Yini lo mkhuba radioactivity? Radioactivity: ukutholakala Becquerel sika. Lo mkhuba radioactivity: isipiliyoni uRutherford

Ekupheleni 1895 okokuqala lapho livela khona cindezela ulwazi ukuthusa mayelana kuvulwa Conrad Roentgen of uhlobo olusha ngemisebe. Lezi imishayo lapho usosayensi ngokuthi X-ray abonise kudlule kalula ngokusebenzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene - izinkuni, amakhadibhodi, kanye nezinye izinto ukuthi kufanele opaque ngoba kwelanga ukuthungwa. Ukutholakala kwalezi imisebe ujabule kakhulu emhlabeni yesayensi. Futhi mhlawumbe kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi izwe hhayi ngokushesha waqaphela omunye revolution physics - ngo-1896 Anri Bekkerel wathola into entsha, okungukuthi i-radioactivity.

Radioactivity. Kuvulwa Becquerel

Esikhathini esizayo, ukuze ukutholakala kwabo Antoine Anri Bekkerel , kanye abashade nabo Curie ukuthola uMklomelo KaNobel. Phela, lezi ososayensi, ngokuvumelana iKomiti kaNobel, wavula i-radioactivity nokuguqulwa. Lapho esemusha, uHenry wathola imfundo engcono wamabhuku umsizi Aleksandra Bekkerelya, uyise. Kukhululwa incwadi yokuqala yesayensi Anri Bekkerelya ukhathazekile ukufunda izinga lokushisa kwamanzi Zomhlaba. Ukutholakala radioactivity Antuanom Bekkerelem kwenzeka kamuva kakhulu. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, usosayensi othile waziphatha ucwaningo lomkhuba luminescence ka nokwehlukana ukukhanya, ukumuncwa zinhlayiya ukukhanya. Lokugcina ezindaweni alethwe Becquerel zobudokotela e-physics. Kamuva, Becquerel wathola ukuthi ingxenye emisebeni kukhona imisebe ethile, ngemvelo yabo zifana kakhulu ze-X ray. Wathola ukuthi uma asetshenziswe ucwaningo i-uranium, emisebeni unamandla kakhulu.

Umlando kokutholakala radioactivity: Irhubhululo elingezelelako

UMariya Kyuri wayebuye abe umfundi Becquerel. Wathola ukuthi lo mkhuba radioactivity has enye into - cindezela. Ngaleso sikhathi akekho wayazi, njengoba kufakazelwa lo mkhuba radioactivity. Emhlanganweni, amalungu French Academy of Sciences Becquerel kubika ayekutholile isimanga.

Watshela ososayensi ukuthi ngaleyo misebe ivulekile kubo, ungakwazi ngokuzenzekelayo ukungena kunoma iyiphi indawo. Ngo izakhiwo zabo, afane ze-X ray. Ngokuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle noma yimuphi umsebenzi, kuza lokhu kwemisebe izinto ezithile. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi kuyisici sobuntu bakhe izinto kabani Ukwakheka kufakwe i-uranium. Futhi Becquerel ngokuthi lolu hlobo uranium emisebeni ye.

Yini namanje ikhombisa mkhuba radioactivity?

Ukutholakala radioactivity sekudlule cishe emthunzini ucwaningo kwabanye ososayensi. Kodwa-ke lezi imisebe abizwa ngokuthi ngemisebe. Kwatholakala ukuthi hhayi kuphela okwazi uranium ikhipha imisebe ehlasela yalolu hlobo, isakhiwo nabanye izinto. Empeleni, lokhu okutholakele wayengomunye walaba esiyingqopha-physics, ngoba lo mkhuba imisebe, sitholwe Becquerel, kusikisela ukuthi i-nucleus ye-athomu has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-lomkhuba wokuthi wathola ngengozi, usosayensi u unongorwana owaziwa ngeNobel Peace Prize okufanayo, lapho Curies utholakale umsebenzi eside titanic. Kodwa lezi ososayensi kwanikezelwa kokuhlaziywa alinganayo. Ngeshwa kubo bonke abantu, umsebenzi lolu hlobo ngoba ososayensi ayibanga yize. Ngo-1906, wafa Per Kyuri, futhi Becquerel ngasinda kuye ngeminyaka emibili kuphela, uyehla eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-57.

Inguquko ngokwesayensi physics

Udaba, njengoba kufakazelwa lo mkhuba imisebe, lisavuliwe isikhathi eside. Ucwaningo lolu imfumbe kwaqhubeka bamakhemikhali abaziwa umhlaba wonke oshadile - Mariey Sklodovskoy futhi Pierre Curie. Babetadisha ngokucophelela lo mkhuba omusha. Igama elithi "radioactivity" wamenywa ukuba Mariey Kyuri-Sklodowska University.

Ukuze ososayensi abaningi ngenxa ucwaningo kwaba untenable ngokuphelele isithombe esidala zomhlaba. Ngemva kwakuthiwe babekholelwa ukuthi i-athomu eyodwa futhi indivisible kuyizinhlayiyana nenhlalakahle. Yini lo mkhuba imisebe, ngempela? Okokuqala, ekubonisa ubuze besimo imfundiso yokuziphendukela ama-athomu indivisible. Lo mbono kwaqala isikhathi lezazi yamaGreki asendulo. Ngempela, igama "athomu" lihunyushwa lisuselwa esiGrekini ngokuthi "indivisible". Ngakho -radioactivity njengobufakazi bokuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo athomu nengaphakathi kubonisa ukuthi i-athomu has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngo ukubola izakhi ezintsha ke inike izinhlobo ezahlukene emisebeni:-alpha, beta-gamma ngemisebe.

Rutherford isithakazelo inkinga ka-radioactivity

Omunye iminikelo enkulu ukuba nolwazi radioactivity laqanjwa ososayensi Ernest 'uRutherford. Wazalwa ngo-1871 emndenini New Zealand ukulima. Ngo-1896, ukutholakala Rutherford phathelana usosayensi oyiNgisi ezaziwayo. "Lo mkhuba imisebe, sitholwe Becquerel, kubonisa ukuthi i-athomu ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye," - lokhu postulate unesithakazelo ngakho kule uRutherford abasha, ukuthi kakade 1899 eshicilelwe umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala-uranium kanye conductivity yayo kagesi. Lolu cwaningo kwakuyisiqalo ekutadisheni uRutherford kugucuka enuzi kanye kokutholakala nucleus yama-athomu.

Ucwaningo we ngaphakathi kuyi-athomu ye

Ngo-1911, 'uRutherford ingenye yezinto oluvelele amaningi enziwa ukuthi udumo lwakhe emhlabeni wonke. Ososayensi nucleus yama-athomu kwatholakala. URutherford wenza ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi i-athomu ingaqukatha nucleus kahle icala, futhi lizungezwe izinhlayiya kwenkokhiso okuphambene. URutherford ibalwa kulinganiselwa ukuhluka izinhlayiya okuyinto landizela athomu esidlule. Imodeli entsha usosayensi lwaphakanyiswa yi-wezesayensi bayangabaza. Nokho, waba isisekelo theory yesimanje isakhiwo athomu.

ukwamukelwa Yokugcina hypothesis Rutherford

Usosayensi balitadishisise radioactivity njengoba enzeka ngokomzimba. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho uhlole ukwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi begodu nesakhiwo uranium atholakala kakhulu ukuncela kakhulu imisebe. URutherford yabo ngokuthi i-alpha imisebe. Ososayensi baye futhi kuvulwe esingaphansi kokumunca misebe, anibizela beta-reyi.

Emibhalweni yakhe, abacwaningi uqhubeka utadisha phambi isivivinyo imisebenzi Curies lo mkhuba radioactivity. Experience uRutherford luveza ukuthi radioactivity-athomu iyisici ukuthi kuhambisana ukulungiswa amakhemikhali ketshezi. Ocwaningweni olwenziwe ngokubambisana wemithi Soddy, ngo-1903, 'uRutherford ekugcineni kuqinisekisa umbono wakhe. Wasungula inqubo yokubala umthetho zokuwohloka enemisebe, futhi unikeza incazelo enhle kakhulu uchungechunge ingxube yamakhemikhali ukuze akhe izinto ezifana uranium, Radium futhi cindezela.

Yayiyini isipiliyoni uRutherford?

Usosayensi ukubeka isipiliyoni ukuhlakazwa-alpha izinhlayiya. uvumelanise yabo kwenzeka udabula ungqimba ezondile igolide ucwecwe. URutherford abakhethiwe igolide ngaphandle isizathu: it is ngokunembile le nto kwaba nezimo kakhulu, futhi ngenxa kwakunokwenzeka ukuthola ukushuba ungqimba kakhulu athomu eyodwa. Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, uRutherford wathola okubonwa elandelayo. Ezinye izinhlayiya-alpha badabula ucwecwe, obumba ukufiphala esibukweni.

Abanye kuphela eqoshiwe ohlangothini zesikrini. abacwaningi ngaphambili kuye kwabonisa ukuthi icala omuhle ngaphakathi athomu ikakhulu etholakala ngaphakathi enkabeni yalo, lapho umnyombo futhi ama-athomu ezahlukene ahlukaniswe ngezikhawu omkhulu. Isenzakalo lapho ikhemikhali kokuba ikhono abalulekile angesabi likhipha afinyelela ekujuleni izinhlayiya wabizwa ngokuthi mkhuba radioactivity zemvelo. Manje ayaziwa njengoba kufakazelwa lo mkhuba radioactivity. Kwatholakala ukuthi i-nucleus ye-athomu sika abanalo ikhono iba yingxenye yomhlabathi angesabi.

Fission chain reaction

URutherford Kwembula amaphethini ezinye kwamazinyo enemisebe. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ihlukaniswe nuclei esindayo, kungenzeka lapho kumiswa eziningana neutrons khulula. Ngakho kungenziwa ihlelwe usosayensi ngokuthi ukuqoqwa chain reaction. Lapho-ke neutrons khulula asakaze e konemimoya equkethe Izakhi ezisindayo avuse neutrons entsha. Uma lokhu imvelo libhekene wokuqukethwe lelisetulu neutrons, inqubo kufana ngendathane. Lapho empeleni isibalo neutrons alwanele, ke ukusabela chain kancane kancane converges zero. I-apharathasi, lapho i-imeyli engahlonziwe ezifana asekelwe ngemishini, ebizwa ngokuthi amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza.