Kuyini ebusweni lukhuni ensimbi? Kungani usebenzisa ebusweni ukuqina?

Art ukwelashwa ukushisa of izinsimbi abawaziyo isikhathi eside. Ziyakwazi amakhosi wahlanganyela womshini amathuluzi nezikhali ngokukhethekile, badla bebodwa noma ababeqeqeshwe iminyaka e nabanye abasebenzi, ongumakad 'ebona. Izimfihlo avalelwe, okuyinto Yiqiniso, kunciphisa izinga okusheshayo ubuchwepheshe, kodwa kwandisa ukuncintisana nomakhi othile umkhiqizo ukusetshenziswa ethize. Eyodwa yezindlela we armourers yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayiwukuphela ebusweni ukuqina, onikeza ukusika imiphetho kanye izinkemba abukhali futhi sabres ubulukhuni ethile, ngokuhlanganiswa nezimo of ikhaba. Namuhla lezi izakhiwo alulusha, ubuchwepheshe yathi chithi saka futhi yazuza kwegazi jikelele.

Ukuze lokho kungcono zonke ukwazi umuntu ovamile?

Lokhu Ochwepheshe sihloko e metal ezishisayo cishe, iqoqo amazwana futhi amaqiniso owaziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthola ezinye ukungafani kwamagama. Ulwazi olunikiwe ayenzelwanga kubo, ke sibhekiswe kubantu, kude umkhakha, nayizimfundamakhwela abathanda umehluko ngamandla blade obuhle itafula elivamile noma ummese ukusonga, ebusweni ukuqina ivolumu, futhi nezinselele ezifanayo. Ukuthenga omunye khona kanye lento yasendlini, umthengi ubhekene abalulekile intengo umehluko. Umdayisi akakwazi njalo ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngokucacile uchaze ukuthi kungani omunye ithuluzi (isikrufu, isibonelo) kuyabiza kakhulu kunabanye lapho ukufana Imininingwane yangaphandle. Kungenzeka ukuzama "ukudukisa ubuchopho" engaqondakali umuntu ozihambela imiqondo emgwaqweni kanye nemibandela. Njengoba yahunyushelwa olimini ulimi oluvamile, lezi izincazelo kungasho ukuthi ukusonta sinqamukile noma izothatha isikhathi eside futhi ngeke zidinga imimese eziningi kancane kaningi (uma ikhasimende ufuna ukuthenga ummese). "Surface lukhuni!" - engaqondakali akhombise imbangela umdayisi, edonsa amehlo akhe injabulo engokomfanekiso. Kuyini lokhu?

I izakhiwo aphikisanayo kwelinye umkhiqizo

Njengoba kubonakala kahle ukwelashwa imishwana ukushisa kulokhu ngaphansi nje ungqimba elincanyana elingaphandle sihloko. Iqiniso ukuthi steel kudinga ukuqina, ngalokwanele ukuqagela konke, ngisho nalabo abangamazi kuyini. Yilokho lihlukile evamile "ucezu yensimbi", soft futhi ziyaqothuka. Kodwa kungani leyo nhlonipho uyawuthanda ke ukuvundulula? Tempering isetshenziselwa ukushintsha izakhiwo zensimbi, hhayi ngenxa kuwenta ncono ngalokulingene, njengoba kuthiwa ngokuvamile kakhulu. Quality, ewusizo kwezinye izimo, kuba yingozi kwabanye. Ifayela kanzima, ngoba kulula ukucubungula yensimbi, aluminium nowethusi, kodwa uma uzame ukuwuphula ke, noma shaya ke ngesando, kuyoba inqamuke. Kuyefana nasendleleni ikhaba isaha, ngokuvamile iphula ngesikhathi okungalungile engela cut. Ukuze anikeze ubulukhuni ngokuhlanganiswa eguquguqukayo kanye plasticity isicelo ebusweni ukuqina. Ngemva izakhiwo umkhiqizo zingahlangana izinga, ngezinye izikhathi izici okuphambene ezahlukene crystal izakhiwo. Manje sidinga lokumba imininingwane ezinye materials science.

Lo mbono olula polymorphism izinsimbi

I metal efanayo ingase, kuye ukuma eheleni crystal, ifa izakhiwo ezahlukene ngokomzimba (ubulukhuni, ubunzima, ductility, eguquguqukayo, kuyaqina kanye t. D.) Lokhu ikhono lokushintsha nemingcele mechanical libizwa polymorphism. Kudala, yokukhiqiza amasampula bakudala izikhali, abantu baye baqaphela ukuthi omunye inkemba noma cutlass Kwatholakala kahle, azigcina nokucija eside futhi ayiphule. Yiqiniso, okhokho bethu bonke babengaphansi ungayazi ukwakheka kwama-molecule ye-metal, ngaphambi kokuba aye zonke intuitively futhi empirically. Ngakho, empirically, bathola ukuthi uma iphuzu ukushisa, ngokuvutha imibala incike lokushisa yayo. Nge Ukupholisa ngokushesha metal ukuthi uyashintsha, kuba nakakhulu, noma ethola nakalula. Uma kabusha ukufuthelana, kuba ngakho futhi, njengoba ayekuso, futhi ngezinye izikhathi sibe sibi kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakhiwa imibono ethize kakhulu ngalokho kufanele kube, isibonelo, i-ephelele ukuzingela ummese. Surface ukuqina liyasetshenziswa kakade, kodwa ngokuvamile wasebenzisa okuthiwa zendawo, okungukuthi, okuzofakwa kuyo ngokuqinile ukuthi ukusika umphetho, nezimo - maphakathi ikhaba, futhi ukudla ingxenye eseduze isibambo - plastic (kungcono ukugoba kancane, kodwa akusho aphule).

Kwenzekani ngaphakathi

Ngaphandle kokuya imininingwane eqondile, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lukhuni steel sakhiwo ezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: martensitic, troostite futhi sorbitol. Isilinganiso zalezi zakhiwo crystal futhi sincike izici lokukhanda. Kulokhu, akunandaba ngumuphi kubo futhi kanjani nomthelela ubulukhuni. Umphumela incike indlela metal efudumele, futhi ngokushesha kangakanani selehlile. Ngakho, kwamanzi ukuqina kungenzeka lapho ukhulisa izinga lokushisa kwe-ungqimba engenhla kanye nokupholisa okwalandela noma umthelela zangaphandle emlilweni ophansi (uketshezi, ngokuvamile uwoyela, amanzi kanye brine, emoyeni noma namanye amanxusa) noma sokuhoxisa ngokwengxenye ku umkhiqizo. kugucuka Ngakho polymorphic zenzeka ngongqimba, kuye ngezinga lekuphumelela izinga lokushisa esibucayi, ezithinta kumiswa isakhiwo esisha crystalline.

Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ushintsho ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

- Upper, usebhekene lukhuni.

- Lesisemkhatsini, kancane lukhuni. Ibizwa nangokuthi ukushisa abathintekayo zone.

- Area encishisiwe ubulukhuni.

- Ingxenye kwangaphakathi baye akukho zinguquko.

Izindlela ze-surface ukuqina

Dala i-ungqimba engenhla kokuba ubulukhuni okusezingeni eliphezulu, ngezindlela eziningana. Sesitimela enqoleni nge iziphethu iziphethu nje wadubula encane zazifakwa amabhola (shot), ukudala indawo uphawu, ne ivolumu engaphakathi metal ngokwanele ductile ukumelana eside ukucindezeleka mechanical. It kubhekwa indlela eminingi yasendulo ka ngokushesha amalahle isihloko phezu umlilo evulekile, ephelezelwa sishaye noma jet ukugeleza. Kungenxa yalesi ubuchwepheshe senziwa bendabuko ijika esempumalanga ikhaba (KARAMBIT). Surface ukuqina ingenziwa futhi ukubanda kakhulu. Futhi aziwayo kukhona igesi-plasma, lokungeniswa, laser, nezinye izindlela. Ezinye zazo uthanda ukuhlala kabanzi.

HDTV

Maphakathi nawo-30 yalolucwaningo usosayensi Soviet VP Vologdin yasungulwa indlela ekuzuzeni predetermined imininingwane engalingani-kwetheksthi ukwakheka kwama-molecule usebenzisa ephezulu imvamisa imisinga. isiqoqi sama-softwe okhula ngokushesha, imboni kudingeka ubuchwepheshe ukuqinisekisa ekukhiqizweni ngaphandle izinga imihlatshelo. Surface ukuqina HD kusekelwe lo mkhuba lokungeniswa. I engavamile indlela siqukethe ekubeni evuthayo ungqimba ukushuba kuye ngokuthi imvamisa futhi ubukhulu bale samanje Uhlaka imbuthuma. Lapho lo mphumela kungenzeka kakhulu ongakulindela, ngakho-ke, ukulawula izinga lula kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela kusebenza ekwelapheni imikhiqizo jikelele kanye izingxenye, ezifana crankshafts nezinye izinto ezinkulu ukuthi zingasuswa ngokusebenzisa inductor, ngokulandelana edalula yonke obuphelele. Kulesi ubuchwepheshe, kunzima ukukhetha nemingcele ukucubungula izinto ezincane kanye flat, ezifana nommese. Surface lukhuni ephezulu ifrikhwensi kusebenza imikhiqizo kuqhathaniswa okukhulu, amandla kanye ukugqoka ukumelana okuyinto incike izakhiwo mechanical olwelwesini.

Izici isicelo we-HDTV indlela

Indlela yasungulwa ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha we umkhakha ubunjiniyela, inkinga enkulu engaba ukuzivikela zase-USSR, okuyinto wayebonisa imininingwane uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Imininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu tractor, amathangi, izimoto noma amabhanoyi babe Ubukhulu ukuthi ungavumeli ukuba uzibeke lozimele inductor compact, yokukhiqiza imishini ngayinye kubo ayebiza kakhulu, futhi uma kwenziwa okusekelwe ubukhulu ngobukhulu, amandla izindleko iba omkhulu. Nokho, lokungeniswa ebusweni ukuqina lisetshenziswa kuyo yonke imikhiqizo, kusuka elincane ukuze ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, amagiya bavezwa imvamisa high ngokulandelana kokuphenduka "a izinyo ngezinyo. ' Ngokuqhubekayo zilandelana sekuqala ukufudumala tincenye crankshafts futhi driveshafts, ezihambayo ngaphakathi ifreyimu fixed we inductor, lapho epholile (sprayer) lifakwa ezibalweni ku inqubo ngokushesha ngemva kokuba. The ukuphela kulungiselelwa node wenziwa ngokushesha ngenkasa ngamanzi Splashes workpiece (kungakho igama, ungwaqa nge "spray").

Kodwa imikhiqizo ngenhloso ngaphandle encane ukuqina ibekwa inductor ngokuphelele futhi selehlile kanye.

laser

Le divayisi okwamanje asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene umsebenzi womuntu, futhi iye yasetshenziswa ngensimbi. Indlela akudingi amakhaza, njengoba ugongolo umthelela kanye okwesikhashana ithinta phezu ungqimba eyayibaluleke we metal, abangela izinguquko ofiselekayo e isakhiwo crystal. "Laser imimese" ngempela isidingo ukunikeza wisecrack eside ahlabayo ithuluzi (ikakhulukazi ngabo futhi isicelo), uma ukukhiqizwa it is ngempela isicelo le ndlela. Nokho, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi eminyakeni yethu mbumbulu ilebula umkhiqizo akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi sihambisana iqiniso. Ngezinye izikhathi inhlamba enjalo ehlotshisiwe futhi ukuthengiswa umgwaqo Itafula ezinye nozh- ezishibhile "butterfly". Surface ukuqina ngemisebe ugongolo - ubuchwepheshe hhayi ezishibhile, itholakala kuphela abakhiqizi eziholela amathuluzi.

abandayo

Ngesisekelo ezingokomzimba indlela kwaba kokutholakala mkhuba okwandisa nobulukhuni steel ngenxa yokudlulisa isakhiwo austenite kuya martensite e nqabela ejulile. Ikhishwa indlela enjalo ebusweni ukuqina athuthukile A. P. Gulyaevym, N. A. Minkevichem futhi S. Sternberg e-USSR. Kuyinto kusebenza carbon (aqukethe amaphesenti angaphezu kuka 0.5 C) kanye insimbi engagqwali izinjongo ezikhethekile, ezifana kukhiqizwa ukukhiqizwa ngesivinini cutting amathuluzi kanye neminye imikhiqizo amathuluzi akhethekile.

bafudumale electric

Ngokuvamile, it is eyakhelwe isimiso esifanayo njengoba lokungeniswa ukuqina, nge umehluko kuphela nokuba ukuthi Ukushisa Resistor senziwa ngezithukuthuku odlulayo ezinkulu amagugu wamanje kanye izingxenye ukumelana. Imvamisa voltage osetshenziswayo ngendlela efanayo kuthinta ungqimba ukujula kokuba ukufuthelana, kanye ephakeme kangaka, ngaphezulu kuba ohlabayo. Nobulukhuni ebusweni kungase kukhule kusuka ingxenye milimitha ukuze ezimbalwa amayunithi yayo. It kuncike nezidingo umkhiqizo kanye yobukhulu bayo. Kuqhathaniswa indlela HDTV kagesi resistive kusuka ezahlukene ebanzi of imisinga, okushisa ekujuleni izingqimba. Ngalo zingaba, isibonelo, kuyinto omkhulu kangaka futhi kudinga izinga lento ekhethekile like insabule lesosha. Surface lukhuni bafudumale electric kudinga ubuchwepheshe ulinganiswe ukusebenza Ukupholisa e uwoyela, amanzi noma ezinye teploprinimayuschih ejenti.

okutholakele

Ngakho, into eyinhloko ebusweni ukuqina iyinhlangano distribution ezinjalo isakhiwo crystal ngaphakathi sihloko, lapho ngaphakathi ezingaba kwakhiwa troostite noma sorbitol, nangaphandle ungqimba martensite. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziningana, kusukela elula futhi iningi wasendulo ongasempumalanga yempucuko kakhulu futhi zanamuhla. Kunoma ikuphi lukhuni steel izinga kudinga ikhono eliphezulu futhi ukunemba ukuthobela imithetho ezimbonini. Umkhiqizo ekhiqizwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho, akukwazi ezishibhile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuyabiza nekhishi ummese ezinhle, futhi KARAMBIT. Surface ukuqina ugongolo laser kuvamile kakhulu nje amathuluzi ukusika.