Ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin": Umlando kanye isiphetho

Adume ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin" lakhiwa 1933 eDenmark ngomyalo uhulumeni wamaSoviet. Okokuqala, lo mkhumbi omusha okuthiwa "ULena" (yokuthi yayihloselwe ukuhamba phakathi Vladivostok futhi le soMfula Yelena). I "Chelyuskin" iqanjwe kabusha ngosuku olwandulela bomkhankaso abadumile polar. Steamboat nayo yonke amazinga yesimanje isikhathi sakhe esiningi. ukufuduka wayo zazilingana amathani ayinkulungwane 7.5.

umsebenzi esiyingqayizivele

izici Ezivelele ezihlukanisa ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin", yabakhanga eSoviet wamazwe polar Otto Schmidt. Lokhu sokuma nesazi sezibalo ngiphuphe unqoba uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho - umzila okuholela Pacific Ocean eduze nogu lwasenyakatho Eurasia. Schmidt wayezimisele ukwenza noma yini ngecebo lakhe. Ngo-1932, kwase umkhumbi "Aleksandr Sibiryakov" wakunqoba indlela kusukela e-White Sea kuya oLwandle uBarents.

Ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin" kulo Umthandi womculo isibe yokuthuthukisa impumelelo yabo ucwaningo. Schmidt wathonyelwa General Directorate of uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho ukusebenzisa umkhumbi ohambweni yayo entsha yokuhlola. Inkinga kwakuwukuthi kwakulinganiselwe, naphezu yesimanjemanje yayo, "Chelyuskin" inguJesu emkhunjini wezimpahla. Abaklami akaphenduli kuye ngoba hlwaya kakhulu ngokusebenzisa polar yiqhwa. Lokhu kwamvulela ithuba lokunikeza ukulahlekelwa kwangomuso bomkhumbi.

Ilungiselela Trip lakho

Adventurous umgomo ukushaywa ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin 'liphefumulelwe abathanda abaningi abaye banikezela ukuphila kwabo isifundo North. Nokho, phakathi amazwi nomdlandla kwakuzwakala imibuzo esisemthethweni mayelana nokufaneleka umkhumbi ngoba uhambo esikhathini esizayo. Omunye abagxeki onjalo kwakuyiNkosi ukaputeni womkhumbi, uVladimir Voronin. Ngemva kokutadisha "Chelyuskin", esho ngaphambi umyalo esemthethweni eziningana design amaphutha. Nokho, Umzila oluseNyakatho, ukunakwa ikhokhwe kubo.

Ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin" yahamba Agasti 2, 1933. Ngomkhumbi emkhunjini babe abantu 112 kusukela Murmansk. Ezinye zazo azizange ihlobene ngokuqondile bomkhankaso. Ngakho, enye abahloli wathatha ebhodini womshado abakhulelwe. Lo mkhumbi wabaselwa kakhulu eminyene njengoba ebhodini ibeka umthwalo eyengeziwe, ukuphepha kwesimo ngendiza kanye nezindlu ezimbalwa prefabricated ngoba nemizana ku Wrangel Island.

Esikhathini Sea Kara

Ukudlulisa Strait Matochkin ophihliza iqhwa "uSemyon Chelyuskin" kwaba ngo Kara Sea, lapho elinde abesabekayo zeqhwa kuqala. Lezi izithiyo benqotshwa isikebhe ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Nokho, isikhathi eside bomkhankaso waya, olunesisindo esikhudlwana lwaluba nezisebenzi kwadingeka ukuba ngiqhubeke nohambo.

Esikhathini Sea Kara, umkhumbi uzithela omkhulu ehlane isiqhingi, hhayi lokuphekiwe nebalazwe. Ucwaningo luye wayecabanga ukuthi lokhu ukuqondana ongaziwa. Lesi siqhingi "entsha" Kwatholakala ukuthi isiqhingi zobumfihlo. Lalivulwe ekhulwini XIX babuyela emuva bayovakashela ngo-1915, uhambo Otto Sverdrupa. Kwatholakala ukuthi lesi siqhingi amabalazwe esithekile kwaba okuningi njengoba 50 amamayela empumalanga indawo yayo uqobo. Iphutha kwakunokwenzeka ukucacisa umsebenzi "Chelyuskin" sezinkanyezi, Umdabuli Yakov Gakkel.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umhlangano ice esiyingozi baqhubeka. Umonakalo kuqala kwakungumprofethi lokonakala Stringer, kulandelwa uhlaka ekuqhumeni. Remov unjiniyela necebo design ngempumelelo zalapho sokhuni, esikhundleni izingxenye enesici, kodwa akashintshi iqiniso lokuthi "Chelyuskin" akufanele baye ehlane Arctic wedwa.

Ukufaka izingxenye ezintsha, amatilosi zithululwe hold umnsalo (ke igcina carbon). Lo msebenzi onzima okwakudingeka akwenze konke: ososayensi, amatilosi, abakhi kanye bamabhizinisi isitsha. Amalungu bomkhankaso zahlukaniswa amaqembu nesikhathi abhekana ngayo umsebenzi. Kamuva, phakathi nobusika phezu eqhweni, lesi simiso lenhlangano zomsebenzi Ukugunda futhi Chelyuskintsev.

Iziboshwa ice

Septhemba 23 umkhumbi wavinjwa ngokuphelele. ice Solid ezungezwe wambopha mayelana endaweni efanayo lapho unyaka ngaphambi imise umkhumbi "Aleksandr Sibiryakov."

Ukuze afinyelele umgomo oyinhloko we umkhankaso, the Wrangel Island, Schmidt bahluleka. Manje ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin" uhambo baqhubeka endaweni entsha ngokuphelele. Lo mkhumbi eyayihamba empumalanga, kanye drift iminyaka eminingi ice. Novemba 4 Wangena amanzi iBering Strait. Iqhwa wayethola izacile, futhi amanzi okumsulwa kusukela iqembu ahlukaniswe indlela amakhilomitha ambalwa. Kwakubonakala sengathi wokutakula ephephile is ngenakugwemeka.

Budebuduze "Chelyuskin" kwaba ophihliza iqhwa "Litke". umphathi-mkhosi wakhe wazicelela umkhumbi ukubaleka ejele ice. Kodwa u-Otto Schmidt wenqaba ukusekela ithemba lokuthi lo mkhumbi ngokwalo kuyoba khulula. Ngalesi sikhathi, usosayensi wenza iphutha elibi kakhulu, okuyiwona ekugcineni kwabasiza soke isiqhema we ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin".

Vuk drift washintsha isiqondiso salo wathumela isikebhe kolunye uhlangothi yasehlane Arctic. Waqaphela gaffe yakhe Schmidt kakade isinyathelo ayo, acele ukusizwa "Litke", kodwa kwase kwephuze kakhulu. Manje crew kulindeleke ubusika eqhweni elahlekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, polar bahlabe umkhosi - akekho ozokwazi ukuphendulela ukuphepha umkhumbi ku kwezimo ezimbi eNyakatho Ekude. 13 Februwari 1934 mkhumbi omusha usephendukele ngempela phansi. Imbangela ezingokomzimba kokufa ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin" kwaba ingcindezi enamandla iqhwa, breaking ngokusebenzisa kwesokunxele.

Ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi ezitsheni

Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa ngaphambi sincumo, lapho sekumcacela ukuthi umkhumbi uzoya phansi, waqala ukuba abantu baphume onamawala zabantu. Ithimba ephethwe ukuze uthumele eqhweni ezizungezile imishini namathuluzi. Lezi zinto, okwazi ukudala indawo emakamu esikhashana okungenani abanye. Komunye umuntu wafa ngesikhathi sibaleka. Him ingoti ochotshoziwe ukuguquguquka imithwalo.

Ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin", omlando wakhe waphelela ebusuku ezinhlanu washiya eqhweni abantu 104. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona izingane ezimbili, kuhlanganise indodakazi esasisanda kuzalwa omunye abahloli. Caught omunye nge izwe abanamusa polar, amatilosi ngosuku lwesibili lidlule enhlokodolobha yase umyalezo inhlekelele. Ukuxhumana Chelyuskinites isungulwe ngaphansi kwehlo abaphezulu umsakazo opharetha Krenkel. KolwesiNgisi, eCape Kupplung, etholakala ogwini esiteshini, okuyinto ngocansi umlayezo. Lapho u-Otto Schmidt, ngonyaka ngaphambi kwalokho kwakuyiKiriyati ku esiphuthumayo "Sibiryakov", wazithola esesimweni esifana. Iziteshi Coastal wayengekho lapho, futhi uxhumano ezazakhiwe ngokusebenzisa Crabber oLwandle Okhotsk.

ukuphila ekamu

Ukululama ngemva phezu floe ice, amatilosi zithululwe kusukela umkhumbi hhayi kuphela elele izikhwama ematendeni, kodwa futhi zokwakha. Uma on the esengozini ukufa wabonisa ubumbano nethimba nenhlangano, ukuze ekamu ephethwe ukusungula ngempela ukuba baphile kahle. Barrack Yakhiwa, ikhishi kanye nombhoshongo isignali.

Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala ukuhlala kwakho ku leli qhwa aziphazanyiswa umsebenzi ucwaningo. Njalo hydrologists futhi abahloli usuku ukucacisa indawo esiqondile ekamu. Drift ice abayekanga, ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba abale njalo izixhumanisi indawo yakho. Ngenxa yale njongo a theodolite kanye sextant. Ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwethu phezu eqhweni izisebenzi ukuthi ukugula okungathí sina Otto kuphela Schmidt, owatholakala wabulawa inyumoniya. Ngenxa yokugula ikhanda bomkhankaso emakamu kwakuyingozi bashiye akuzona ziphakathi kwezincwadi zokugcina futhi 76th.

imfuno nezisebenzi

E-Moscow, kusindiswe ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin", noma kunalokho, iqhubu somhlaba abagibeli bayo, wabekwa icala ikhomishana uhulumeni, iholwa ilungu eliphakeme party valerian Kuibyshev. Ngosuku lokuqala ngemuva kokuthola imibiko amalungu nasenkathazweni uhulumeni bathunyelwa enyakatho yocingo ekhuthazayo. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nasetetsembisweni onamileyo leKomiti Central is okungazange kukhanselwe nobunzima bokusebenza.

wabahloli Polar babe kude nami wokuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela ukuzilondoloza kwaba ukusebenzisa izindiza. Ezisheshayo Chukotka waya okungcono pilot Soviet. Okuhlukile usebenzisa inja-isihlibhi noma ngezinyawo sokushintshela abangu ukhukhulwe cishe ngokushesha. On izinyawo zabo iphakethe ice usuku polar akwazi ukuyohlanganyela ibanga amakhilomitha 10. Ngezinye inguquko esinjalo itilosi valerian Albanova ku Franz Josef Land, yini eyenzeka ngo-1914, ithimba labantu nane ngasinda ezimbili kuphela.

Rescue izisebenzi we ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin" kwaba ukusebenza esiyingqayizivele, uma kuphela ngoba okungekho zezindiza Arctic engazange abe khona, hhayi kuphela e-USSR, kodwa nasezisuseni iliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni. Phakathi abashayeli lokuqala aseqalile ukucinga Schmidt futhi amadoda kwakhe ebonakaliswe umshayeli Anatoly Liapidevskii. Ngaphambi ekugcineni ukuthola Chelyuskinites, aviator wenza 28 ehlulekile ukuthola isikhala esidingekayo. izikhathi ezingu-29 kuphela, 5 Mashi 1934, Liapidevskii waphawula ezansi ngendiza yokuqala, bese nabantu ababemzungezile.

Manje, lapho kutholakala indawo lapho ophihliza iqhwa Ngishoné "Chelyuskin", esiphuthumayo kwaqalwa. ANT-4 Lyapidevsky wathatha ebhodini bonke abesifazane nezingane (12), wazithuma ngiya edolobhaneni eliseduze. Nokho, ngemva impumelelo kokuqala kwalandelwa kokuhluleka kokuqala. Broke wokutakula izindiza injini, okwathi ngemva kwalokho msebenzi okulahlekile.

Nokho, Ukusetshenziswa izindiza kuleli, akuyona esilinganiselwe. Ngasenyakatho saya nezindiza. Iphinde wazama ukwephula Chelyuskintsev ophihliza iqhwa "Krasin" futhi ATVs asekelayo. Noma kunjalo, le ndiza waba neqhaza elikhulu ukuba umphumela ngempumelelo Saga polar. Zonke izinyanga ezimbili zokuphila eqhweni abakhileyo ekamu babehilelekile ukuthi Babekulungele ukuzibheka airfields zezindiza. Nsuku zonke, amadoda bededelana ukusula zezindiza, singaphelelwa yithemba lapho ziphindela ekhaya.

wokutakula okuqhubekayo

Ukudonsa Chelyuskinites ice ejele kuqaliswe Apreli 7. Manje ukusebenza abathintekayo abashayeli abaningi abadumile. kamuva Michael Vodopianov iqhaza ngokuthumela wabahloli kuya yobuleza esiteshini lokuqala "North Pole-1", futhi u-Nicholas Kamanin induna leqembu lokuqala Cosmonauts Soviet. Kwakuphakathi kwezinqumo abatakuli kanye nabanye abashayeli bezindiza edume: Mauritius horseflies Vasiliy Molokov, Ivan Doronin. Omunye umshayeli, Sigismund Levanevsky, uye wahileleka engozini - wathola futhi wakwazi ukuhlenga.

Ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin", omlando wakhe beligcwele izindaba ezinjalo, okufanelekelayo inoveli obukhulu noma ezibizayo isikrini ezincwadini, waba omunye abalingiswa abasemqoka isikhathi sakhe. Leli gama sasihlotshaniswa umoya ezingxabanweni kanye nesibindi salabo abangaphambi ziye zasiza abantu ukuba abuyele ekhaya. Ukuvaleleka polar ice nezisebenzi ewela e Vankarem - ekamu elincane Chuckchee, egcwele uyisizinda sayo yonke ukusebenza wokutakula.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abantu abaningana zomkhumbi, usebenzisa ngendiza lokusinda ukufinyelela umgomo ezithandwayo zezingoma kuphela. Okokugcina okulahlekileyo yokupaka kwesokunxele induna baphihliza uVladimir Voronin. Apreli 13 wayesesangweni Vankarem. balezi zinsuku zokugcina zaleli ukusebenza senzeka ngo isimo ziba sezinzwa - Icefield kancane kancane ubhujiswe. Ngakusasa ngemva wokutakula Voronin isiphepho esinamandla Wabhubhisa ekamu lesikhashana.

homecoming

Phakathi nezisebenzi zokutakula futhi yena ophihliza iqhwa "Chelyuskin", okuyinto eseke isithombe wonke amaphephandaba kweSoviet futhi eziningi zomhlaba, babe isikhungo ukunakwa ezigidi zabantu. Ekujabuleleni ngesikhathi ukuphumelela kwama idrama kwaba polar lonke. INjabulo zabantu abavamile kungaba kalula wachaza: lutho efanayo emlandweni zezindiza emhlabeni kanye navigation akukenzeki.

Wathatha iqhaza esiphuthumayo Chelyuskinites pilot kwakungamadodana Heroes wokuqala weSoviet Union. Lo mklomelo isimo eliphakeme yasungulwa ngosuku olwandulela izenzakalo eNyakatho Ekude yeCanada. Wathola i the Order of Lenin nabaseMelika ezimbili (William Le Verrier futhi Klayd Armsted), abanakekela indiza amazwe, sithenge ngqo ukusindisa amatilosi yabonakala onqenqemeni lokufa. Abahlanganyeli ice oludumile nge glee umhlangano eMoscow. Zonke abadala Chelyuskintsev basinda esiyingozi ebusika, ukhishwa Red Banner.

Afterword

Ukufa umkhumbi okubangelwa ubuholi Soviet bashintshe isimo sabo ukuze ucwaningo polar. Ngemva kokubuyela e-Moscow, Schmidt yamemezela ekunqotshweni uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho. Noma kunjalo, ochwepheshe abaningi bezinye izizwe kubhekwe imiphumela bomkhankaso akunjalo kamnandi. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa isipiliyoni USSR Chelyuskinskaya ke osekufundiwe. Njengoba imvubelo beqala ukwanda lwemikhumbi icebreakers. Manje isitsha isikhathi ngasinye sihambisane evamile wezimpahla imikhumbi engakwazanga ngokuzimela enze indlela yakhe ehlane polar.

imizamo eminingana ukuthola edume lushone "Chelyuskin" Ngenkathi yamaSoviet. Amabili kula ma-mikhankaso yokusesha kwahlelwa 1970. abahlanganyeli Okuningi lucky lo mkhankaso ngowezi-2006, lokuyintfo lesite ukuqhuba sokuqondisa Chukotka Autonomous District, endlunkulu Navy kanye Russian Academy of Sciences. Ochwepheshe sakwazi ukukhulisa ekujuleni kolwandle Kwezinye izingxenye umkhumbi. Lezi zobuciko bathunyelwa Copenhagen, lapho kanye eyayakha "Chelyuskin". Ngemva kokuhlola Izinsimbi ukupholisa, izazi wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi ngempela kungokwalabo baphihliza.