Kuphi futhi kanjani neurohormones akhiqizwa? Uyini neurohormones futhi yiziphi imisebenzi yabo?

Sakhiwo imisebenzi nezindlala endocrine uyafundelwa isayensi, njengoba Endocrinology. Isiyalo futhi ihlola ahlukahlukene izinhlobo hormone, ekusebenzelaneni kwabo, indlela kumiswa yabo kanye nethonya emzimbeni.

Kuyini i-hormone?

Lokhu uxhumano, lingene egazini futhi zingene izitho ezihlukahlukene kulo. Ngenxa umsebenzi lezi izinto kuyehla noma umsebenzi namanye amangqamuzana, ukubizwa ngokuthi Okuqondiwe anda. Kuthiwa ama-hormone ngokusebenzisa nethonya layo cishe yonke babe imisebenzi ebalulekile zomzimba womuntu. Ubuningi zezakhi ekhiqizwa ancike izici ezihlukahlukene. Ikakhulukazi, isikhathi esibalulekile usuku, ubudala, ngokomzwelo futhi isimo somzimba. Ama-hormone zingene igazi njengoba kudingeka, futhi aphume emzimbeni ngefomu angashintshiwe imiqulu ezincane ngokusebenzisa Bile noma umchamo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ezibangela, okuyinto abe ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane umthelela isimo somuntu. Ezinye zazo yilezi neurohormones. Lezi zinto zehlela akhiqizwa endaweni ethile yobuchopho. Ziyini lezi izinto? Ngenxa indlela neurohormones? Yini Ayolithinta ohlelweni emzimbeni? On lokhu kamuva.

Uhlolojikelele

Singakezwa ukuthi kuphi futhi kanjani ukwakha neurohormones, kufanele uqonde ukuthi lezi zinto ngaso sonke. Inchazelo ngokwayo elisuka ngesiGreki. It nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi njengoba namangqamuzana ezinzwa (nerve) + hormaino (ntombazane, iya). Kuyini neurohormones? Lokhu eziphila abakhuthele peptide kwakwakhe. Eza e indlala pituitary futhi ulawula umsebenzi wayo. Neurohormone ezikhishwe hypothalamus. umsebenzi Ngenxa zezakhi kuncike ixhumana endocrine kanye izinhlelo sezinzwa nomunye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amaseli neurosecretory babe ukuzwela ethile neurotransmitters umsebenzi - compounds ezithwala ishayela ukuba ilungu zokusebenza siphetfo emsipheni. Ngakho, iqhaza zabo kudlulela ukulawulwa umsebenzi endocrine nezindlala phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokukhula umzimba.

ngezigaba

Kulesi sigaba, amaqembu amabili compounds. Esokuqala liberiny. Lezi izinto nethonya emnandi kukhiqizwe pituitary izimfihlo utho. Kuleli qembu, ikakhulukazi, futhi zihlanganisa thyroliberin corticotropin, folliberin, lyuliberin, somatoliberin, melanoliberin, prolaktoliberin. Iqembu lesibili netsyrogormonov - statin. Le mikhiqizo soednieniya ukubambezela izimfihlo pituitary utho. Kuleli qembu, ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa somatostatin, futhi melanostatin prolaktostatin. Ngokusho imiphumela izifundo, umsebenzi neurohormones ka hypothalamus akugcini kuphela ukushukuma nobe okusithiyayo ukukhiqizwa eziphila abakhuthele compounds utho. I izinto unekhono ukuthonya izinqubo biosynthesis.

Ngo yiziphi izindawo wenziwa ukuthuthukisa?

Kwakuthiwa ngenhla ukuthi ukukhiqizwa lezi zakhi kubantu wenziwa endaweni ethile yobuchopho. Ukwakhiwa kwalezi izinto kwenzeka kokubili ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo futhi ezingenamgogodla. Kuphi futhi kanjani neurohormones akhiqizwa nezinye izinto eziphilayo? Ngo ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, ezihilelekile kule uketshezi we pineal pinealocytes indlala izakhi chromaffin izicubu ku adrenal medulla, ganglia futhi izinzwa iziqu paraganglia autonomic kanye neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa. I elimbudumbudu secretory neurohormones ngokuvamile abophezele yenethiwekhi amaprotheni.

ezinye izici

Ngokungafani ifomu classical of amangqamuzana ezinzwa, okuyinto ukukhiqiza chemical omoya ezinzwa amaza - balamuli, amaseli neurosecretory ukukhiqiza ku cytoplasm (ezimweni ezingajwayelekile, nucleus) kwakwakhe ethize. Lezi zinto zehlela zihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko eziyimpumelelo emsipheni (ezikhumulweni) egazini, hemolymph, cerebrospinal fluid kanye nezicubu. Neurohormones nethonya umqondo ngomsebenzi kwezitho visceral (endocrine nezindlala, ikakhulukazi) futhi uqondiswe isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

Iyini imisebenzi lamaseli neurosecretory? Lemisebenti salezi zici ilawulwa izinzwa classical. axons yabo kwakhiwa synapse amaningi emzimbeni futhi ezihlobene amaseli neurosecretory ukuthi unekhono ukukhiqiza i engaba isinyathelo futhi ukusabalala ishayela eduze axons.

Indawo kanye okuhlushwa

Ukwazi kahle lapho futhi kanjani ukwakha neurohormones, kufanele ucabangele ukusatshalaliswa kwazo isimiso sezinzwa. Ngo ezingenamgogodla aphansi eziphilayo uxhumano zabiwa diffusely. Phylogenetically wabonisa lokuhlushwa neurosecretory iseli izindikimba izikhungo abafanele. Ngakho, kukhona ukunqwabelana ezinamagobolondo e X-umzimba, futhi izinambuzane, isibonelo, prototserebrume. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho neyrogemalnye emizimbeni nendlela neurosecretory. Ngo ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, focus zakamuva endaweni ethile ye diencephalon (futhi sithiye esifundeni caudal ka emgogodleni - urofize). Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa ezimbili eziyinhloko neurosecretory uhlelo: caudal (izinhlanzi kuphela) kanye hypothalamic-pituitary.

izigaba ekuthuthukiseni

Kuphi futhi kanjani neurohormones akhiqizwa? Synthesis compounds ezihlobene yenethiwekhi amaprotheni, wenziwa phezu ribosome. Ukuthola kwenzeka tubules we reticulum endoplasmic. ekugcineni zithutha Elementary kwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi Golgi. Lezi zingxenye, ogama ubukhulu ivela 50 500 nm babe Esilula imvilophi. It ahlukaniswa isikhungo electron-obukhulu. Yena, siqukethe iprotheni yenethiwekhi kanye neurohormone. Ukuhambisa elimbudumbudu wenziwa bubheke axons. Ezinye axons nabo capillary ku neurohypophysis. Abanye - namaseli yezindlala ku adenohypophysis (ikakhulu ingxenye yayo Intermediate). Ngo inhlanzi, i-axons we caudal neurosecretory uhlelo kudala aksoventrikulyarnye oxhumana. Ukukhetha okuqukethwe eqondile elimbudumbudu wenziwa database contact exocytosis noma imigwamanda nemikhiqizo neyrogemalnyh, precapillary isikhala intercellular futhi esikhaleni ezingeni yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

kungenzeka zokugula

Neurohormones kuthiwa ehilelekile ekunakekeleni hemostasis (amanzi kanye nosawoti, njll), izici ezihlukahlukene umzimba, ukulawulwa bushelelezi imisipha ithoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo waqinisekisa operation esitebeleni izakhi nezindlala endocrine. Liphinde kubhekwe ukusebenza kwe peptide compounds kunomthelela ukusabela zokuzivikela futhi oluhambelana umzimba. Ukungenela hemolymph ku i-cerebrospinal fluid noma izicubu, banalo isikhathi eside ezikude umqondo umphumela. Endabeni nokwephula umsebenzi hypothalamus futhi ukukhiqiza, ngokulandelana, neurohormones hypothalamic, kukhona ukuphazamiseka ekukhiqizweni kwama-hormone e indlala pituitary nezinye izindlala endocrine. Le ndoda yaqala ukuba nesimo ezihlukahlukene izifo kohlelo endocrine. Ikakhulukazi, ihlanganisa esingamahlalakhona hypothalamic-pituitary isifo Cushing sika, acromegaly, i-hypothyroidism nezinye izifo.