Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umzimba? Umzimba: Definition

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umzimba, futhi lihluke kanjani kwezinye izinto endalweni? Ngaphansi lo mqondo baqonde umzimba ophilayo, okuyinto has a sebuningini izakhiwo ezahlukene. Bona ukuhlukanisa umzimba ekungalayishweni eziphilayo ndaba. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi organismus Latin lisho ukuthi "ukwazisa ukubukeka mncane," "ukuhlela". kakhulu leli gama lisikisela isakhiwo ethile yanoma yimuphi umzimba. Lolu cwaningo liphathelene isigaba biology. Izinto eziphilayo bazongena esitelekeni ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo. Njengoba abanye abantu afakiwe ukubunjwa zilwane kanye nabantu. Ngamanye amazwi - a unit isakhi indinganiso ezithile eziphilayo. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ibizwa ngokuthi umzimba, kufanele ibhekwe kusuka izici ezihlukahlukene.

ngezigaba Jikelele

Umzimba njengoba kuchaziwe ngempela ukuyichaza ngokugcwele essence yayo, siqukethe amaseli. Ochwepheshe ukukhomba lezo zigaba vnesistematicheskie lezinto:

• elilodwa;

• ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.

Ngo iqembu elihlukile angawodwa Lesisemkhatsini therebetween isigaba njengoba amakoloni eziphilayo unicellular. Isabelo sabo ngomqondo ovamile e-non-enuzi kanye zenuzi. Ukuze kube lula zonke lezi izinto zabiwa yonkana amaqembu amaningi. Ngenxa yalesi division ngezigaba eziphilayo (biology ekilasini 6) ifinyeziwe olunzulu yezinto eziphilayo noma yomthetho ngezigaba.

Iseli umqondo

Sencazelo "umzimba" awunakuhlukaniswa nemikhakha efana kuseli. Kuyinto iyunithi eliyisisekelo sokuphila. Lelo ngqamuzana iyona yenethiwekhi wangempela wawo wonke izakhiwo a eziphilayo. Emvelweni kuphela amagciwane okuyizinto ifomu-non-amaselula, akudingeki nabo oyiyo. Le yunithi eziyisisekelo zokuphila kanye nesakhiwo eziphilayo ifa isiqalo nesigcino izakhiwo kanye indlela umzimba. Cell uyakwazi khona ezimele, kanye nokuthuthukiswa self-ukukhiqizwa kabusha.

Umqondo eziphilayo kulula angena amagciwane amaningi lenyama, okuyizinto eziphilayo owumphumela nesikhunta ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, izitshalo, izilwane, ehlanganisa sebuningini zalamaqembu.I zokuphila. amaseli ezehlukene zinezidingo isakhiwo yabo. Ngakho, ukwakhiwa kuhlanganisa organelle prokaryotic ezifana capsule, plasmalemma, cell odongeni, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasmid nucleoid, msila, ukuphuza. Ngo eukaryotes, kunezifiso organelles ezilandelayo: i-nucleus, ulwelwesi zenuzi, ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apharathasi, vacuoles, vesicles, cell ulwelwesi.

Inchazelo begazi "umzimba" ukuhlola i ingxenye ethile yaleli isayensi. Sakhiwo izinqubo zokuphila kwabo wahlanganyela Cytology. Eminyakeni yamuva, it is kaningi ngokuthi cell biology.

eziphilayo oluncane

Umqondo "umzimba owumphumela" lizama isigaba non-letindzala lezinto, lapho umzimba kweseli elilodwa kuphela. Kuhlanganisa:

• prokaryotes ukuthi awunayo semthethweni lo kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana nezinye organelles yangaphakathi ulwelwesi. Abanawo ulwelwesi zenuzi. Sinenkosi osmotrofny kanye nohlobo Autotrophic ukudla (photosynthesis futhi chemosynthesis).

• eukaryotes, okuyinto yeseli equkethe umongo.

Ngokwejwayelekile kwamukelekile ukuthi izinto eziphilayo owumphumela kwakungamadodana eziphilayo kuqala abaphila emhlabeni. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi leli lasendulo iningi lawo lalingabantu archaea namagciwane. protists Unicellular nazo uvame ukubizwa - eziphilayo eukaryotic, ezingalotshwanga kufakwe isigaba isikhunta, izitshalo nezilwane.

eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi

amaningi, kwencazelo okuyinto buhlobene eduze kumiswa yonke enobunye, kuyinto izinto owumphumela ebudisi khulu. Le nqubo siqukethe kwamangqamuzana izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa amaseli, izicubu kanye izitho. Kumiswa amaningi yakhiwa ngokwahlukana nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi ezahlukene ontogeny (ngabanye) kanye phylogeny (izenzakalo ezingokomlando).

eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi akhiwa amaseli amaningi, futhi eminingi yayo ayifani e lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti. Okukhishwayo kuphela kukhona ama-stem cell (e izilwane) kanye cambium amaseli (ezitshalweni).

Ezinamangqamuzana amaningi futhi wamakoloni

I biology ihlukanisa eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kanye amakoloni owumphumela. Naphezu ukufana ezithile lezi zidalwa eziphilayo, kukhona umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwabo:

• eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi - umphakathi amaseli amaningi ahlukahlukene anomsebenzi isakhiwo yabo nemisebenzi ekhethekile. umzimba wako wenziwe ngendwangu ezahlukene. Ngenxa yalesi umzimba abe ezingeni eliphakeme ukuhlanganiswa amaseli. Basuke zihlukaniswa ezihlukahlukene zabo.

• amakoloni unicellular aqukethe amaseli efanayo. Ziyakwazi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa izicubu.

Umngcele phakathi abaphathi bamakoloni ezinamangqamuzana amaningi usongene. Emvelweni, zikhona izinto eziphilayo ezifana Volvox, okuyinto oyiyo Uyi ikoloni owumphumela, kodwa abe amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo futhi okuzala, okuyinto ihluke nomunye. Kukholakala ukuthi izinto eziphilayo kuqala ezinamangqamuzana amaningi uvele eplanethini yethu 2.1 bhiliyoni kuphela. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

Umehluko izinto eziphilayo ukusuka emizimbeni ezingaphili

Umqondo wokuthi 'umzimba ophilayo' kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso eziyinkimbinkimbi amakhemikhali ukwakheka kwento. Iqukethe amaprotheni acid nucleic. Kule ncwadi wakhuluma ihlukile emizimbeni bemvelo ezingaphili. Futhi zingafani isiqalo nesigcino impahla yayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezingaphili umzimba futhi ifa eziningi izakhiwo physicochemical, igama elithi "umzimba" kuhlanganisa izici eziningi ngokwengeziwe. Ziyakwazi ahlukahlukene nokunye okuningi.

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ibizwa ngokuthi umzimba, kubalulekile ukufunda ngezici zawo. Njengoba has izici ezilandelayo:

• Umzimba, okuhlanganisa amandla kagesi (ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi), ukukhethwa (okukhipha kanye nemikhiqizo eziyingozi imfucuza), ukunyakaza (ushintsho zomzimba noma izingxenye zalo emkhathini).

• Umbono nokucutshungulwa kolwazi, okuhlanganisa ukucasuka nokukhathazeka, ukuvumela ukuqonda amasignali bangaphandle zangaphakathi kanye ngokukhetha phendula them.

• Ufuzo, ukuvumela ukudlulisa inzalo yabo izibonakaliso kokuhlukana, okuyinto umehluko phakathi kwabantu zohlobo olulodwa.

• Ukuthuthukiswa (izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa kukho konke ukuphila) ukukhula (ukwanda ubukhulu nesisindo ngenxa biosynthesis), ukukhiqizwa kabusha (ukudlala njengazo).

Ukwahlukanisa ngesisekelo iseli isakhiwo

Ochwepheshe olwabiwa zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo 2 superkingdom:

• zangaphambi yenuzi (prokaryotes) - evolutionarily eyinhloko, uhlobo kakhulu okulula amaseli. Yibo labo babe izinhlobo zokuqala eziphansi eziphilayo eMhlabeni.

• Nuclear (eukaryotes), lisuselwa prokaryotes. Lena okuthuthukile uhlobo cell has i-nucleus. eziningi eziphilayo abaphila emhlabeni, kuhlanganise nabantu, kukhona eukaryotic.

superkingdom Nuclear yena, uyahlukaniswa abe imibuso emine:

• protists (parafilitiechskaya iqembu), okuyizinto yokhokho ukuba zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo;

• amakhowe;

• izitshalo;

• izilwane.

Ukuze prokaryotes zihlanganisa:

• amagciwane kuhlanganise cyanobacteria (ulwelwe oluluhlaza);

• archaea.

Izici nobuntu la magciwane yilezi:

• Ukungabi bikho ekhishwe nucleus;

• khona flagella, vacuoles, plasmids;

• khona izakhiwo lapho photosynthesis kwenzeka;

• uhlobo nokubeletha;

• Usayizi ribosome.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bonke eziphilayo zingafani inani lamaseli bese lunye yabo, wonke amaseli eukaryotic zinezikhathi ukufana ezithile isakhiwo. Basuke izimpawu umsuka ezivamile, ngakho leli qembu kuyinto taxon monophyletic besigaba eliphakeme. Ngokusho ososayensi, eziphilayo eukaryotic ukuvela eMhlabeni abangaba yizigidi ezingu-2. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. I indima ebalulekile ukudlalwa ukubukeka kwabo symbiogenesis emelela Symbiosis phakathi iseli kokuba nucleus futhi uyakwazi phagocytosis, ke ugxile namagciwane. Yibona bababonisi lezi organelles ezibalulekile njengoba chloroplast futhi mitochondria.

Mezokarioty

Emvelweni, zikhona izinto eziphilayo ukuthi kukhona Lesisemkhatsini phakathi prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes. Zibizwa ngokuthi mezokariotami. Yehluka kubo enhlanganweni apharathasi zofuzo. Leli qembu eziphilayo zihlanganisa ama-dinoflagellate (dinoflagellate). Sinenkosi nucleus umahluko, kodwa isakhiwo amaseli walondoloza izici primitiveness ukuthi kukhona esivela nucleoid. Thayipha inhlangano apharathasi kwezakhi la magciwane akugcini nje kubonakale njengendlela ushintsho, kodwa futhi njengoba igatsha esizimele ukuthuthukiswa.

eziphilayo

Nezilwanyana ezincane kuyinto iqembu izindawo abahlala, isayizi esincane kakhulu. Abakwazi angabonwa ngeso lenyama. Ezimweni eziningi, ubungako bawo lingaphansi kuka 0.1 mm. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa:

• anuclear prokaryotes (amagciwane futhi archaea);

• eukaryotes (protists, isikhunta).

Iningi nezilwanyana ezincane kukhona kuseli eyodwa. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ngokwemvelo, zikhona izinto eziphilayo owumphumela ukuthi kungabonakala kalula ngaphandle ngesibonakhulu, isibonelo, polikarion Huge Thiomargarita namibiensis (zasolwandle Gram-negative igciwane). Sidingida impilo eziphilayo-microbiology.

eziphilayo transgenic

Ezikhathini zamuva le nkulumo lapho ezwa ukuthi umzimba transgenic. Kuyini lokhu? Kuyinto umzimba, ufuzo zazo eyayenziwe owethulwa isakhi sofuzo enye into ephilayo. It is yaphathwa ngendlela ukwakha yofuzo, okusho ukulandelana DNA. Ngokuvamile kuba plasmid virus. Ngokusebenzisa manipulations ezinjalo ososayensi eziphilayo ne izakhiwo qualitatively entsha ophilayo. Lezi cell akhiqiza isakhi sofuzo amaprotheni esiye busuka ufuzo.

Umqondo "umzimba womuntu"

Njenganoma iyiphi enye ephilayo noma yini engathathwa abantu efunda ngesayensi eziphilayo. Umzimba womuntu kuyinto ebalulekile, ngokomlando, uhlelo ashukumisayo. Uneziqu isakhiwo esithile nokuthuthukiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzimba womuntu awuwona contact njalo imvelo. Njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, ke has a isakhiwo yeselula. Bakha indwangu:

• EPITHELIAL, esisogwini ebusweni nomzimba. It yakha isikhumba futhi izindonga uphahlwe izitho eziyize futhi imithambo yegazi ngaphakathi. Futhi, lezi kwezicubu zikhona izimbotshana avaliwe emzimbeni. Kunezinhlobo eziningana epithelium: isikhumba, izinso, isisu, zokuphefumula. Amaseli ezakha Indwangu, ziyisisekelo ezifana izakhiwo Ushintshe ezifana izinzipho, izinwele, amazinyo koqweqwe lwawo.

• Muscle nge izakhiwo contractility futhi excitability. Ngenxa yalesi izicubu motor izinqubo abazenzi ngaphakathi emzimbeni futhi ukuhamba kwayo emkhathini. Imisipha yakhiwa cell, microfibrils (contractile Imicu yotshani). Basuke ihlukaniswe imisipha bushelelezi futhi striated.

• Ukuxhumana, okubandakanya ithambo, uqwanga, adipose izicubu kanye igazi, izindlala zamanzi, nemisipha futhi imisipha. Zonke zayo ezihlukahlukene banendabuko efanayo mesodermal, nakuba ngamunye has umsebenzi kanye netimphawu kwesakhiwo.

• Nervous ukuthi amafomu amaseli akhethekile - izinzwa (iyunithi kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo) kanye neuroglia. Ahluke isakhiwo sabo. Kanjalo namangqamuzana ezinzwa siqukethe umzimba 2 nezinqubo: dendrites ekhelini axons lamafisha. I camera, bakha yezinzwa. Ezisebenza, izinzwa zihlukaniswe motor (efferent), sezinzwa (afferent), bazisize. Indawo yenguquko ukusuka omunye komunye wabo ibizwa ngokuthi synapse. I izakhiwo eyisisekelo yaleli izicubu: conduction futhi excitability.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umzimba womuntu ngomqondo obanzi? Izinhlobo ezine izindwangu bakha izitho (isitho somzimba nge ethize ukuma, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti) kanye nezinhlelo zabo. Kanjani akha? Njengoba ukuqaliswa imisebenzi ezithile umzimba awukwazi ukubhekana, izakhiwo zabo akhiwa. Yiziphi? uhlelo okunjalo - inhlanganisela emizimbeni eziningana ukuthi abe efanayo isakhiwo, ukukhula nokusebenza. Bonke yisisekelo umzimba womuntu. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlelo ezifana:

• zemisipha (amathambo, imisipha);

• wokugaya ukudla (ipheshana wendlala);

• zokuphefumula (emaphashini, ipheshana zokuphefumula);

• Izitho sezinzwa (izindlebe, amehlo, ikhala, umlomo, apharathasi vestibular, isikhumba);

• ubulili (besilisa kwezitho zobulili female);

• kwemizwa (central, neuropathy);

• kwegazi (inhliziyo, imithambo yegazi);

• endocrine (endocrine indlala);

• integumentary (isikhumba);

• ngomgudu womchamo (izinso, okuholela aphume endleleni).

Umzimba womuntu, ekutholweni okungase imelelwa iqoqo izitho ezihlukahlukene futhi izinhlelo has a main (i-sokunquma) Ekuqaleni - genotype. Kuyinto umthethosisekelo zofuzo. Ngamanye amazwi - iqoqo izakhi zofuzo siphile into etholakala abazali. Noma yiluphi uhlobo microorganism, izitshalo, izilwane, has a isici ukuba genotype kuye.