Uhlaka lwamathambo inyoni: izici kwesakhiwo

Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa iziphi izici isakhiwo izinyoni, yini skeleton yabo. Izinkukhu ziyashisa ezithakazelisayo ngoba iqembu kuphela yezilwane ezinomgogodla (ngaphandle amalulwane), uyakwazi nje kuphela ukuthi uzulazula emoyeni, futhi le ndiza. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-awunankinga le njongo. Njengoba amakhosi emoyeni, ayachuma emhlabathini phezu kwamanzi, futhi ezinye zazo, ezifana namadada, - zonke ezindaweni ezintathu. Lokhu kudlala indima inyoni skeleton hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izimpaphe. Lo mcimbi oyinhloko, ukuqinisekisa ukuchuma lezi zidalwa kwaba ukuthuthukiswa ngezimpaphe zazo. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga hhayi kuphela skeleton inyoni, kodwa kafushane ngikuxoxele kuye.

Zazinjengoboya e ezincelisayo, izimpaphe savela kuqala njengoba cover ukushisa olubamba ukushisa. kamuva kuphela base siguqulelwa indiza yenethiwekhi. Izinyoni begqoke izimpaphe, ngokusobala, izigidi zeminyaka ngaphambi kokuba yazuza ikhono fly.

izinguquko kwemvelo kule nokwakheka izinyoni

I lithathelwe indiza kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise kabusha zonke izinhlelo isitho nokuziphatha. Kushintshwe amathambo esidalwa esindizayo. Izithombe oluthunyelwe okungenhla - umfanekiso Sakhiwo sangekhatsi ijuba. izinguquko ezihlelekile wabonakaliswa ikakhulukazi ekukhuliseni amandla kwemisipha ngenkathi ekunciphiseni isisindo emzimbeni. Amathambo lwamathambo babe eziyize noma amaselula noma uguqulwe ube mncane ipuleti lwalugobile, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo amandla anele ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ohlosiwe. Esikhundleni namazinyo esindayo ukuza uqhwaku lula, uphaphe ikhava efanayo - isampula ikuphi ukudlala, ngisho noma kungase zibe nesisindo esingaphezu lwamathambo. Ngokufanele phakathi kwezitho zangaphakathi ehilelekile uphefumula umoya izikhwama.

Izici ijuba skeleton

Siphakamisa cabanga ngemininingwane amathambo endoda nephuphu. Siqukethe amathambo okhalo, amathambo iphiko, umsila amathambo, isiqu, emgogodleni wesibeletho Nogebhezi lwawo. Ugebhezi isehlane entanyeni, umqhele, isiphongo, uqhwaku kanye nezinyawo ezinkulu kakhulu iso. Uqhwaku lwenhlanzi okuthiwa i ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili - i engenhla kanye aphansi. Athuthela ngaphandle nomunye. Wesibeletho kufaka base entanyeni, emphinjeni kanye nentamo. ijuba skeleton in the amaphiko ingxenye siqukethe sacral, lumbar futhi amathambo thoracic. Wamabele - we sternum, futhi 7 ngazimbili lwezimbambo eqondiswa amathambo thoracic. Caudal amathambo kuthiwa isicaba bese linamathele amadiski, eyakhiwa ezicutshini. Enjalo, Imibandela, inyoni skeleton. ISu seyenziwe ngenhla.

Ukuguqula skeleton

Ukuguqula skeleton elihlobene ne ezihambayo izinyoni ngemilenze yangemuva futhi usebenzise phambi indiza, ngokucacile kakhulu obonakaliswe ehlombe ibhande okhalo. Ehlombe ibhande is isandla ehlangene sternum, futhi ngoba umzimba ngesikhathi indiza njengoba ulenga phezu kwamaphiko. Lokhu kufezwa sibonga eqinile yene amathambo coracoid ezingekho ezincelisayo.

izinyoni Skeleton sehle kakhulu sithuthukiswe ibhande okhalo. Nasemilenzeni indluzelekazi kwalezi zilwane ukugcina kahle emhlabathini (amagatsha lapho ekhuphuka noma lapho uzulazula phezu kwamanzi) futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, iqeda ngempumelelo etshaya mzuzu kokwehla. Kusukela amathambo baba nomzimba omncane, amandla abo okuthuthukiswa Fusion nomunye lapho esishintshile isakhiwo inyoni skeleton. Njengoba e ezincelisayo, abhanqiwe amathambo amathathu okhalo tho nomgogodla nomunye. Kuhlanganiswe isiqu amathambo, kusukela thoracic zokugcina futhi liphetha ngamazwi umsila kuqala. zozela zonke ingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi we sacrum, esaqinisa kwebhande okhalo, okuvumela ekupheleni izinyoni zenza imisebenzi yazo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwezinye izinhlelo.

nemilenze izinyoni

futhi kufanele kubhekwe isitho somzimba, echaza ukwakheka lwamathambo inyoni. Zakhuza Ushintshe kuqhathaniswa izici ejwayelekile nobuntu ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Ngakho, tarsal futhi metatarsal amathambo yinde futhi ahlanganisiwe kute ente intfo ezengeziwe ingxenye yesiqephu. Ethangeni ngokuvamile zazifihlwa ngaphansi izimpaphe. Ngo nemilenze yangemuva uvele indlela evumela izinyoni waqhubeka amagatsha. Umunwe flexor amanga ngenhla kwamadolo. imisipha yabo eside ukunweba eduze phambi uhlangothi kwedolo, ke bobbin emuva-side futhi surface engezansi iminwe. Ngu eguqa iminwe, lapho lo mshini inyoni neminsalo legatsha umsipha ikhiye nabo, kangangokuba ekuthatheni akusho buthaka, ngisho ngesikhathi sokulala. Ngu indluzelekazi esitho inyoni oyiyo okufana kakhulu unyawo lomuntu, kodwa eziningi amathambo umlenze unyawo kulo tho.

ibhulashi

Esibonisa izici inyoni skeleton, wazi ukuthi izinguquko ikakhulukazi ngokushesha mayelana nesigameko lithathelwe indiza esenzeka isakhiwo ibhulashi. Amathambo esele okuvela kuyo le forelimbs usukhulile ndawonye ukuze zakhe ubuzalwane usekelo esiyinhloko indiza izimpaphe. Ilondolozwe Kahle umunwe sokuqala ukwesekwa esingesihle ngenxa ichopho okuyinto uba somthetho ethize, okuyinto kunciphisa unyathela amabhuleki iphiko at ongaphakeme indiza ngesivinini. Secondary indiza izimpaphe exhunywe ulna. Kanye emangalisayo kudivayisi ngokwayo izimpaphe zonke ukudala iphiko - umzimba, libhekene ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu futhi plasticity oluhambelana. Ngezansi amathambo endoda i yokuqothulwa ekhulwini le-17 le nyoni kaDodo.

wings

Phakamisa nokulawula flight ukunikeza kwendiza zesisila, kodwa izakhiwo zabo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza azikaqondakali ngokuphelele. Uma indiza evamile, ukubhakuzisa amaphiko uye ngezansi nokudlulisa, bese - ngokucijile phezulu futhi emuva. Lapho umthelela iphiko phansi has a engela emaweni zokuhlasela, ukuthi kwakuyoba siyocinywa isivinini uma kuwukuthi izimpaphe eyinhloko hhayi eziqhutshwa ngalesi sikhathi njengoba indiza yenethiwekhi ezimele, ekuvimbeleni okusithiyayo. ngepeni ngamunye ijikeleziswa phezulu naphansi kanye shaft, ukuze isiqondiso phambili okuholela traction, esizwa futhi ngaphandle ka izinjongo zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nge-engela ezithile ekuhlaseleni vane is sizwakalise kusukela ngaphambili iphiko. Loku ukuncishiselwa ukuthi kunciphisa isiyaluyalu indiza yenethiwekhi futhi kanjalo eqeda okusithiyayo. Landing inyoni pre extinguishes isivinini, Positioning umzimba indiza mpo futhi sokuhoxisa braking umsila amaphiko.

Izici isakhiwo wamaphiko ezihlukahlukene izinyoni

Bird, wakwazi ukuthatha indiza kancane, abe izikhala kugqama phakathi primaries. Ngokwesibonelo, Golden Eagle (Aquilachysaetos, eliboniswe ngenhla) ngezikhawu phakathi izimpaphe bakha 40% wezindleko iphiko ndawo. Ngesikhathi amanqe kukhona umsila ebanzi kakhulu kudala lift extra yokuhambisa phezulu. Okunye kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa ngamaphiko ezinkozi amanqe yakha amaphiko eside kaJesu zasolwandle.

Ngokwesibonelo, ama-albatross (isithombe omunye wabo ethulwa ngenhla) cishe ngeke ichopho amaphiko awo, phezulu emoyeni, bese swooping, lama okuthile cool. indlela yabo yokundiza ezikhethekile ukuze sezulu ezolile basuke ngokoqobo ethe njo phansi. Hummingbird amaphiko Uyi izimpaphe eyinhloko futhi bayakwazi ukwenza imivimbo ngomzuzwana ezingaphezu kuka-50, lapho le nyoni kuthé cwaka; ngenkathi they nyakazo emuva naphambili indiza ovundlile.

izimpaphe

Izimpaphe ongenza ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi. Ngakho, kanzima kwendiza zesisila yakha amaphiko kanye nomsila. A opaque futhi nentaba ukunikeza izinyoni umzimba faired kanye fluff kuyinto yisivikelo ezishisayo. Ukuncika nomunye efana ama-tile ophahla, izimpaphe ukudala okuqhubekayo ikhava bushelelezi. isakhiwo esihle of the esibayeni ngokwezinga elikhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye izici yokwakheka, kuqinisekisa ukuchuma izinyoni emoyeni. vane ngasinye siqukethe amakhulu enameva, okuyinto zitholakala indiza eyodwa nhlangothi zombili kuwebhu, futhi kuwo zombili ukunweba la ma-barbule ethwele izingwegwe ohlangothini kude umzimba wale nyoni. Lezi izingwegwe abambelele bushelelezi la ma-barbule umugqa wangaphambilini we enameva, okuvumela ukuba ugcine vane ifomu zinjalo. On uphaphe ngalunye Makhov izinyoni ezinkulu zisesikhathini abayizigidi ezingu-1.5. La ma-barbule.

Lo mthethosivivinywa kanye nekubaluleka kwalo

Uqhwaku lwenhlanzi okuthiwa i izinyoni is ukuxhaphaza umzimba. On isibonelo Ithendele (Scolopaxrusticola, omunye wabo okuvezwe lapha esithombeni ngenhla), ungabona kunzima kangakanani kungaba isenzo Uqhwaku, inyoni ingamamitha ke enhlabathini, abazingela isibungu. Siyabakhuba impango, inyoni ukunciphisa elihambisana imisipha iqhubekela phambili amathambo square ayingxenye lwaleli mandibular. Labo, esikhundleni salokho, aqhubekele phambili ithambo zygomatic, okuyinto abangela kuze kube nokuvumelana ichopho mandible engenhla, kuyinto umgodi okusaqanda okuyothi ngalo subclavian imisipha umsipha unamathele ohlangothini engenhla ehlombe. Ngakho, kuyilapho ekwehliseni subclavian imisipha iphiko liphume, kuyilapho ekunciphiseni izinsana - is ivinjelwe.

Ngakho, sasuka izici eziyinhloko izinyoni isakhiwo skeleton. Sethemba wena baye bathola okuthile okusha mayelana zalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo.