Kuyini imaskhi subnet? IP-ikheli kanye subnet buso

Njengoba wazi, ikhompyutha ngamunye inethiwekhi noma angase, has a ikheli lenombolo ngokuthi IP-ikheli. Nokho, Ngokwemvelo, ngokuvamile kuyiqiniso kuphela amanethiwekhi esekelwe olandelwayo TCP / IP, manje cishe kunoma iyiphi enye inethiwekhi okusekelwe isisekelo salo. Noma kunjalo, sihluke kuleli kheli, inethiwekhi workstation has a imingcele embalwa ezithinta ukuxhumana yayo namanye amadivayisi. Eyokuqala wabo imaskhi inethiwekhi, esizokhuluma ukumboza kulesi sihloko.

subnet buso, ikheli le-IP, kanye ...

Uma uzama ukuthola ulwazi mayelana uxhumano zamanje, ngaphezu ozinikele kwikhompyutha yakho, ikheli le-IP, uzophinde ubone Amasimu ezifana subnet buso, okuzenzakalelayo esangweni, kanye iseva eyodwa noma amaningi DNS, kunalokho, amakheli abo. Ukuze engaqaliwe, zonke lezi idatha amelela kuphela kuveze inqwaba izinombolo, kodwa uma uhlela ukubhekana ukulungiselelwa amanethiwekhi computer okusekelwe olandelwayo TCP / IP, wena ngokuzithenga futhi ngale mibandela kufanele ukwazi okuningi kancane.

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana ne-IP amakheli

Ngaphambi kokuthi ugxumele ehlathini futhi akuchazele ukuthi lokhu buso subnet, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi kuba-IP kheli: What do izinombolo azifaka kuwo, futhi yini uyakwazisa bangayisa. Dlulela ukubhuka ngephuzu elilodwa: Abantu yonke imininingwane okukhulunywa ngayo kulesi sihloko sizodingida protocol IPv4, ngoba nguye namuhla namanje kakhulu "egijima".

Ngakho, i-IP ikheli siqukethe izinombolo ezine, ngalinye elikwazi ukuthatha inani ukusuka zero kuya 255. Akubalulekile ukuba uprofesa wezibalo, ukubala: nje kungase kube kancane inhlanganisela angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine. Noma iyiphi idivayisi ku inethiwekhi TCP / IP has a ikheli efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imisebenzi ke wenza - kungaba inethiwekhi iphrinta, router, ADSL-router noma smart phone kudivayisi inethiwekhi kuphela ixhunywe uma kuyoba ukulandelana eziyingqayizivele zonke efanayo izinombolo ezine.

amakheli Local

Uma kukhona ekhaya lakho ezingaphezu kweyodwa computer, cishe waphawula ukuthi wonke amakheli kuningi esifana - ngokuvamile umehluko phakathi kwabo kuphela idijithi yokugcina, isibonelo, uma omunye ikhompyutha yakho ine ikheli 192.168.1.10 ke ikani yesibili kube 192.168.1.9. Lesi simo kungokwemvelo ikhaya amanethiwekhi, ngoba idatha ikheli - yangaphakathi. Zisetshenziswa ukudlulisa idatha phakathi inethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya, ezifana phakathi kwamakhompyutha. Kwenzekani ngalezo zikhathi uma udinga ukuthola ulwazi kusuka ku-intanethi?

lomasango

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukuphendula umbuzo yini imaski subnet, kumelwe ubhekane nenye ingxenye inethiwekhi - esangweni. Njengoba wazi, kwikhompyutha yakho ekhaya ukuya World Wide Web, idinga esangweni - indima ngokuvamile udlala noma router noma imodemu, noma (uma ingxoxo akuyona mayelana endlini, futhi umsebenzi) iseva. Lapho ubuza yiliphi ikhasi lewebhu, ikhompyutha yakho ibona ukuthi iseva ukuthi ufuna e inethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya. Uma elapho (isibonelo, uma uqhubeka isayithi eyodwa computer abo), akulutho, eqinisweni, okuningi okwenzekayo - amakhompyutha usungule uxhumano ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yendawo bese uqale okuxhunyanwa. Nokho, uma uzama ukuvula indawo, etholakala kwi-server akude, esimweni lingena esangweni.

Kuyini imaskhi subnet?

Ngakho sesiqala ukuvala yombuzo kuyini imaskhi subnet. Empeleni, kuba sibukeze kafushane ukuthi amakhompyutha kunethiwekhi efanayo neyakho, edinga uxhumano kwesango. Isivuvu - iphethini esikhulu ikhompyutha ne-IP ikheli abasebenza ngazo kulo ufuna ukuxhuma. Uma iphethini "uya kahle," kulungile, kepha uma kungengakho ukuzithandela - isicelo sithunyelwa kudivayisi sibhaliswe inethiwekhi njengoba izilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo kwesango.

Kuyini imaskhi subnet?

Uma isilinganiso ekhaya umsebenzisi inethiwekhi ehlanganisa amakhompuyutha, okuyinto esangweni kwi-Inthanethi, bese-subnet lakho imaski kungenzeka ibukeke: 255.255.255.0. Lezi zinombolo - okubizwa ngokuthi subnet buso kuyinto 24, okubonisa ukuthi uma izinombolo zokuqala ezintathu IP-ikheli umdlalo ngekheli lakho, ke lungatholakala ngqo.

By endleleni, isibonelo 255.255.255.0 lubalulekile kuphela uma ekubhekaneni wokusebenza elula ezijwayelekile ezifana Windows. Linux izinhlelo esekelwe esifanayo, kuhlanganise i-Android eziyihlazo futhi ikuyo yonke indawo, isebenzisa indlela ukuhluka lapho buso subnet isethwe izinombolo ezingu-ezimbili esalisekela noma. Kusibonelo oshiwo ngenhla, isibalo esinjalo 24.

Ingabe kwaba lula ukufunda buso subnet?

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lolu daba ingaphansi iphuzu kancane, abasebenzisi bengayeki ukubuza ke ukusesha izinjini. Nquma imaskhi subnet IP cishe kungenakwenzeka, ngoba, ngesisekelo eyodwa kuphela-IP ikheli, akunakwenzeka ukusho ngokuthe ngqó ukuthi hlobo luni ngezinga kunethiwekhi yasendaweni noma lusatshalaliswe. Ngokwengxenye ezimweni ezinjalo kungasisiza ulwazi mayelana esangweni, isibonelo, uma ikhompyutha yakho ine 192.168.1.2 ikheli kanye lomasango - 192.168.0.1, imaskhi subnet kumele okungenani ibe izinhlamvu 255.255.0.0, ngaphandle kwalokho esangweni kuyoba lungafinyeleleki.

Ngokuvamile, i-IP-ikheli kanye subnet buso cishe ngalutho, noma kunalokho, ayikwazi ukuthola omunye phansi kwelinye. Inethiwekhi computer kuyadingeka ukuze usebenze kokubili nemingcele ukuze udale uxhumano yimpumelelo nedivaysi ethile.

Amaphutha intengo

Yini engenzeka uma wenza iphutha? Ngokusekelwe yokuthi manje sesiyazi ukuthi buso subnet ezinjalo, ungase uthi ngokuqiniseka: uma isethwe ngokungalungile, kukhona amathuba enkulu ukuthi ikhompyutha yakho, lowo muntu uyakunqunywa nezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ufaka njengoba buso 0.0.0.0, uhlelo lokusebenza kuzothatha iyiphi IP ikheli lendawo futhi ngeke ngisho zama ukusebenzisa esangweni eziyoholela ekulahlekelweni amathuba ukuxhumana ngama-computer ngaphandle kunethiwekhi yakho yendawo.

Uma senza elinye iphutha, ecacisa kakhulu "eduze" imaskhi subnet, ikhompuyutha yakho ungase uqale isipiliyoni izinkinga kakade yokuxhuma "omakhelwane" we-LAN - ngisho noma uvula kuya IP wendawo, subnet buso siyobonisa ukuthi ukufinyelela ukuze kungenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa esangweni, futhi kungase kuholele noma i umthwalo anda inethiwekhi noma yokuswela eliphelele amakhompuyutha "lokalke".

Ukupela subnet buso

wokusebenza ezahlukene zisebenzisa izindlela ezifanele ekwakhiweni imaskhi inethiwekhi. Ngenkathi i-Windows lokubhala ejwayelekile ubhekwa inkomba ezine izinombolo eziyisishiyagalombili-bit, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenzisa, ikakhulukazi esekelwe Unix, ukusetshenziswa irekhodi esekelwe ecacisa IP-ikheli workstation, kanye nenani ibhithi ukuthi kumele ahlale static.

Cabangela isibonelo esikhethekile. Nge-IP ikheli 192.168.111.222 futhi echaza ukuthi izingcezu zawo static kuyinto 32, sithola entry elandelayo: 192.168.111.222/32. In practice, lokhu kusho ukuthi i-computer izosebenzisa esangweni etholakalayo ukuxhuma kwenye ikhompyutha kunaye. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba 32 - lena inombolo ephelele ibhithi equkethe IP-ikheli version wesine protocol. Uma sicabangela lokhu imaski endaweni zijwayele ukuba abantu abaningi njengomuntu (njengaku-OS-Windows), bekuyoba ibukeke 255.255.255.255.

Kuthiwani version uzobajayela imaskhi subnet, okuyinto esetshenziswa kakhulu LANs ngaphakathi efulethini? Ingxoxo Yiqiniso, kuyinto umbuzo 255.255.255.0. Uma ufundisisa lesi sihloko, okuthize ngalokhu imaski wayekhuluma kakade, futhi nenombolo izingcezu zawo engathutheki kuyisivumelwano 24 (t. E. izinombolo ezintathu zokuqala eziyizithelo 8 izingcezu).

Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuba bafeze neketanga elula okunengqondo - yonke izinombolo ezihleliwe yama-akhawunti 8 izingcezu, okusho ukuthi okufanayo bayolotshwa njengoba 255.0.0.0 / 8, njengoba waloba kuphela inombolo yokuqala.

Kepha le Lesisemkhatsini, isib, 255.255.255.128, kancane yabo ukujula futhi kulula ukubala, kulesi simo, / 25 - 24, ezintathu ibhithi lokuqala izinombolo eziqoshiwe, omunye kancane ukuthi uhlukanisa ingxenye kusuka 0 kuya 255 ncamashi ngesigamu.

Uma udinga ezinye izinketho nezibonelo, ungahlala unake imithombo ezikhethekile. Ezingosini ze-abazinikele isihloko lesi sihloko, kukhona ithebula subnet buso, okuhlanganisa cishe zonke sokuhlanganiswa kungenzeka lezi ukulandelana.