Ngenxa yalokho eChernobyl amandla enuzi yamila, lapho? Imiphumela eChernobyl ukuqhuma

EChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi kubo. V. I. Lenina - NPP Ukrainian wayeka umsebenzi yawo ngokuqondene ukuthi kugqamuke amalangabi esikhungweni inombolo Unit 4. ukwakhiwa kwalo waqala entwasahlobo ka-1970, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-7, yena wafakwa msebenzi. Ngu-1986, esiteshini lalinabashumayeli amabhlogo amane, aqedwa ezimbili. Lapho eChernobyl amandla enuzi yamila, noma kunalokho, omunye kulesi sikhungo, umsebenzi walo awuzange kumisiwe. Okwamanje ngaphansi ukwakhiwa we sarcophagus, okuyinto kuzophothulwa 2015.

incazelo esiteshini

1970-1981 GG. - okwamanje, amayunithi eziyisithupha, ezimbili zazo akazange abe nesikhathi ukusebenzisa kufika ku 1986 lwaluyophola abaphehla ugesi futhi ukushisa phakathi komfula Pripyat futhi eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi Yakhiwa ngokugcwalisa bese ekugcineni lonke ichibi eyakhelwe.

Ngaphambi kwale ngozi, esiteshini amandla Generating kwaba 6,000 MW. Okwamanje, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka okuguqula eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi i ukwakhiwa ephephile imvelo.

Ukuqala ukwakhiwa

Ukukhetha indawo efanelekayo ukuze kwakhiwe esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi design sikhungo ahlo- inhlokodolobha Ukrainian Kyïv, Zhytomyr futhi Vinnytsia esifundeni. Indawo ekahle kunazo kwaba endaweni ohlangothini kwesokudla eMfuleni Pripyat. Izwe lapho zaqala sakhiwo ongatheli, kodwa izimfuneko wokugcinwa esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi okuhambisana ngokugcwele. Le ndawo sivunyiwe nguMbuso Technical Commission yase-USSR futhi Ministry Ukraine Energy.

Februwari 1970 kwaphawula ukuqala ukwakhiwa Pripyat. Idolobhana badalelwa for the umkhakha amandla. Iqiniso liwukuthi eminyakeni yokuqala sezikhonzi esiteshini Kwakudingeka aphile zokulala kanye nezindlu aqashiwe emadolobhaneni aseduze EChernobyl. Ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi amalungu yawo Pripyat, ezakhiwe ezihlukahlukene amabhizinisi. Ngakho, eminyakeni 16 khona komuzi ke kwaba ifakwe konke ababekudinga ukuze ephilayo ukhululekile zabantu.

Phahlaza 1986

Ebusuku 01:23 ngomhla ka-Ephreli 26 1986 , uqalwe ukuhlolwa iphrojekthi amandla turbogenerator 4th, ngenxa yalokho eChernobyl amandla enuzi yamila. Ngenxa yalokho kwalesi sakhiwo, sabhidlika, kwaba khona abangaphezu kuka-30 imililo. Izisulu okuqala ayengelona V Hodemchuk - opharetha amaphampu kwegazi, futhi B. Shashenok - nosebenzela inkampani nokuthuma.

A ngomzuzu olandelayo, ngemva kwenzekeni eChernobyl komsebenzi Ukuvikelwa unolwazi ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu. Ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze esiteshini umlilo efika. Ukuqedwa umholi useqokwe V Pravik. Ngokusebenzisa izenzo ngekhono lakhe sathula ukusabalala umlilo.

Lapho eChernobyl amandla enuzi yamila, imvelo iye kungangcoliswa izinto radioactive ezifana:

- plutonium, i-uranium, iodine-131 (isigamu-ukuphila ihlala izinsuku mayelana 8);

- cesium-134 (isigamu-nokuphila - iminyaka 2);

- cesium-137 (iminyaka engu-17 kuya ku-30);

- Sesithombe-90 (iminyaka engu-28).

Lonke horror nhlekelele itholakala lokuthi ukuthi izakhamuzi Pripyat, eChernobyl, kanye elaliyiSoviet Union isikhathi eside ecashile, kungani yamila eChernobyl amandla enuzi kanye ubani okufanele asolwe.

Umthombo ingozi

Apreli 25 4 th ophendulayo kwadingeka ukuba shaqa njalo, kodwa esikhundleni sokusamukela, wanquma ukuba avivinye. Wawunamabhodi ekudalweni isimo esiphuthumayo lapho esiteshini ngokwaso sasiyobonisa ukubhekana nale nkinga. Ezimweni ezinjalo ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona kakade ezine, kodwa lesi sikhathi kukhona okungahambanga kahle ...

Isizathu sokuqala futhi esiyinhloko ukuqhuma eChernobyl amandla enuzi - isimo sengqondo sokungakunaki futhi ngokomsebenzi engiwenzayo abasebenzi maqondana experiment okuyingozi. Abasebenzi asekelwe amandla amandla 200 MW, okwaholela self-ubuthi.

Njengoba akonakele lutho, izisebenzi wabukela yesehlakalo, kunokuba ukuhoxisa izinduku ukulawula kusukela umsebenzi bese uchofoza A3-5 - ngokubulala ophendulayo eziphuthumayo. Ngenxa yalokho sokungasebenzi ku Unit kwaqala engalawuliwe chain reaction, yingakho yamila eChernobyl amandla enuzi.

Kusihlwa (azungeze 20.00) ehholo emaphakathi kube umlilo babubukhulu ngokwengeziwe. Ukuze ukucima abantu ngalesi sikhathi bangezi. Yakhe iqedwe ngosizo ezinophephela emhlane.

Ukuze sonke isikhathi, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi umlilo futhi isitshalo, umumo wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 600. Abantu babehileleke emsebenzini wokutakula.

Ngenxa yalokho okushiwo yamila eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi? Kukhona izizathu eziningi eziye kwaba nomthelela kule nkinga:

- ukuhlola wawuzoqhutshwa kumnyama kubomvu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kushintsha ukuziphatha ophendulayo;

- decommissioning yokuvikela kwezobuchwepheshe abasebenzi, okwakuyoholela ugesi okuswelakalayo ekumiseni izingozi;

- Ukuphathwa ukuthulisa isitshalo isikali kugadla inhlekelele, kanye nezizathu ngenxa okuyinto eChernobyl amandla enuzi yamila.

imiphumela

Ngenxa yalokho yokuqeda ngemiphumela ukusabalala izinto radioactive kusukela izicishamlilo 134 kanye nabasebenzi esiteshini athuthukile ukugula ngemisebe, 28 babo bafa ingakapheli inyanga emva kwengozi.

Izimpawu emisebeni abangu ukuhlanza kanye ubuthakathaka. Okokuqala, usizo lokuqala elihunyushwe ngokuthi abasebenzi bezokwelapha esiteshini, futhi ngemva ukuthi lezi zisulu ezibhedlela eMoscow.

At izindleko abatakuli ukuphila kwakhe babengavunyelwe nomlilo kwathatha iyunithi lwesithathu. Ngenxa yalesi ukusabalala umlilo kugwenywe amabhlogo angomakhelwane. Uma eqeda akuyona impumelelo, kuqhuma wesibili kungenzeka kwedlule amandla wokuqala izikhathi 10!

Ingozi 9 Septhemba 1982

Kuze kube usuku olwaqubuka eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi, sabhalwa uma wabhujiswa Unit №1. Phakathi test run of omunye kulesi sikhungo at amandla 700 MW iphutha uhlobo ukuqhuma zenhlangano fuel futhi isiteshi № 62-44. Lokhu kuholele ukusonteka we isitaki graphite nokudedela inqwaba izinto radioactive.

Ichaza ukuthi kungani abantu eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi yamila ngo-1982, iyona okulandelayo:

- ephule ngokuphelele esitolo abasebenzi e ukulawulwa kwamanzi eziteshini;

- amasalela ukucindezeleka yangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwezindonga isiteshi tube zirconium, okubangelwa izinguquko ubuchwepheshe naleso sithombo esingatshalwanga ekhiqizwa ke.

UHulumeni eSoviet Union, njengenjwayelo, wakhetha ukungahlukanisi ukwazisa bakuleli zwe, kungani eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi yamila. Izithombe yengozi lokuqala asizange sisinde. Ngisho ukuthi akakaze abe khona.

abameleli esiteshini

Kamuva esihlokweni amagama abasebenzi futhi isikhundla ngaphambi, ngesikhathi futhi ngemva kwale nhlekelele. Umqondisi esiteshini ngo-1986 kwaba Bryuhanov Viktor Petrovich. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, umphathi baba Pozdyshev EN

Sorokin NM wawusebenza unjiniyela iPhini ngoba inkathi 1987-1994 GG. Gramotkin II kusuka 1988 kuya ku-1995, wakhonza njengephayona induna esitolo ophendulayo. Okwamanje, nguye CEO SSE "Chornobyl NPP".

Dyatlov Anatoliy Stepanovich - IPhini unjiniyela omkhulu ngoba imisebenzi futhi omunye ababenze leli ingozi. Isizathu sokuba ukuqhuma eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi kwaba ukuqhuba ukuhlola okuyingozi ezaholela kule unjiniyela ethile.

ukukhishwa zone okwamanje

Ukuhlupheka Pripyat abasha namuhla ingcoliswe yi-izinto radioactive. Bazobambisana avame emhlabathini, izakhiwo, imisele, nezinye kude. Idolobhana ezikhona yayimane nje esiteshini yamanzi fluoridation, ikamelo esikhethekile ilondolo, igalaji kanye PPC isikhangiso. Ngemva kwaleyo ngozi, Pripyat, Isimanga siwukuthi, akalilahlile isimo edolobheni.

Nge eChernobyl isimo abaphila ngayo ihluke ngokuphelele. Kuphephile ukuphila, kunabantu ophethe esiteshini, nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi emikhukhwini. Idolobha namuhla - iyona zokuphatha inyumbazane zone ukuphathwa isikhungo. EChernobyl ugxilisa ngokwako ibhizinisi ukuthi ukusekela ezizungezile usesimweni imvelo-ephephile. Ukuqina kwe-isimo itholakala ukulawula radionuclides emfuleni Pripyat futhi wezasemoyeni. Umuzi lo izisebenzi Wezangaphakathi, okuyinto unomthwalo lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela zone baxoshwe nsada emthethweni.