Titanium - kwensimbi. titanium izakhiwo. Sebenzisa ama-titanium. Amabanga kanye nokusungulwa amakhemikhali titanium

I okuphakade, engaqondakali, isikhala, impahla ngekusasa - zonke lezi kanye nezinye eziningi epithets enikezwa imithombo ehlukahlukene titanium. History of the ukutholakala yalesi metal kwaba hhayi eziwubala: ngesikhathi esifanayo phezu isici ukukhululwa in ifomu okumsulwa wasebenza ososayensi eziningana. Inqubo ukutadisha Izakhiwo namakhemikhali and definition kwesicelo yayo is hhayi kuqeda namuhla. Titanium - kwensimbi wekusasa endaweni yalo ekuphileni kwebantfu okwamanje kuchazwe ngokuphelele, enikeza abacwaningi zanamuhla kumiswe ububanzi omkhulu wobuciko kanye ucwaningo lwesayensi.

sici

elementi Chemical titanium (Titanium) is okhethwe uphawu Periodic Table D. I. Mendeleeva Ti. Akhiwe ohlangothini iqeqebana IV iqembu kwesikhathi wesine, futhi nenombolo ye-serial 22. Into elula titanium - zethusi, isiliva engasindi futhi iqine. Ukulungiselelwa electronic athomu ngokohlaka olulandelayo: 22) 2) 8) 10) 2 , 1S 2S ^{2 2 6} bo-3 2P 3P ² 3d ^{6 2 2} 4S. Ngenxa yalokho, titanium has longalulandzela namachibi uthi 2, 3, 4, e zezakhi esitebeleni kunazo, kuba tetravalent.

Titanium - ingxubevange noma ngensimbi?

Lo mbuzo iyathakazelisa eziningi. Ngo-1910, umthaki wemithi American Hunter kwaba titanium okokuqala kumhlophe. I metal equkethwe% 1 kuphela of ukungcola, kodwa inani azinakwa futhi ziye zaba usizo unganikeli kungenzeka kuqhubeke uphenyo impahla yayo. I ductility kwale nto yafinyelelwa tolkopod okushisa aphakeme, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile (Igumbi lokushisa), isampuli kwaba ziyaqothuka kakhulu. Eqinisweni, le nto okungukuthi akanandaba ososayensi ngenxa yayo ukusetshenziswa amathemba kwabonakala kakhulu lingaqinisekile. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo ukuthola futhi aphenya okwengeziwe encishisiwe bezikhali uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Kuphela ngo-1925, osokhemisi kusukela Netherlands J. de Boer futhi A. van Arkel wathola titanium metal, property ahehe ukunakwa onjiniyela nabaqambi emhlabeni wonke. Umlando ekuhloleni lesi sici iqala 1790, kwaba ngalesi sikhathi parallel, ngayodwana, ososayensi ababili bethola titanium njengoba element kwamakhemikhali. Ngamunye wabo ithola kwakwakhe (oxide) ejenti, behluleka alulame metal ngefomu okumsulwa. Titanium kubhekwa iphayona we ngesiNgisi indela mineralogist uWilliam Gregor. Ensimini ka sesifunda sakhe, etholakala engxenyeni ntshonalanga yeNgilandi, usosayensi abasha baqala ukutadisha black isihlabathi Menakena Valley. Imiphumela zokuhlolwa nge uzibuthe iye ukwabiwa shiny okusanhlamvu, okuyizinto titanium compounds. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wemithi German Martin Heinrich Klaproth bahlonze lezi into entsha kusukela rutile amaminerali. Ngo-1797, naye wafakazela ukuthi kuhambisana izakhi evulekile zifana. Titanium dioxide engaphezu kwekhulu, kwaba imfihlakalo bamakhemikhali eziningi ukuthola metal okumsulwa kwakungenakwenzeka ngisho Berzelius. ubuchwepheshe bamuva kwekhulu XX yashesha kakhulu inqubo yokufunda element wathi futhi zilawule indlela kokuqala ukusebenzisa kwayo. Kulesi ububanzi njalo uyanda. Umkhawulo layo ububanzi ikani nje yinkimbinkimbi inqubo yokuthola into ezifana okumsulwa titanium. Inani Alloys nensimbi siphakeme ngokwanele, ngakho namuhla akakwazi azixoshe insimbi bendabuko kanye ne-aluminium.

Umsuka kwegama

Menakin - igama lokuqala titanium, esasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba u 1795. Lokho yesokunene, ngokusho ukuba indawo ukubandakanya, obizwa ngokuthi uMthetho omusha isici W. Gregor. Martin Klaproth esabela sakhi 1797 igama "Titan". Ngalesi sikhathi, umlingani wakhe isiFulentshi, eliholwa ngempela enethonya wemithi A. L. Lavuaze ucele ukuphinde ketshezi elisanda kutholakala ngokuhambisana izakhiwo zabo eziyisisekelo. Usosayensi German akazange avumelane le ndlela, yena kufanele wacabanga ukuthi isigaba ukutholakala kunzima ngempela ukuhlonza zonke izici esivela into, nokubona ukuthi nabo isihloko. Nokho, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi Klaproth eside umsebenzisi ekhethiwe elihambela- kwensimbi - it is ngokuphindaphindiwe kugcizelelwe ososayensi yesimanje. Kunemibono emibili eyinhloko igama Titan. Metal angase esiqokiwe yokudumisa Elven indlovukazi Titania (Izithuthi izinganekwane zamaJalimane). Leli gama lifanekisela kokubili ukudlala futhi amandla ejenti. Ososayensi abaningi bathambekele ukusetshenziswa zamaGreki, lapho Titans nabizelwa amadodana anamandla emhlabeni unkulunkulukazi Gaia. Le nguqulo uthi igama element ngaphambilini evulekile - uranium.

Ukuba nemvelo

Of insimbi, okuyinto matemu lenani umuntu, titanium lifaka wesine izinga ungqimba lomhlaba. A omkhulu Ingxenye ngokwemvelo zinezikhathi kuphela yensimbi, magnesium kanye ne-aluminium. Iningi titanium okuqukethwe kuphawulwe basalt igobolondo mncane e yayo egwadle ungqimba. Emanzini asolwandle, okuqukethwe ketshezi iphansi - mayelana 0,001 mg / l. Chemical isici titanium iyasebenza kakhulu, ngakho njengoba injalo emsulwa akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana. Ezimweni eziningi, kuba khona kunoma zezakhi umoya-mpilo, futhi Valence emine. Inombolo namaminerali titaniferous kuhluka 63 kuya ku-75 (emithonjeni ehlukahlukene), kanti ngesikhathi esiteji samanje ucwaningo ososayensi basaqhubeka befuna ukuthola letisha compounds. Ukuze ukusetshenziswa ezingokoqobo, ezibaluleke kakhulu namaminerali ezilandelayo:

1. Ilmenite (FeTiO _3).
2. Rutile (Tio _2).
3. Titanite (CaTiSiO _5).
4. Perovskite (Catío _3).
5. Titanomagnetite (FeTiO ₃ + Fe ₃ O ₄₎ kanye t. D.

Zonke titaniferous ore ekhona sehlukaniswe eziyisisekelo futhi placer. Le nto ayizisebenzi ababuthakathaka, kungaba kuphela ukuhamba ngendlela amatshe ngokuzala amankonyane noma amatshe ukuhambisa daka phansi. Esikhathini uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, inani elikhulu titanium eziqukethwe ulwelwe. Abameleli kukodwa nezilwane isici aqoqana izicubu uphondo, izinwele. Ukuze umzimba nezimfanelo zomuntu titanium ekhona ubende, nezindlala adrenal, yi-placenta, yegilo indlala.

izakhiwo

Titanium - metal ayoni kokuba umbala esiliva-white, sifana steel. At lokushisa 0 ⁰ C kwabantu of 4,517 g / cm ^3. Ingqikithi inobungako ongaphakeme ezishisayo, okuyinto sici of izinsimbi alikhali (cadmium, i-sodium, lithium, cesium). Ubuningi titanium ithatha isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini phakathi kwe-ayina aluminium, ngenkathi ukusebenza salo kunakunoma zombili lezi zici. I izakhiwo eyinhloko izinsimbi, okuyinto ezibhekwa ekunqumeni kwenkululeko isicelo kwakhona amandla isivuno kanye ubulukhuni. Titanium aluminium luqine by 12 izikhathi, lensimbi nelethusi - 4 izikhathi, ngenkathi okungukuthi kakhulu kulula. I plasticity lomcebo okumsulwa kanye nezinga bamandla ayo uvumele ukugaywa high and low lokushisa amagugu, njengoba kunjalo nezinye izinsimbi, isb. E. ngu riveting, ekwakheni, Welding, kweqa. Isici evelela titanium - ongaphakeme ukushisa conductivity yayo, futhi kanjalo, lezi izakhiwo agcinwayo at okushisa ephakeme 500 ⁰ C. kazibuthe kuyinto paramagnetic titanium isici, it is bangezi njengensimbi, futhi hhayi ukhiphe njengoba nje nethusi. eliphezulu kakhulu anti-ukugqwala ukusebenza ezindaweni enemikhuba imiphumela mechanical ahlukile. Bangaphezulu kuka-10 eminyakeni wokuba e kolwandle amanzi awushintshanga ukubukeka kanye nokwakheka titanium ipuleti. Iron kulokhu wawuzobhujiswa ezidlekile abazithatha ngamanetha ngokuphelele.

izakhiwo thermodynamic titanium

1. Ubuningi (at kwezimo ezivamile) kuyinto 4,54 g / cm ^3.
2. inombolo Atomic - 22.
3. Izinsimbi Group - a refractory, ukukhanya.
4. Isisindo athomu titanium - 47,0.
5. Abilayo iphuzu ⁽⁰ C) - 3260.
6. ivolumu izinyo lomhlathi cm ³ / Mol - 10.6.
7. Ukuncibilika iphuzu titanium ⁽⁰ C) - 1668.
8. ukushisa eqondile vaporization (kJ / Mol) - 422,6.
9. I resistivity (at 20 ⁰ C) ohms * cm * 10 ^-6 - 45.

chemical izakhiwo

Okuthuthukisiwe ukugqwala ukumelana isici ngenxa ukwakheka phezu oxide ifilimu encane. It kuvimbela (ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile) chemical yokusabela amagesi (i-oksijini, i-hydrogen) etholakala emkhathini ezungezile into ezifana titanium metal. Amandla ayo ukushintsha ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa. Lapho kuvuselwa 600 ⁰ C, ukusabela phakathi oksijini, okuphumela ekwakhiweni titanium oxide (Tio _2). Endabeni ukumuncwa yamagesi asemkhathini akhiwa compounds ethambile abangenalo ukusetshenziswa esiwusizo yalesi sizathu Welding futhi ukuncibilika titanium akhiqizwa cleaner. Ingabe ukusabela inqubo esethola Ukuqedwa hydrogen kwensimbi, kwenzeka ngaphezulu asebenzayo at okushisa ephakeme (400 ⁰ C no ngenhla). Titanium, ikakhulukazi esihle izinhlayiya (a mncane ipuleti noma wire) okungukuthi combusted ngaphansi nitrogen emkhathini. Ukusabela chemical phakathi kungenzeka kuphela ezingeni lokushisa 700 ⁰ C, kanjalo zakha isimiso TIN nitride. Izinhlobo eziningi kanzima kakhulu metal Alloys ngokuvamile alloying isici. Ukusabela nge halogens (chromium, bromo, iodo) ingena kuphela lapho khona kulethe (lokushisa eliphezulu) futhi kuncike ekuhlanganyeleni nge into eyomile. Lokhu kukhipha Alloys kanzima kakhulu refractory. With izixazululo of acid kakhulu futhi titanium alkalis amakhemikhali ngaphandle esebenzayo sulfuric bagxila (abilayo nokunwetshiwe), hydrofluoric, kushisa organic (formic acid, oxalic acid).

idiphozi

Okuvame kakhulu zemvelo ilmenite ore - izinqolobane zalo kulinganiselwa ngaso engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-800. Imali imali rutile nesizotha kakhulu, kodwa ivolumu Imininingwane - ngenkathi sigcina ukukhula ukukhiqizwa - kufanele ahlinzeke isintu iminyaka 120 ezayo, metal ezifana titanium. Intengo ye-product yakho yokugcina kuzoncika okufunekayo ukhulisa ukukhiqizwa workability, kodwa isilinganiso zazisuka 1200 ruble 1800. / Kg. Nge okuqhubekayo ngcono lobuchwepheshe kakhulu ziyancipha izindleko zonke izinqubo zokukhiqiza ngcono kwabo ngesikhathi esifanele. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke izinqolobane titanium imikhando Have eChina naseRussia, nokumbiwa isisetshenziswa base Are Japan, South Africa, e-Australia, Kazakhstan, India, South Korea, Ukraine, eCeylon. Imali imiqulu ukukhiqizwa ezahlukene kanye iphesenti titanium emkhandweni wensimbi, survey Geological ziqhubeka njalo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba singaphethi ukwehla emakethe value insimbi isicelo yayo ebanzi. Russia okungukuthi enkulu kunazo zonke umkhiqizi titanium.

reception

Ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-titanium dioxide, it is kakhulu evame ukusetshenziswa, aqukethe inani eliphansi amanyela. It is etholwe ekwandiseni ilmenite noma rutile ore ugxilisa. I-electric-arc ukwelashwa esithandweni ukushisa kwenzeka netshe, okuyinto kuhambisana kumiswa yensimbi nokuhlukaniswa slag oqukethe oxide titanium. Sulphate noma chloride indlela isetshenziselwa ngokucubungula ingxenyenamba khulula yensimbi. Titanium oxide kuyinto luyibhuqu lwezinyawo grey (bheka. I isithombe). Titanium sensimbi etholwe nokwelashwa kwayo kancane kancane.

Isigaba sokuqala yinqubo slag sintering ne coke kanye chlorine umusi ukuchayeka. TiCl ₄ is yehla okuholela magnesium noma sodium lapho ngaphansi lokushisa 850 ⁰ C. Titanium isipanji (ukungena nakwamanye amazwe mass tho) etholwe ukuphendula namakhemikhali awo, noma nahlanza elicibilikile ku ingots. Noma bakha ingxubevange sensimbi Kuye ukusetshenziswa ngokwengeziwe izindawo ngefomu okumsulwa (ukungcola ziyasuswa ngu Ukushisa 1000 ⁰ C). Ukuze kukhiqizwe into nge ukungcola ingxenyenamba 0.01% iodide wasebenzisa indlela. Kusekelwe inqubo ukuhwamuka titanium isipanji pretreated nge Halogen, umusi walo.

Fields of kwesicelo

Iphuzu ukuncibilika titanium ngokwanele okusezingeni eliphezulu insimbi kuwusizo olungenakuqhathaniswa lula ukusetshenziswa njengendlela material kwesakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, ithola isicelo enkulu embonini shipbuilding, zezindiza umkhakha, ekukhiqizeni ngamanani amancane kweminsalo, izitshalo zamakhemikhali. Titanium njalo lisetshenziswa njengendlela dopant e Alloys ahlukahlukene ukuthi abonise izici ngcono ukushisa ukumelana kanye ubulukhuni. High ukugqwala ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ikhono lokubekezelela ezindaweni ezinodlame kakhulu ukwenza lokhu metal lubaluleke embonini zamakhemikhali. Titanium (Alloys) oluqanjwe amapayipi, amathangi, ama-valve, umshini asetshenziswe ziphuzo zazihluzwa futhi kuthuthwe ngendlela ephephile acid kanye namanye amanxusa zamakhemikhali. Wafuna lapho ekudaleni amadivayisi lokuhlinza ephakeme lokushisa ukusebenza. Zezakhi titanium esetshenziswa ukwenza onensika cutting amathuluzi, upende, epulasitikini futhi iphepha, amathuluzi okuhlinza, izimila, ubucwebe, izinto zokuhlobisa, obusetshenziswa embonini ukudla. Zonke izinkomba Kunzima ukuchaza. imithi yesimanje ukuze uthole ukuvikeleka egcwele yemvelo livame ukusebenzisa metal titanium. Inani - lokhu okungukuthi kuphela isici esithinta eside nobubanzi isicelo lesi sakhi. Abathambekele bagomela ngokuthi titanium - impahla ngekusasa, ukufunda ukuthi isintu ngeke ufake isigaba esisha ukuthuthukiswa.