Technopark - movement ... Umlando technopark

Umlando amapaki zezimboni lwaluqala zamashumi amahlanu ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, waseStanford University, etholakala isimo California (USA), kwanqunywa ukuba lidele sikhala nezwe ubuningi ukuqasha. Isivumelwano sisuke esiphethwe izinhlangano ezahlukene. Bobabili izinkampani ezinkulu kanye namafemu encane wahlanganyela zobuchwepheshe ibhizinisi.

Konke kulezi zinhlangano ngesikhathi ngoba nezinkontileka kuhulumeni. ukukhiqizwa Small akhiwa ukuthintana ngqo enyuvesi. Lokhu kuye kwazuzisa, futhi eyodwa noma olunye uhlangothi. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka umphakathi kancane kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi Silicon Valley.

Ukwenziwa khudlwana kokukunikela abantu iphrojekthi

Ukuze ukwakha ngokugcwele insimu singenamuntu futhi Debug ingqalasizinda ezidingekayo, kwathatha cishe engamashumi amathathu. Kwakuwusuku ukusungulwa lokuqala Technopark. Silicon Valley sesiye saziwa emhlabeni wonke ngenxa impumelelo yayo izimboni zobuchwepheshe. Ikakhulukazi ithuthukiswe lapha njengoba ubuchwepheshe bama-computer kanye nokwaziswa.

amafemu amancane, kuhlanganise e abasebenzi bayo abasebenzi ababili noma abathathu, lakhula ngokushesha, abe inkampani nge hhayi eziyinkulungwane abasebenzi. Ngo-1981, izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka ayisishiyagalombili ukusebenza endaweni, lapho le epaki ezimbonini. Lena zinde ezifana efana Polaroid futhi Hewlett-Packard, inkampani Aerospace "Lockheed" nabanye abaholi umkhakha.

Nge-yalolucwaningo 80 e-US amapaki zezimboni yaqala ukubonakala ngamanani amakhulu. Isiza ukuthuthukiswa kwaleyo izifunda lapho zagqitshwa okubangelwa ukusweleka komsebenzi kanye komnotho. Futhi namhlanje e-United States inenani elikhulu izindawo zezimboni kanye ngokwesayensi. Ngo inombolo, kwakha ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu isibalo emhlabeni.

Ukuvela ubuchwepheshe amapaki eYurophu

Umqondo Great wangenela ahamba phezu kolwandle enza 70s kwekhulu elidlule. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho Scottish University of Edinburgh Research Center eqale. izinhlangano Okufanayo eyaqala ukuvela Cambridge eTrinity College, eBelgium ngesikhathi Louvain-la-Neuve nokunye. D. Tehnoparkovyh ukunyakaza eYurophu sithuthukiswe kakhulu ngenxa Inkinga engu-80. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke, ukuze sisize izikhungo elinezinkathazo amalahle textile umkhakha, uMargaret Thatcher ngaphambilini ukudalwa UK inethiwekhi esishintshashintshayo lezimboni amanyuvesi ekhona. Lo mbono kwabasiza. Futhi namhlanje eNgilandi ngempumelelo ziqasha technoparks ngamashumi ayisihlanu. Kukhona ezinye kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Insimu yalo indlela okwakheke ngayo enjalo cishe ngo-260.

European ubuchwepheshe amapaki, kuhlanganise emisha izikhungo ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ezihlukene, wasebenzisa ekuthuthukisweni isipiliyoni yayo kwezilwandle. Lokhu kwavumela ukuba zidlule endleleni emifushane kumiswa. "Business Incubator" ngesikhathi esifushane kwaduma kakhulu. amasevisi abo ezisetshenziswa izinkampani ezincane kanye nezinkampani zangasese, kanye nenhlangano sphere yomphakathi. Iyiphi indima udlalwa ipaki zezimboni? Kwakuyisikhathi isixhumanisi phakathi umkhakha kanye wokucwaninga.

Technopark ukunyakaza e China

nakho American e ukuhlela izindawo zezimboni eyingqayizivele iye usuthathwe China. Kulesi ensimini, izwe uye baphumelele emangalisa yabakhanga umphakathi wezwe lonke. Ukuthuthukiswa yashesha ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe e China Lwenziwe by iqhaza isimo.

Kakade ekuqaleni kuka-1986 uhulumeni wagunyaza uhlelo ukuthuthukiswa isayensi nobuchwepheshe. Kule ncwadi, kuleyo mikhakha igunya sezihlonziwe, okufanele kubandakanye kwepaki yezimboni. Isikhala Centre, ikhompyutha isayensi electronics, biotechnology ne -genetic engineering, fibre optic kwezokuxhumana, futhi ubuchwepheshe energy osindisa for iphrojekthi kwadingeka ukuba ibekwe kule ndawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuhlelwe ukuthi endaweni yezimboni nocwaningo izohlanganisa ukukhiqizwa ukusungulwa imishini kwezokwelapha.

Usizo uhulumeni

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva wayesekwazi wasungula uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi "Ithoshi", okuyinto kwaba isinyathelo esilandelayo kule projekthi, owawuthi obekumele ukwakha kwepaki yezimboni. Yaba enye isinqumo kahulumeni, ngenhloso okuyinto wawubheke lokuhweba kanye kwetimboni intuthuko kakade lokuzuziwe ukudalwa ubuchwepheshe isayensi khudlwana. Uhlelo "Ithoshi" babehileleke umthamo production, izindleko zazo kudlulwe $ 25 bhiliyoni.

Ekwetfulweni le phrojekthi, ezifana indawo technopark, okuyinto ngaphezu kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe futhi okukhuthaza imikhiqizo yabo ekhaya ukuthekelisa izimakethe, nendima enkulu edonsa ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle kanye nentuthuko eziphambili zidaliwe.

epaki China lokuqala zezimboni - kuyinto Beijing zone zokuhlola, etholakala esifundazweni Haydan. Kusukela wokuvula yayo, owawuse-1988, leli zwe like wadala 120 amayunithi ezinjalo. Kulokhu, amaphesenti ayisihlanu babo abasebenza nokusetshenziswa kwemiyalo uhulumeni.

Uhulumeni waseChina usungule waba usizo olukhulu ukudalwa ubuchwepheshe amapaki. Futhi eveza hhayi kuphela e esiningi ukutshalwa kwezimali. Ezingeni lahulumende sezisunguliwe nemibandela ibhizinisi evumayo kulezi zindawo. Lokhu kwehliswa noma ekukhokheni izinzuzo kwentela ukuphathwa ukwakhiwa dolobha kanye kungenzeka of duty-free ukungena imishini amazwe.

Umhlaba Movement of technopark

Eighties kwekhulu elidlule umbono sendalo ezindaweni kuyisayensi nakwezezimboni buyadlondlobala. Industrial amapaki Kwamiswa hhayi nje kuphela emazweni athuthukile kwezomnotho. ukwakhiwa babo baqala ku-Australia futhi Singapore, iMalaysia, iNdiya, i-Brazil ne-Canada, kanye nezinye izifundazwe eziningi.

Qala yokwakhiwa technoparks eRussia

Ukudalwa esishintshashintshayo zezimboni nesayensi ezweni lethu bekwi-80s-90s. Kwakuyinkathi enzima, lapho ngemva the crisis isimo uyekile ngezimali umkhakha futhi isicelo komkhakha wezesayensi. Omunye kungenzeka ukugcina kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe iphuzu wokusungula wokuhambela amagatsha, okwakuhlanganisa kufanele ibekwe Technopark. Centre RAS e saseTomsk, Ministry Russian of Higher Education, iKomiti Yombuso ku Ezemfundo, kanye amabhizinisi ezinkulu ziye zaba abasunguli sokuqala kulezi zokwakheka. Lokhu epaki izimboni impahla yomphakathi.

Kamuva kwenzeka izinguquko. Technopark baba JSC. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yisabelo ubunikazi isimo usunciphe 3% ku Isikhwama ogunyaziwe.

Isikhathi okuthunyelwe namaSoviet

technoparks Young Russian labhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu. Basuke ehlaselwe yokungabi nokuhlangenwe nakho kuphela abaphathi bakwa-izimo zomnotho esishintshile. Phakathi nale minyaka engu izindawo zezimboni kanye noluyiqiniso zehlulekile ukwenza intuthuko ekudalweni ubuchwepheshe obusha. Kwakuyisikhathi lapho phambi yimuphi umsebenzi ibhizinisi kwaba ukuze usinde aphansi. Technoparks ezimweni ezinjalo babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli njengoba izikhungo ukwazi ukuthola ukwesekwa isimo.

kwakukhona Uhlelo Ministry of Umnotho "Ubuchwepheshe amapaki Russia" ngo-1990. Yaklanyelwa iminyaka emihlanu. Nokho, uxhaso kulolu hlelo awavunyelwe ukuthenga impahla kanye ukuhlela yonke nengqalasizinda edingekayo. Imali ebekelwe, amanye amanyuvesi ziye zasungula ukuthengiselana, okuyinto kwakusala kude ngokwesayensi.

isimo umsebenzi ephakeme

"Technopark" Association yasungulwa ngo leyo minyaka. Ngaphambi umsebenzi wakhe kwaba ukufunda futhi lithathelwe isipiliyoni international yezimo Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Association kwaba ukuqhuba inkulumo-ze ngenxa yokudalwa umsebenzi amapaki zobuchwepheshe, njengoba isixhumanisi aphumelele ukwesekwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi amancane ezintsha.

Kulesi umsebenzi, uhulumeni waseRussia akuyona impahla kuphela, kodwa futhi usizo lwezomthetho. Nokho, baba nomuzwa wokuthi noma yimuphi kokuvusayo intela akufanele usebenzise kwepaki ubuchwepheshe. Ukukhiqizwa kubalulekile ukuba afeze ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo eziye kulo lonke leli. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ezindaweni ezifana ujike ngenye kalula sogu lolwandle yangaphakathi lapho amafa ukuboniswa.

Ngu Uhlelo maphakathi nawo-90 sika "Technopark" eRussia uye waqhubeka athole umfutho. Isibalo esishintshashintshayo enjalo ikhulile. yokudalwa senzeka ngesisekelo izikhungo ngocwaningo isimo. Nokho, kwakukhona abanye ukwahlukana ukuthuthukiswa phakathi la maqembu. I eziphambili kakhulu iyona amapaki kwesayensi saseTomsk futhi eMoscow, eSt Petersburg kanye Zelenograd, Chernogolovka futhi Ufa.

Technopark e kwaseSaransk

Ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho ngamazwe, singasho ukuthi kwepaki yezimboni - kuyinto indawo ekhethekile kwezomnotho kanye elikhula ngokushesha umkhakha ngobuchwepheshe. Yingakho amayunithi abanjalo bangabaphostoli ngaphansi kolawulo olukhethekile uhulumeni, nomsebenzi wokuthuthukisa kubo imisiwe nguMongameli we Russian Federation Vladimir Putin in 2005 Ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu yaqedwa ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo federal ukuthuthukisa izindawo waseRussia ezimbonini kanye engokwesayensi emkhakheni ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kuze kube manje, live letfu ivule technoparks nambili. Kuwufanele ethi ngo-December 2014 ukuqaliswa kohlelo federal seliqediwe ngokugcwele. Kulindeleke ukuthi ukusebenza kwesabelomali zonke amapaki ubuchwepheshe kuyoba ngaphakathi 55%. Kulokhu, ngeke ukudedela okungenani 12% imikhiqizo kwamanye amazwe.

Enye iphrojekthi

Omunye izinto zohlelo federal kwaba eziyinkimbinkimbi "Technopark ka Mordovia". ukwakhiwa kwalo uqalwe emva ukusayinwa oda Putin, eshicilelwe 12.09.2008, endaweni ingqikithi isakhiwo imayelana 6.000 sq.m. On indawo kwakhona nezinkampani ezikwamanye ekuthuthukiseni isofthiwe, kanye nalabo izinhlangano, umsebenzi okuyinto lihlotshaniswa imvelo ulwazi kanye ukudalwa yolwazi ngesisekelo ubuchwepheshe besimanje.

Ekupheleni kuka-2014 e-eziyinkimbinkimbi "Technopark ka Mordovia" wethulwa esigabeni sesibili. Kuze kube manje, nayo yonke indawo imisebenzi zone ngempumelelo amahlanu eyodwa inkampani umhlali, ukuhlinzeka imisebenzi 1634. Ingqikithi yemali engenayo yonyaka ka Technopark - ruble 1 bhiliyoni ..

Technopark e Togliatti

Izoni ngobukhulu kuyisayensi nakwezezimboni Russia kuyinto Valley Zhiguli. Lokhu epaki zezimboni, ezakhiwe eduze kwedolobha Togliatti. Le ndawo zone of 65,000 sq. m izinkomba esemqoka ye technopark "Zhiguli esigodini." - ezokuxhumana kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi, kwagezi kanye nokusebenza kwamandla, ezokuthutha, amakhemikhali, kanye intuthuko emkhakheni we ukuhlola umkhathi.

Okwamanje, kukhona izinkampani 22, inani okuyinto esikhathini esizayo kufanele lukhule emakhulwini.