I amakhemikhali ukwakheka eziphilayo kusukela umbono wesayensi

Ake sihlaziye Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali eziphilayo, ukhethe izinto eziyisisekelo, okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuze kube nentuthuko egcwele.

biochemistry

Biochemistry isayensi ukuthi ufunda Ukwakheka eziphilayo, ukuhlaziya isakhiwo, ukuguqulwa, ukusatshalaliswa zabo imisebenzi. Yaqala lasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho kwakuyibona amakilasi eziyisisekelo izinto okuqondene izidalwa eziphilayo.

ukwakheka ambalwa

Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emangqamuzaneni eziphilayo ifaka izinto eziningi ishadi lesikhathi. Kuye ubuningi lokuqukethwe zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu. Avame ukubizwa ngokuthi organogenic, ngoba ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukuqedela khona eziphilayo. Lezi zici bayakwazi izibopho covalent, okuyizinto ngesisekelo izwe abahlala.

macronutrients

Phakathi macrocells ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana potassium, phosphorus, i-magnesium, i-calcium, chlorine, isibabule, sodium. Izakhi zamakhemikhali ezakha izinto eziphilayo, kudingeka baqinisekise ukuthi izinqubo exchange thina.

Besilokhu sikhipha nokudla okunezakhamzimba

Cobalt, molybdenum, i-zinc, i-iodine vanadium, uxhumano lokudlulisa bayingxenye hormone, ama-enzyme. okuqukethwe kwabo iphesenti akuyona ezingaphezu kuka angu-10.

ultramicroelements

Igolide, isiliva, platinum ukhona ezintweni eziphilayo, kodwa isibalo sabo sincane azinakwa. izakhi zamakhemikhali ezisesandleni eziphilayo ekhona nabo ifomu ion emihle noma emibi. Zibalulekile kumuntu cell ukunikezela ukukhula yabo egcwele, ukudalwa yakhe izicubu ezintsha emzimbeni balinganisele evamile acid-ane-alikhali. Yini ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali eziphilayo? Okokuqala, ukwakheka kumakhemikhali kungase bayokwahlulelwa ukushukuma nobe excitation sezitokisi, ezingeni lokugayeka kokudla, energy balance.

I amakhemikhali ukwakheka eziphilayo equkethe nosawoti kanye lamanzi esiphethu ophilayo. Senzeka naphakathi aqueous ukuguqulela amandla exchange ukusabela konke okwenzeka ngaphakathi eziphilayo. I-molecule yamanzi has a isakhiwo dipole, lapho kukhona covalent izibopho polar. Lokho offset electron kwabantu ngama-athomu ye-hydrogen ukuze umoya-mpilo imbangela nokwehlukana, okuyinto uchaza ukubaluleka okukhulu umzimba ngamanzi. Obakhiwa amangqamuzana amanzi izibopho ababuthakathaka okuyinto amandla izibopho ngaphansi covalent cishe 20 izikhathi. Ngosizo lwabo amaprotheni acid nucleic aguqulwa phakathi nomzimba kwezinye izinto, inqubo ephelezelwa ukukhululwa kwe amandla, lapho umzimba udinga ngakho. Amanzi kuphela jikelele, kubaluleke ngokukhethekile empilweni umzimba, ngoba iningi zonke ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenziwe izixazululo aqueous.

Uyini Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali eziphilayo? Ngaphezu izakhi wezinto ezingaphili, it has nezinye izinto eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona amaprotheni samanje futhi acid nucleic. It is lezi izinto eziphilayo kudingeka ukuvikela umzimba. Ngu izinto hydrophobic ukuthi musa chaza emanzini, ngamaphrotheni, cishe wonke amanoni. Ukuhlaziya main amakhemikhali ukwakheka eziphilayo, siphawula ukuthi amanzi ukuthi lihlotshaniswa ukulawulwa umbuso omzimba ezishisayo. It kuncike ikhono umzimba esimweni ngokuzumayo lokushisa kuzuba, ukuncela ukushisa. Le mpahla evumela umzimba ukuze avikeleke emimoyeni Ukushisa ngokweqile, ukuvimbela okweqile zomzimba njengoba lokushisa akhuphukela emkhathini. Kungenxa yokuthi amanzi iyinhlangano distribution umfaniswano amandla phakathi kwezicubu ahlukahlukene wenziwa kunyatheliswa egcwele ukushisa kuzo zonke izinhlaka.

ukwakheka organic

Phakathi organic compounds samanje emzimbeni labantu ikakhulukazi ukubaluleka carbohydrate, lipids. Ziyakwazi compounds okuyinto akhiwa macromolecular fatty acid kanye alcohols trihydric - glycerol. molecule lipid anosayizi elincani engqamuzaneni. They possess izakhiwo hydrophobic, ngamanye amazwi, akusho chaza emanzini futhi yakha izinhlelo colloidal - emulsion. Lipids encibilikayo ngokuphelele kumakhemikhali awuketshezi nonpolar organic ezifana-benzene, i-chloroform, acetone. Yiziphi main nemisebenzi lipids? Okokuqala, bona - imithombo yamandla. Eminye imininingwane izidakamizwa organic wenziwa vivo umsebenzi ukwakhiwa. Amakhabhohayidrethi nazo ukusebenza emzimbeni Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile. Ngaphezu ukwakhiwa, umsebenzi amandla, zingabantu ezidingekile esitokisini izakhi, kanye ukuvikela umzimba kusuka amagciwane ukuthola namagciwane. ezingaba Wokulawula carbohydrate ku ikhono zokulawula, kusho ukuvikela umzimba ekulimaleni. Amaphrotheni namaprotheni kukhona biopolymers ne isihlobo okusezingeni eliphezulu mass yamangqamuzana, e izinsalela organic amino acid okuyinto ukwenza njenge monomers.

Amaphrotheni yiwona hormone badinga ukulawula izinqubo eziningi ezibalulekile zezinto eziphilayo. Emzimbeni kukhona amaprotheni ekhethekile - enzyme, okuyizinto yelikhono begazi, efanela ukubopha noma ukusheshisa zamakhemikhali. Ukwazi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali a eziphilayo, kungenzeka ukubikezela umsebenzi wayo obalulekile, izakhiwo, funa izindlela ongakusebenzisa ngazo zisebenza lwati lolutfolakele.