Old Engakholwa imifanekiso: isithombe

Ukuqala ingxoxo mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwe-Old Engakholwa imifanekiso kulezo ukuthi zijwayele kokubona emabandleni etfu Orthodox, siya eminyaka emuva emithathu nengxenye edlule, ukubona ngeso lengqondo ngokucace kakhudlwana, sinombono yini izenzakalo zomlando eyakha lesi ezingavamile kakhulu kulezi zinsuku uhlobo iconography. Uyini lo mkhuba le Amakholwa Old, futhi yiziphi izimbangela zalo?

Ingqikithi izinguquko ka uMphathi weSonto Nikon

Old Amakholwa ezweni lethu ezenzeka esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XVII, ekubeni umphumela uqhekeko ukuthi bathintitha wonke Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Isizathu salokhu kwaba Reform, Kwasetshenziswa by uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon. essence yayo kwaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuze aqede lokuchezuka eziningi kakhulu kulokho eqale iyikho, owafika eRussia kusukela eByzantium inkonzo oda, ngaphambilini kabusha lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi izincwadi esontweni ngesiGreki, futhi ngesisekelo ukuba wenza izinguquko ezifanele e emkhubeni yesonto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko abathintekayo zangaphandle amafomu isiko, esikhundleni, ikakhulukazi, dvuperstie komkhuba ezithathwe engamele esiphambanweni, ku troeperstie osekhona nanamuhla. Kwakukhona Izinguquko canons, ukuhlinzeka oda ngokubhala imifanekiso.

Yabantu umbhikisho yaphela yokuhlukanisa

Lokhu kuhlelwa kabusha, okunengqondo empeleni yayo, kodwa wayenza yasebenza ngokushesha futhi ngendlela ehlambalazayo, okubangelwa ukusabela okungekuhle phakathi kwabantu. Abaningi benqaba ukwamukela emisha futhi silalele izikhulu zesonto. Ingxabano kwabhebhethekiswa yokuthi izinguquko kwenziwa ngaphansi ukusekelwa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, futhi bonke abaphikisi bakhe babesolwa ngokuchema kungamhloniphi umbusi, okwakunginika kunjalo abe luhlaza zezombusazwe. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu schismatics futhi eshushiswa.

Ngenxa yalokho, eRussia kwakheka ezimele zenkolo ukunyakaza yokuhlukanisa esontweni olusemthethweni futhi uqambe Amakholwa Old, njengoba abalandeli bakhe baqhubeka kulo zithobele canons zangaphambi kabusha kanye nemithetho. Wasinda kuze kube namuhla, nokuguqula uqobo ibe Russian esihlanganisiwe ukholo isonto.

Yini zibizwa ngokuthi Old Engakholwa imifanekiso?

Njengoba Amakholwa abacabanga ukuthi njengoba kungabesifazane izinguquko kwaba isonto olusemthethweni uye aphambuka "Orthodox sidilizwa" ukholo lweqiniso, futhi base abathwali yayo kuphela, bese ikakhulukazi izithonjana Old Amakholwa Church zivumelana emasikweni izinhlamvu lasendulo.

Ngezindlela eziningi, line efanayo usukela ngemisebenzi amakhosi esontweni olusemthethweni. Ngakho, igama elithi "Old Engakholwa imifanekiso" ngeke kusho labo baya khona ukuloba kwakhe ne canons elisungulwe inkambo kabusha kuphela.

Isithonjana koMsindisi, othathwe Amakholwa Old

I ejwayelekile kakhulu kulesi sici kuyinto isithonjana ngokuthi 'UKristu Ukuthula Good ". Lowo mdwebo iisus hristos njengoba ingelosi, ethwele umqhele octagonal kaNkulunkulu uBaba, futhi begqoke ingubo yenkosi. Igama ethola ngokusebenzisa imibhalo ezifanele idwetshwa ke.

Lolu phawu itholakala kuphela imvelo we Amakholwa Old, njengoba izimiso esontweni olusemthethweni kungavunyelwe umfanekiso kaKristu - uMdali wendawo yonke - efomini we wadala, okungukuthi, owabadala njengabantu, okuyinto ingelosi. Njengoba sazi evela emiBhalweni, uNkulunkulu wadala umhlaba wonke ebonakalayo nengabonakali, ezazihlanganisa kokubili isikhundla ayizingelosi, futhi imimoya yobumnyama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, asivunyelwe yisonto olusemthethweni, kodwa owawuvamile Old Amakholwa kukhona ngisho izithombe ezimbili - "Wet Beard UMsindisi" nesithi "Kristu oshisekayo Eye". Emfanekisweni wokuqala kubo ngesilevu uKristu uyikho nhlonhlo emise iso kwesokunxele, okukhulu kuna ilungelo, kanye nesigaxa nesilevu. Isithonjana yesibili Kulotshiwe ngaphandle nokubingelela, okuyinto ephambene ngokuphelele kwezinkambiso wamukela, kanye njengekhanda side, amnyama, ubuso ngokuphelelwa umoya ukubonakala.

Izibonelo imifanekiso uMarian nezithombe ongcwele

Timphawu alandisa babe ubudala bakholwe isithonjana Virgin. Okuvame kakhulu phakathi kwawo - "Virgin Ognevidnaya". It ihlukile evamile ahlukumeze ezivamile (izinhlobo) uMarian icons predominance kule jikelele lwemibala imibala somlilo obomvu nokubomvu, ukuthi kwaba isizathu igama lakhe engavamile. UNina kaNkulunkulu e linikezwa kuphela, ngaphandle Ingane. Ubuso bakhe belambatha njalo kuya kwesokudla.

Old Engakholwa imifanekiso zosanta futhi ngezinye izikhathi kakhulu impela eyinqaba futhi impikiswano. Ezinye zazo ngezinye izikhathi idale ukudideka phakathi umbukeli ezikhululekile. Lezi zihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, ukuba isithonjana-umfel 'ukholo Christopher Psegolovtsa. Lowo mdwebo saint nge lenja sika. Yeqa agumenti ukuwachaza ngale ndlela isithombe, siphawula kuphela ukuthi lokhu icon kanye namanye ngesakhiwo efanayo wawuwuvimbele isimemezelo esikhethekile isiGungu Esingcwele seSonto ngoDisemba 1722.

'Hwebani endaweni ekhethekile njengoba Old Engakholwa imifanekiso esibonisa edume kunazo esikhathini esidlule zenkolo Uqhekeko izibalo, ohlonishwa njengomholi kwabangcwele, kepha ayibonwa sikhulu Church. Kuyinto, okokuqala kunakho konke, Old Engakholwa ukunyakaza umholi avvakum, owabulawa ngenxa yokusebenzelana kwakhe e 1682, ukuzinikela okweqile priverzhenitsa noblewoman lasendulo Feodosiya tvoix rukax, futhi umsunguli Vygovskaya bespopovskogo Andrei Denisov umphakathi. Old Engakholwa imifanekiso, izithombe ethulwa kulesi sihloko kuzokusiza ukubona ngehlo lengqondo i izici zalesi ezihlukahlukene kwemidwebo engokwenkolo.

izici Jikelele Old Engakholwa imifanekiso

Ngokuvamile, sikwazi ukukhuluma eziningi umehluko ethize avamele iningi izithonjana othathwe Amakholwa Old. Lezi zihlanganisa inani elikhulu kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe wenza emasimini phezu ungqimba upende. Futhi imifanekiso wabulawelwa amabhodi, libhekene amnyama, ubuso ngezinye izikhathi ngokulambisa ukubonakala, kungakhathaliseki ubudala bakholwe isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu, uMsindisi, noma ezinye saint.

Kodwa lo mbuzo akuyona isiphelile. Kukhona esinye isici esibalulekile, lapho ungabona Old Engakholwa imifanekiso kalula. umehluko yabo kusukela ezikhulwini zikahulumeni kuya ngokuvamile obonakaliswe yokuthi abangcwele bavezwa ebambe isandla iminwe emibili ngaphezu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko eliyisisekelo itholakala ukulotshwa igama isifinyezo likaJesu Kristu. Iqiniso liwukuthi, phakathi kwezinye izidingo ekutjhugululweni wamisa umthetho yokubhala kuwo izincwadi ezimbili "Mina" - UJesu. Ngakho, lo baba isifinyezo. Old Amakholwa isithonjana yegama koMsindisi njalo abhalwe ngendlela endala - uJesu, futhi omunye ibekwe isifinyezo "Mina".

Ekugcineni, kumelwe kuphawulwe ngalo olunye uhlobo lwesitsha imifanekiso bytuyuschy phakathi abasezinhlanganweni kuphela. Lokhu pewter yabalingisi nethusi mortise Old Engakholwa imifanekiso noma iziphambano, ukukhiqizwa okuyinto kuvimbele yenkolelo olusemthethweni.

Ukwenqabela izithonjana amasha "graceless"

Phakathi kwezinye izici zokuphila ibandla uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon kabusha abathintekayo izithonjana ngokubhala isitayela. Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka iconography Russian ekhulwini esandulele wayezizwa kwethonya elinamandla Umdwebo Western, wayiqhubekisa phakathi XVII leminyaka. Ngokusho imithetho okuyinto yethulwa nge ukwamukelwa yezinguquko e imifanekiso kusungulwa isitayela ibonakala ingokoqobo, indawo umhlangano ngaphambili kwakuvamile futhi umfanekiso.

Lokhu kwabangela umbhikisho esebenza ingxenye abaholi Amakholwa Old owanibiza indiva lezi ahlambalazayo, kusukela umbonwabo, isifaniselo. Kule ndaba, imibhalo polemical eyaziwa avvakum, ngokucijile wagxeka engamukeleki "zhivopodobie" entsha amasampula Umdwebo isonto futhi ethi imifanekiso enjalo graceless.

Isidingo imifanekiso lasendulo owadala umkhakha we elinegazi

izitatimende Zazinjalo yokuthi, njengoba ingxenye kwekhulu XVII yesibili, Old Amakholwa waqala ngenkuthalo ukuqoqa "doraskolnye" imifanekiso ubudala, phakathi zazo lwaziswa ngokukhethekile Andrei Rublev. By the way, isizathu ukuthi wayengeyena kokufaneleka yabo kwezobuciko, futhi isinqumo yeSonto Council, eyaqala eminyakeni engaba yikhulu ngaphambi, futhi wenza isinqumo ukucabanga ngomsebenzi Rublev imodeli yabaculi esizayo.

Ngakho, uphawu ukufuneka lasendulo kuye kwanda kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi bahlala siyindlala, ekukhiqizweni mbumbulu usumisiwe owawasho "Antique". Okunjalo Old Engakholwa imifanekiso ngokuthi "podfurnymi" futhi ziyasatshalalaiswa, ukuze abalandeli ukuzishaya asendulo nawo azama ukukugwema.

ochwepheshe Ubuciko abadali imisebenzi emisha

Ukuze ugweme ukuba yisisulu osomabhizinisi dexterous, Old Amakholwa baphoqeleka ukuba bangene bonke butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela lokubhala imifanekiso. Akumangalisi ukuthi phakathi kwabo kwafika izazi zaqala ukuphawula sina professional emkhakheni iconography. kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile, indima yabo XIX futhi XX leminyaka, lapho umphakathi Russian intshisekelo ebanzi emisebenzini yobuciko lasendulo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwaqinisa futhi ukukhiqizwa zonke izinhlobo elinegazi.

Old Amakholwa hhayi kuphela uzama ukuthola izithonjana ubudala, kodwa ekugcineni waqala ukuveza bebodwa, eyenziwe yonke imithetho ukuthi Yena uzimisele. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XVIII ku ngobukhulu Old Engakholwa izikhungo kuyodingeka yayo isithonjana-imidwebo workshop lapho, ngaphezu imidwebo, wadala nezimpawu zethusi inkatho.