S-125 "iNeva": design, ukusebenza izici, ukuhlela kabusha

S-125 "iNeva" - anti-aircraft uhlelo missile (ADMS), short-range, ekhiqizwa e-USSR. Le nguqulo ukuthekelisa eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuthi "Pechora". Ngo Ukwahlukaniswa NATO, ibizwa ngokuthi i-SA-3 Goa. On izingalo eU.SSR eyinkimbinkimbi wamukelwa ngonyaka 1961. Umthuthukisi eyinhloko SAM wenza NPO "Almaz" okuthiwa Raspletina. Namuhla sizobe sesibheka umlando SAM "iNeva" futhi imininingwane yayo.

indaba

Air missile ukuzivikela uhlelo wawuyingxenye ekumeleleni eU.SSR wawuhloselwe ukuvikela kwengqalasizinda ezimbonini kanye lwebutho imithelela uhlobo esebenzisa umoya kuhlasela, endiza medium and ongaphakeme emachibini. It kungathinta webhomu, bomlilo, izindiza esisetshenziselwa futhi uhambe ezicitshwayo ne kahle kusakazeka ezingaphezu kuka 0.2 m ^2.

Ukuthuthukiswa lwaluqala SAM NGO "Diamond" ngo-1956 lapho ephendula ukudalwa izindiza, ngempumelelo asebenza emachibini aphansi. Umsebenzi lobuchwepheshe yokwakha kungenzeka eziyinkimbinkimbi ibeke iwukudambisa Okuqondiwe flying ezingeni ukuphakama 0.2 kuya 5 km, at ibanga kusuka amakhilomitha 6 kuya ku-10 ngesivinini 1500 km / h. Ngesikhathi iqoqo lokuqala ukuhlolwa ngisebenza nge 5V24 rocket. Lokhu Ngohlelo wazibonakalisa insufficiently ngempumelelo, ngakho lo msebenzi wenziwe futhi imfuneko edingekayo - ukuze ulungise yona missile 5V27 entsha, bemunye nge kolwandle "negagasi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lolu hlelo lwenziwe ngcono kakhulu ukusebenza izici (ukusebenza izici) kohlelo. Ngo-1961, lesi sakhiwo eselineminyaka, ngaphansi nesiqu S-125 "iNeva".

Esikhathini esizayo, kanye uhlelo engakaze modified. Amalungu ayo kufakwe imishini ukubhekana ukuphazamiseka GSHM, okuhloswe emehlweni kokuthikamezeka PRR, ukuhlonza, ukulawula umsindo, kanye ukufakwa zangaphandle inkomba SRP. Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa design, SAM wakwazi iwukudambisa okuhloswe ukuthi kukhona kude kuze kube amakhilomitha angu-17.

Ngo-1964, inguqulo yesimanje ye SAM kwavunyelwana ngaphansi kwegama S-125 "Neva-M". Le nguqulo zokuthumela ukufakwa ngokuthi "Pechora". Kusukela 1969 baqala ukunikeza eziyinkimbinkimbi emazweni Warsaw Treaty. Nje konyaka, ukuphakela S-125 baqala kwamanye amazwe, njenge-Afghanistan, Angola, i-Algeria, eHungary, Bulgaria, India, Korea, Cuba, eYugoslavia Ethiopia, Peru, Syria, nabanye abaningi. Ngo elifanayo 1964 ku izingalo kwavunyelwana 5V27 missile ICD athuthukile "Ithoshi.

Ngo-1980, umzamo wesibili kanye wokugcina nesimanje eziyinkimbinkimbi. Njengengxenye sesimanje abaklami ahlinzekwa:

1. Humusha ezicitshwayo isiqondiso esiteshini ku database zokucathula digital.
2. Ukuqalisa decoupling missile futhi target iziteshi nge esasikhipha iziteshi ezimbili control. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukwandisa uhla esiphezulu ukunqotshwa rocket kuya 42 amakhilomitha, ngokusebenzisa indlela "preemption ephelele."
3. Ukuqalisa isiteshi homing imicibisholo.

Ngenxa yokukhathazeka ukuthi isibukezo "iNeva" ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa entsha S-300P echazwe iziphakamiso zenqatshiwe. Okwamanje, inguqulo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto wathola isiqu C-125-2, noma "Pechora-2".

isakhiwo

Uhlelo siqukethe emoyeni ukuzivikela missile uhlelo, futhi missile ebusweni-to-air isiqu lobuchwepheshe kusho.

SAM kuhlanganisa ejenti ezifana:

1. Radar (RLS) SNR125M target yokulandelela nesiqondiso yezikhali ezicitshwayo kuso. Radar esisogwini trailer ezimbili. Esinye isici Unk gumbi ukuphathwa nakwezinye - antenna okuthunyelwe. SNR125M isebenza nge-radar kanye neziteshi zethelevishini ukwesekwa, ezimeni ibhukwana noma othomathikhi. Isiteshi ifakwe okuzenzakalelayo isiqalo idivayisi APP-125, okuyinto uchaza imingcele endaweni ethintekile yezikhali ezicitshwayo, kanye izixhumanisi rocket ngenhloso yalo mhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza isiqunto ukuqala umsebenzi.
2. Missile ibhethri, esakhiwa iziqhumane ezine 5P73 onobuhle, ngalinye elikwazi ifakwe 4 ezicitshwayo.
3. Amandla supply system ehlanganisa iziteshi ingenakukwazi kagesi wokusabalalisa kanye gumbi.

isiqondiso

I eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimbili wesiteshi esisodwa-isiteshi missile kwelitshe. Into isitha kungenzeka ngiphakamisa ezicitshwayo amabili nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ne SAMS kungenziwa eziqhutshwa radars ukuze kutholwe futhi ukuqondisa, imodeli P-12 noma P-15. izimali Inxanxathela ezibekwe lulwimi trailer trailer, futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo nge izintambo.

Isixazululo sale nkinga, njengoba kudalwa ephansi engamamitha uhlelo nangomcibisholo, kudingwa nabaqambi izixazululo engavamile. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-Isizathu salokhu ukubukeka elingavamile ukufakwa antenna.

Ukuze hit ilitshe, okuyinto at ibanga-10 km kanti izimpukane ngesivinini 420 m / s, ezingeni ukuphakama 200 m, kubalulekile ukuqalisa nangomcibisholo okwamanje nxa ilitshe itholakala at ibanga 17 km. A bamba futhi kokulandela bamatshe ukuqala ngaso sonke at ibanga 24 km. Kulokhu, uhla ukuthola ephansi engamamitha Okuqondiwe anjalo kufanele kube kusuka km 32 kuya 35 sicabangela isikhathi adingekayo dopoisk. Kulesi simo, engela target isikhala ngesikhathi Ukuthola 0.3 ° kuphela, futhi ngokuthwala autofollow - mayelana 0.5 °. Ngezinye ezinjalo engeli encane isiginali radar kubonakala kusukela esiteshini phansi isiqondiso idlula isignali kubonakala ukhatshana lelitshe. Ukuze wehlise lo mphumela, C-125 ahlonyiselwe nge izinhlelo ezimbili lukamakhalekhukhwini. Eyokuqala wabo - is Awuthwebulanga, kubangela eyamukelayo bese bedlulisela. Owesibili - Skena - wenza reception kuphela.

Lapho besebenza ezindaweni ongaphakeme adlulisa antenna isethi-1 °. Ngakho-ke, Lidlulisela irradiates ebusweni umhlaba kuphela ohlangothini iyizingxenye yombonisomdwebo lukamakhalekhukhwini. Lokhu kunciphisa isignali kubonakala kusukela umhlaba inqwaba yezikhathi. Ukuze kuncishiswe iphutha target yokulandelela elihlobene ne okuvela "specular reflection" (limelela ukuphazamiseka phakathi amasignali eqondile multipath kusukela phansi target), emibili wamukela antenna izindiza kuthiwa ijikelezwe ngu-45 ° kuya ovundlile. Ngenxa yalokhu okuthunyelwe antenna SAM futhi ezidinga ukubukeka kwayo isici.

Enye inkinga ehlobene nokubukisa kwaleli chibi flying isitha target, - ukwakhiwa kwalesi Mti (ezihambayo target inkomba), okungaba ukuhlukanisa ngempumelelo itarget signal, phakathi zibona enamandla kusuka emhlabathini futhi babike lapho kuba khona nanoma yiluphi uhlobo imfuhlumfuhlu. Ukuze lokhu kokuthi idaliwe cherezperiodnoe umbhalo idivayisi ezisebenza esiqinile UDL (ultrasonic ukubambezeleka imigqa).

Amapharamitha ecacisiwe Mti kakhulu idlule kwemigomo zonke radar nga pre-existing ukusebenza emisebeni pulsed. Ukugodla umsindo ezisuka kusukela izinto yokwenziwa ifinyelela 33-36 dB. Ukuze ekulinganiseni nezikhathi ukuphindaphindwa pulses kumba, le synchronizer uvuma ezinhlotsheni umugqa ukubambezeleka. Kamuva kwacaca ukuthi lesi sinqumo ingenye nemibi esiteshini, njengoba kukwenza kungenzeki ukushintsha imvamisa ukuphindaphinda kutsha kude umsindo ungacabanganga. Ukuze nokunciphisa wenza umcimbi uhlelo gxuma Lidlulisela imvamisa iye yatholakala ngezincwadi, okuyinto eyenzeka uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukuphazamiseka idlula ezingeni kusengaphambili.

kudivayisi missile

Surface-to-air missile (SAM) 5V27 athuthukile ICD "Ithoshi", kwaba-step ezimbili futhi eyakhelwe sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza ukumisa "duck". Isigaba sokuqala sale rocket siqukethe okuqinile rocket esiphakamayo; stabilizers ezine udedele ngemuva kokuqala; kanye pair of airfoils ahlelwe egumbini nokuxhuma ezidingekile ukwehlisa ijubane indiza ngemva namafutha izigaba sigaba. Ngokushesha ngemva izinyathelo ngaphansi kwale evele achazwayo, okuyinto luhambisana nomthwalo Ukujikeleza esindayo, igebe eliletha ukuthula aduduze futhi ekugcineni unyathela amabhuleki namafutha nge ukuwa kwalo okwalandela esingahlelekile.

Qophelo SAM yesibili Ubuye motor okuqinile-Propellant. Design Its siqukethe uchungechunge linezingxenye, okuyinto zitholakala: Control amayunithi, fuze, ukulwa kwehlukana ephezulu kuqhume on-ebhodini imishini, motor nokulawula umamukeli imiyalo.

indiza indlela ukulawula missile nesiqondiso yayo elitsheni Kwenziwa esebenzisa control radio, wakhonza phansi radar isiqondiso. Ngokuqeda warhead kwenzeka lapho esondela missile elitsheni isitha at ibanga afanele umsakazo elawulwa fuses ithimba. Libuye ingalimaza kungenzeka ithimba nge esiteshini isiqondiso.

Ukuqala ukoritel siphela imizuzwana emibili kuya kwemine, futhi belungele ukuhamba - amasekhondi angu-20. kudingeka isikhathi sokuba missile self-ukubhujiswa, - 49. Ngokweqile zuri iqhinga kuyinto amayunithi 6. Missile usebenza ngezindlela eziningi lokushisa ububanzi - kusukela - 40 ° ukuze + 50 ° C.

Lapho behlome ngemibese ezicitshwayo ziye ezithathwe-601P, abaklami waqala ukusebenza phezu ukunikwa amandla anti-aircraft uhlelo missile. Lezi zinkinga kuhlanganisiwe izinguquko ezilandelayo: okuhlosiwe amabhomu ezihambayo ngesivinini esingafinyelela ku-2500 km / h, wanqoba transonic (ezihambayo ngejubane eduze ijubane umsindo) ekubambeni amatshe endaweni engamamitha 18 km, kanye kunyuke umsindo ukungatheleleki okungenzeka hit.

missile ukulungiswa

Ngo ukuthuthukiswa ezifana ukulungiswa ezicitshwayo adalwa ubuchwepheshe:

1. 5V27G. Inkomba "T" lumelela igama elithi "uphawu".
2. 5V27GP. "P" Inkomba kubonisa ukwehla ukunqotshwa eduze komngcele 2.7 km.
3. 5V27GPS. Inkomba "C" kubonisa khona iyunithi wokukhetha, ekunciphiseni amathuba isinyathelo othomathikhi uma isignali fuze kuveza evela emaphandleni ezizungezile.
4. 5V27GPU. Inkomba "Y" kusho ukuthi kukhona prelaunch esasizosheshisa. Ukuncishiswa ukulungiselela isikhathi kufezwa ngokusebenzisa imishini ugibelile kusukela high voltage ugesi, lapho mode prelaunch Ukushisa kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Isisetshenziswa prelaunch ise Unk gumbi, wabuye wathola wokubuyekeza elihambisana.

Zonke ukulungiswa yezikhali ezicitshwayo ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi Kirov inombolo ifektri 32. ukuqeqeshwa okubalulekile izisebenzi zalesi sihlahla ekhiqizwa Ubukhulu nesisindo, ukuhlukana futhi onobuhle zemfundo yezikhali ezicitshwayo.

Qala ezicitshwayo

Ukwethulwa Kwenziwa kusukela isiqalisi (PU) imodeli 5P73, okuyinto unxenxwa ekuphakameni futhi azimuth. Chetyrehbalochnaya isiqalisi zithutha lwenzelwe e KB SM ngaphansi kobuholi BS Korobov. Ngaphandle chassis futhi gazootrazhateley kungaba uyiswe ngemoto Yaz-214.

Lapho lokudubula Okuqondiwe ongaphakeme-flying ubuncane sokuqala engela missile-9 °. Ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi emhlabeni isiqalisi multi-Sectional isiyingi wabantu enamathela iraba-metal. PU iyakhokhiswa esikhathini uchungechunge lokuzivocavoca nemishini ezokuthutha-ukushaja ezimbili, eyakhelwe kumila Zil-131 Zil-157 nge maneuverability ngcono.

Amandla esiteshini kwenziwa usebenzisa mobile transformer substation, aboshelwe ngemuva trailer. Zokusebenzela intelligence sokukhomba ka P-uhlobo P-12 NM 15 inabasebenzi amandla ezizimele imithombo BP-10-T230.

Ubuzwe bezindiza kunqunywa radar abaphenyi.

sesimanje

Ngo-1970 ekuseni, anti-aircraft missile eziyinkimbinkimbi "iNeva" waba olwesimanje. Ukuthuthukisa imishini radar avunyelwe ukwandisa umsindo amasosha omzimba lapho bebona izinhloso kanye nokuphathwa rocket. Ngenxa yokulethwa kwemishini, "Karat-2" senzelwe emehlweni ithelevishini-optical nokusekelwa, ithuba ezihambisana agcwalise Okuqondiwe isitha radar emisebeni ngaphandle endaweni ezungezile. Ukushintsha ama target isiteshi Lidlulisela athwalwa okuthunyelwe lukamakhalekhukhwini. Umsebenzi ku izindiza Ukuphazamisa lase kakhulu zinciphe enikeziwe ukuvela ezibukwayo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakunjalo optical sextant isiteshi nalapho bebafushane khona. Ngo izimo ezinamafu, futhi lapho libhekwa ohlangothini ilanga noma zinikezwe uma kukhona umthombo wokukhanya yokufakelwa ogibele indiza isitha, isiteshi kahle kunciphisa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emehlweni indlela ithelevishini-optical alidalule opharetha isitshalo ngenjongo uhla idatha. Lokhu kukhawula amathuba izindlela ngokukhetha nesiqondiso kwehlisa lokusebenta ngemphumelelo ngezinhloso isivinini kuhlasela.

Engxenyeni 70 S-125 wesibili wathola imishini, okwandisa nekusebenta ukusetshenziswa kwalo lapho zokudubula Okuqondiwe ezihambayo emachibini aphansi, kanye phansi futhi ebusweni okuhloswe. Futhi, imicibisholo ngesinye Ushintshe 4V27D yadalwa, okuyinto kukhuphuke airspeed bavunyelwe zibelesela Okuqondiwe "ekuphishekeleni". Missile obuphelele yanda, futhi kwanyuka ukuze amathani 0.98. Heavy SAM isiqalisi icala 3 izicucu. Meyi 3, 1978 iqoqo S-125M1 ne kwethulwa okufushane 5V27D sebemukele.

izinguqulo

Ngokuhamba zokuguqulwa eziyinkimbinkimbi I ukulungiswa ezilandelayo zenziwe.

Ngokuba sokuzivikela-USSR:

1. S-125 "iNeva". inguqulo eyisisekelo nge 5V24 missile isukela kuze ku 16 km.
2. S-125M "Neva-M". Isakhiwo wathola 5V27 kweminsalo, anda ukuze 22 km ibanga.
3. C-125M1 "Neva-M1." Ihlukile version "M" anda umsindo amasosha omzimba nezikhali ezicitshwayo entsha 5V27D benethuba wokuba kuhlaselwe ekuphishekeleni.

Ukuze Navy Soviet:

1. M-1 "Wave". Umkhumbi Analogue inguqulo ye-C-125.
2. M-1M "Wave-M." Umkhumbi Analogue inguqulo ye-C-125M.
3. M-1P "P-wave". Umkhumbi Analogue inguqulo ye-C-152M1, ne ukwengeza Telesystems 9SH33.
4. M-1H. "Wave-H". Isakhiwo ihlose ulwe RCC ongaphakeme-flying.

Ukuze kuthunyelwa:

1. "Pechora". Export nguqulo ye SAM "iNeva".
2. "Pechora-M." Ikhiphela samuntu SAM "Neva-M".
3. "Pechora-2M". Export nguqulo ye SAM "Neva-M1."

S-125 "Pechora-2M" isatholakala kwamanye amazwe.

izici

izici Basic Tactical futhi yomsebenzi SAM "iNeva":

1. Ibanga ukunqotshwa eziphakeme - 0,02-18 km.
2. ububanzi Maximum yokunqotshwa - 11-18 km, kuye ngokuthi ukuphakama.
3. Amathuba ukushaya ilitshe elilodwa rocket - 0.25.
4. Autolock isikhathi kokulandela bamatshe - 8.
5. Ukusebenza mode ukuqala idivayisi - semi-automatic.
6. Ikhiqiza idatha isikhathi - 7.
7. Isibikezelo ukunemba umhlangano iphuzu - 1.5-3 km.
8. Ibanga phakathi isikhundla isikhungo kanye nokulawula gumbi - 20 m.
9. Ibanga phakathi gumbi kanye nokulawula ukuziqalela - 70 m.
10. Missile obuphelele - 5948 mm.
11. I ububanzi we esiteji 1st of the rocket - 552 mm.
12. I ububanzi we esigabeni 2 rocket - 379mm.
13. Ukuqala isisindo ezicitshwayo - 980 kg.
14. Kweminsalo isivinini indiza - kuze kufinyelele 730 m / s.
15. I isivinini kuvunyelwe kwelitshe - m 700 / s.
16. Isisindo nangomcibisholo - 72 kg.

ukuxhashazwa

SAM-125 ububanzi ongaphakeme asetshenziswe ezihlukahlukene izingxabano zempi uhlobo lwendawo. Ngo-1970, 40 Battalion ka "iNeva" ne izisebenzi Soviet waya eGibhithe. Lapho, basheshe waphumelela. Ngo-Soviet SAM 16 firings wangqongqoza futhi ezilimele 9 3 izindiza Israeli. Ngemva kwalokho, Suez lokho kuthula.

Ngo-1999, ngesikhathi ubudlova NATO ngokumelene eYugoslavia, S-125 igcinwe ukusetshenziswa empini. Ekuqaleni kwaba nobutha eYugoslavia has 14 S-125 amabhethri kanye iziqhumane ezingu-60. Abanye babo ifakwe amakhamera ithelevishini kanye laser rangefinders, esangenza nomlilo kweminsalo ngaphandle sokukhomba. Noma kunjalo, ukusebenza kahle jikelele amasistimu esetshenziswa eYugoslavia iye libukelwa phansi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi zingabantu ngesikhathi oda siphelelwe isikhathi futhi idinga njalo. Iningi kweminsalo lisetshenziswe ekwakheni S-125, ukuphila asalile kwaba zero.

zokumelana izindlela electronic lapho NATO amabutho ubé kuphumelela kakhulu ngxabano Russian missile izinhlelo. Combat-ngomumo ngaphambi kokuphela ingxabano kwakukhona amabili kuphela we Battalion eziyisishiyagalombili S-125, ezisebenza eduze Belgrade. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka, "iNeva" ukwahlukana esetshenziswa radar yabo 23-25 imizuzwana. Lesi sikhathi isikhawu yabalelwa yizisebenzi ngokulahlekelwa kuqala lapho bebhekene NATO anti-radar ezicitshwayo BASILIMAZE. Izibalo of missile izinhlelo kwadingeka ukuba balukhulume a wazijika ezifihliwe, sicabangela ushintsho njalo izikhundla kanye ukudubula "ukuqamekela kwakhe." Ngenxa yalokho, kuba S-125, TTC okuyinto sibuyekeze, ephethwe ukudubula phasi fighter American F-117.