayela ukuthuthukiswa izinhlelo impahla.

Ngaphandle ukuhlaziywa ezincwadini izimiso, imithetho pedagogy akunakwenzeka ukuhlela umkhuba kahle kwezemfundo futhi Pedagogical. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo imithetho elandelayo isayensi okukhulunywa ngalo:

- ubunye ubuqotho inqubo yemfundo.

- Ubudlelwano of zokufunda i-theory kanye nama-practical.

- ukuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokufundisa.

- emphakathini iqondiswe imigomo.

Njengoba kwaphawula VI Andreev, isimiso Pedagogical ingenye imikhakha yesayensi, kuyoshaya phansi imithetho, ngokusekelwe amaphetheni osungulwe futhi elichaza indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga Pedagogical nekilasi ezithile. Ngokusho PI Pidkasistyĭ, isimiso Pedagogical - inkhombandlela eziyisisekelo, okusho ngekulandzelana kwetintfo letenteka ngomqondo ukuqinisela, hhayi omunye.

- Isimiso ukwazi futhi umsebenzi ngamunye ohlelweni lokufunda kusekelwe ukuqaphela ukuthi inqubo yokufunda zizosebenza nge iqhaza abafundi imisebenzi yokufunda.

- Isimiso sokuqeqeshwa ehlelekile esekelwe uhlelo oluthile yokufundisa nokufunda, okuyinto izakhiwo indaba, esekelwe imbangela nemphumela nezixhumanisi yokhokho nge isikhundla ngokuhlukana we yangasese futhi ezivamile.

- Ukunamathela isimiso ukungaguquguquki, othisha ukunikeza abafundi Dynamics ukukhuthazwa imibono kusukela zaziwe ezingaziwa, kusukela elula eyinkimbinkimbi, njll

- Ngokusho isimiso ukutholakala ukuqeqeshwa, ukukhethwa zokundisa kusekelwe isilinganiso elilungile bezijabulisa futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye ulwazi mayelana neminyaka engakanani abafundi kanye nezinga labo nezenzo ezingokoqobo nangokwengqondo.

- On isimiso okuqukethwe yesayensi izinto wafunda kumele ayejwayele mbono, amaqiniso umgomo nemithetho.

Pedagogy imithetho - imihlahlandlela ezindabeni ezithile ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa. Ukuwalandela kuqinisekisa ukwakheka elilungile isinyathelo amacebo kudaleke nekusebenta ukuxazulula zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga Pedagogical.

Hlukanisa umthetho Pedagogical kungenziwa ngokuthi eyigugu uma kahle kuhlangene nezinye ukulalela lo noma lesi simiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze kuqaliswe ukusebenza isimiso somsebenzi futhi lokhu lapho uthisha Kunconywa ukuba banamathele le mithetho elandelayo:

- unaka ukuchaza emigomweni imisebenzi esizayo;

- ukuze bahlanganyele kumiswa ugqozi kwabafundi ukwakha izithakazelo zabo;

- ubheke umuzwa kanye nakho kokuphila lezingane zesikole;

- sebenzisa izibonelo ezichaza kabanzi ezithathwe ukufanekisa izinto ezintsha;

- ukubona ukuthi yonke izwi okwakushiwo yilo mzalwane.

Amanani Pedagogical - ke imithetho elawula umsebenzi uthisha osebenza njengokuvimbelayo uhlelo engqondweni yethu njengoba ngumlamuli futhi umxhumanisi phakathi esungulwe emhlabeni umphakathi emkhakheni wezemfundo kanye zabasebenzi uthisha. Basuke kwakhiwa umlando fixed njengoba thile nomphakathi.

Amagatsha futhi Izigaba

Ngo ukuthuthukiswa yimuphi isayensi uyanda isisekelo yayo theory, elamukelayo okuqukethwe okusha futhi yakha i kwamangqamuzana sangaphakathi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu locwaningo. Namuhla, umqondo wegama elithi "pedagogy" kusho lonke uhlelo wesayensi:

- General Pedagogy. Lokhu isiyalo base. Ubelokhu ucwaninga imithetho eyisisekelo imfundo, ukuthuthukisa izinto eziyisisekelo izinqubo zokufunda ezikhungweni zemfundo ye zonke izinhlobo. Lokhu isiyalo ngesingeniso phakathi umsebenzi yokufundisa, imigomo ejwayelekile, didactics, izinhlelo zemfundo, ukulawula theory, indlela, pedagogy, ifilosofi umlando imfundo.

- Ubudala pedagogy okuhloswe ngaso ukutadisha izici ngazinye imfundo emazingeni zobudala obuhlukene. Kuye lesi sici ukuhlukanisa perinatal, nursery, pedagogy zasenkulisa, futhi esikoleni esiphakeme, education amakhono kanye yesibili, efundisa esikoleni esiphakeme, pedagogy androgogics instar lwesithathu.

- pedagogy Special Kutfutfukisa theory izisekelo, izimiso, izindlela, amafomu kanye esebenzisa imfundo nokuqeqeshwa kwabantu ngabanye nge ekuthuthukiseni ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kahle. Amalungu ayo ifake izigaba ezifana surdo-, tiflo-, kweziMilo pedagogics.

- Ngenxa pedagogy professional wenza isisekelo theory kanye nokuthuthukiswa kumigomo yemfundvo nemfundo lomuntu wahlanganyela angomunye umsebenzi. Kuye lwalowo ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana zezimboni, ezempi, ubunjiniyela, ezempilo, ezemidlalo kanye pedagogy lempi.

- pedagogy Komphakathi. Lokhu isiyalo iye ukutadisha imithetho ngendlela akhuliswa yezenhlalo kanye nemfundo izingane. pedagogy Social kuhlanganisa izenzakalo ezingokoqobo futhi theory emkhakheni kokubili imfundo esikoleni kanye nemfundo izingane kanye nabantu abadala.

- Umsebenti imfundo ekwelapheni - uhlelo ubunjiniyela ukuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo futhi inqubo yemfundo nabafundi obuthaka noma onesifo.

- Ubulili pedagogy ucubungula izindlela ukudala ezenza izingane esikoleni futhi izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga komphakathi.

- Ethnopedagogics ukuhlonza amaphethini kanye izici imfundo nobuzwe ngesisekelo, ethnographic, izindlela Ethno-kwezilimi lwezenhlalo bemivubukulo.

- Through izimiso umzali athuthukile kuloluhlelo lwemfundo bekhulisa izingane emndenini.

- Umsebenzi ukuqhathanisa imfundo - amaphethini cwaningo yentuthuko kanye nokusebenza ezikhungweni zemfundo nokuqeqeshwa emazweni ahlukahlukene.

- lokuqondisa izigwegwe pedagogy kwakuthiwa ufaneleke ongakhetha reeducation sabantu esitokisini.

ubuhlobo obuseduze

Isakholoji pedagogy isetshenziselwa ukuchaza, ahumushe abuye ahlele amaqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi okukhulunywa buhlobene eduze izitho zomzimba njengoba ukuhlonza ukuthuthukiswa engqondweni nasemzimbeni lokulawula izindlela abafundi kubalulekile ukucabangela amaphethini umsebenzi eziphilayo. Ubudlelwano eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo ayimisa phakathi pedagogy nakwezomnotho. Lesi sakamuva uyakwazi ukuthonya ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundo umphakathi. Kulokhu, lesi simiso izinyathelo kwezomnotho zingaba Kuvuselela noma umphumela inhibitory ku isidingo ukuthola ulwazi olusha, futhi kulesi sikhathi futhi uyakucabangela pedagogy. Ezemfundo njengoba uhlelo abadinga usizo njalo ukushukuma kwezomnotho.

isikhundla esitebeleni

Njengamanje, akekho esifisa embuzweni isimo yesayensi pedagogy. Ngokwejwayelekile kwamukelekile ukuthi inhloso yayo kulokwazi imithetho imfundo nokuqeqeshwa kanye nokwakhiwa womuntu ukuthi ngesisekelo salokhu ukunquma yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu ukuze kufezwe izinhloso yokufundisa umkhuba. Ngokwabacwaningi eziningi, lokhu isayensi kuyindlela esezingeni theory okuyingxenye (axioms, izimiso, imithetho, izifundo pedagogy) kanye nama-practical (ubuchwepheshe, izindlela, amasu).

Research Institute

ERussia, ukuthuthukiswa pedagogy Sekuyisikhathi eside alalelwa. Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono lokhu isayensi e-USSR, nezikhungo ezimbili zocwaningo avuleka. Esokuqala sasithatha kusuka 1924 kuya ku-1939-th ngonyaka. Lona-National Institute of Scientific Pedagogy. Laliqhele phezu Fontanka yashayisa unqenqema.

I Research Institute of Education, owasungulwa ngo-1948, aye wasebenzelana ngayo umlando futhi imfundiso, kanye nezindlela zokufundisa. Ngo-1969-ke yaguqulwa imfundo sikhungo omdala jikelele.

yokuvalelisa othisha

Amapharamitha neyobuntu womsebenzi zemfundo - okuthile lapho kusekelwe le pedagogy yesimanje. Izihloko ocwaningweni olwalwenziwe eyenziwa kule ndawo zihloselwe ukusiza othisha ukurekhoda umehluko phakathi esiphuthumayo zomphakathi kanye kahle, ngokoqobo futhi ekahle. Thishela yesimanje kufanele alwele ukuze nginqobe lezi izikhala futhi sithuthukise, ukwakha ecacile ngemibono lokuzibusa kwedluliswe ngendlela esebenza kahle ulwazi ukuze abafundi kanye nomsebenzi oluphumelelayo lwemfundo.