Kokubhikisha kwango decembrists (kafushane). Umlando yeRussia. Imiphumela Decembrists kuvukela

Ingabe usitshele mayelana ukuvukela kwezinceku Decembrists kafushane? Coup lizungezwe izenzakalo eziningi kangaka futhi esibonakala ngokuqina ezicashile eziningi kangaka ukuthi achithe izincwadi lonke. Kwakuwusuku umbhikisho lokuqala ihlelwe ngokumelene serfdom eRussia, abangela isiyaluyalu ezinkulu emphakathini yaba nethonya ebalulekile empilweni zezombangazwe nezenhlalo kwenkathi ezalandela nokubusa koMbusi Nicholas I. Nokho, lesi sihloko izozama angcwelise kwavukelwa Decembrists kafushane.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Disemba 14, 1825 enhlokodolobha yase-Russian Empire - Petersburg - kwakungekho umzamo wokuketula umbuso. Lo mbhikisho ihlelwe yiqembu ezicukuthwaneni nomqondo ofanayo, iningi labo kwakungebona nezikhonzi Guards. Inhloso bakhi kwaba ukuqedwa serfdom nokuqeda autocracy. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhloso kuvukela kwaba ngokuphongoza zonke ezinye gobe inkathi lwesigodlo amasu okugumbuqela imibuso.

insindiso Union

Ethi The War of 1812 kwadingeka ku zonke izici zokuphila kwabantu nomthelela. Kwakukhona amathemba izinguquko kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi - ukuqedwa serfdom. Kodwa ukuqeda serfdom, kwakudingekile ukuba kukhawulwe ngokomthethosisekelo amandla monarchical. Umlando of Russia ka-le nkathi kwaphawulwa ukudalwa mass ku-ngemibono isisekelo imiphakathi Guard amaphoyisa, okubizwa ngokuthi ama cooperatives. Kusukela ezimbili zalezi ama cooperatives kwamiswa ekuqaleni 1816 Union Lensindiso. umdali kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe Muravev Aleksandr, amalungu umphakathi babe Muravev Nikita, Trubetskoy Sergey, Iakushkin Ivan, Kamuva lahlangana Pestel Pavel. Okuphokophelwe yi-Union yokukhululwa abalimi kanye izinguquko ekuphathweni isimo. Pestel ngo-1817 wabhala sisekelo wenhlangano, iningi ababambi qhaza e zokulala Masonic, ngoba ngalo ethonyeni namaFreemason abathintekayo imicikilisho yokusebenzelana ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwe-Union. Izingxabano phakathi amalungu omphakathi ngokuthi kungenzeka lokubulala inkosi phakathi Icebo lika babe yokuthi ekwindla ka 1817 e-Union usuhlakazekile.

inhlalakahle Union

Ekuqaleni 1818 Union of Welfare kwahlelwa eMoscow - umphakathi omusha imfihlo. Lalinama abantu abangamakhulu amabili, bakhathazekile umqondo wokuba kwakhiwe umbono womphakathi lesichubekako, ukwakha ukunyakaza ovulekile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ke ehlelelwe ukuhlela izikhungo zomthetho yesihle, tetemibhalo, kanye lezemfundo. It yasungulwa angaphezu kweshumi nambili Imikhandlu ahlangene ezweni lonke, kuhlanganise Petersburg, Kishinev, Tulchin, Smolensk nakwamanye amadolobha. Kwakheka ngokuthi "ohlangothini" umkhandlu, isibonelo, ibhodi Nikity Vsevolzhskogo, "ukukhanya Green". Amalungu enyunyana ziye bahileleke ekuphileni komphakathi, ngizama abanezikhundla okusezingeni eliphezulu impi futhi uhulumeni ejensi. Ukwakheka umphakathi zishintshwe njalo: abahlanganyeli uqale umndeni kanye lasuka ezindabeni zezombusazwe, bona kwathathelwa indawo abasha. Ngo-January 1821 izinsuku ezintathu e Moscow isingathwe iCongress of the Union ukuchuma ngenxa ukungavumelani Abasekeli imisinga nokulinganisela olukhulu. imisebenzi Congress eholwa Mikhail Fonvizin UNikolai Turgenev. Kwatholakala ukuthi imikhonyovu eyababuza khona Union Uhulumeni, futhi kwanqunywa ukuba ngokomthetho chaza ke. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukuqeda abantu abeza umphakathi ngengozi.

kabusha

Kuqedwa Union of Welfare kwaba isinyathelo kabusha. Kukhona umphakathi omusha: North (Petersburg) neSouth (e-Ukraine). A indima enkulu Northern Umphakathi kudlalwa Trubetskoy Sergey, Muravev Nikita, kamuva - Ryleev Kondraty, imbongi edumile, ukulwa Republican basisiza kuye. Inhloko yenhlangano kwaba Pestel, uPavel, wathatha esebenzayo ingxenye izikhulu aqaphe Naryshkin Mihail, Gorstkin Ivan, izikhulu yemikhumbi yempi Chizhov Nikolay Bodisko bazalwane, Mikhail futhi Boris. I Southern Umphakathi iqhaza Krjukovoj abazalwane (uNicholas Alexandra) nabafowabo Bobrischevy-Pushkin UPavel Nikolay cherkasov Alexey, Avramov Ivan, Liharev uVladimir kireev Ivan.

INGEMUVA izenzakalo kukaDisemba 1825

Lokhu kusazoqhubeka kwavukelwa we Decembrists. I bakhi wanquma ukuthatha nesimo esinzima zomthetho eliye lakhula emhlabeni ilungelo esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva kokufa kuka-Alexander I. Kube idokhumenti oluthathwa, owawuthi uConstantine Pavlovich, umfowabo engenabantwana-Alexander I, esilandelayo ubudala ngemuva kwakhe, wenqaba sobukhosi. Ngakho, lo mzalwane esilandelayo, uNikolai Pavlovich, nakuba yayineminyaka engu-phakathi kwezicukuthwane samasosha bureaucratic, engathandwa kakhulu, baba nethuba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho nangaphambi idokhumenti imfihlo wavulwa, uNicholas waphuthuma esezilahla ukuze athole Constantine kusuka kwesokudla kuya sobukhosi ngaphansi ukumelana umbusi-jikelele M. Miloradovich Petersburg.

Ushintsho kwamandla

Novemba 27, 1825 Umlando laseRussia laqala esiyindilinga esisha - ngokusemthethweni umbusi omusha, Constantine. Nge umfanekiso waso ngisho zemali ezimbalwa kubalwa. Nokho, Constantine ngokusemthethweni sobukhosi wazama, kodwa akazange kuye. Idala ayesinda futhi edidayo isikhundla interregnum. Ngenxa yalokho, wanquma ukuba ngimemezele yena uMbusi UNicholas. Wamiswa isifungo ngo-December 14. Ekugcineni kwafika lwabangela ukushintsha kukahulumeni - umzuzwana ukuthi ubulokhu elinde amalungu imiphakathi eyimfihlo. Kwanqunywa ukuba uqale ukuvukela kwezinceku Decembrists.

Disemba 14 kuvukela kwaba umphumela yokuthi ngenxa ubusuku eside lomhlangano ngobusuku 13 kuya 14, Umkhandlu Wezigele wavuma nokho owayenelungelo elingokomthetho lokubuthola esihlalweni sobukhosi UNicholas. Decembrists wanquma ukuthi luvimbele iSigele namabutho inkosi entsha isifungo. Ukubambezeleka kwakungenakwenzeka, ikakhulukazi ngoba ungqongqoshe wayelele etafuleni ngoba lenqwaba okulahla futhi kuboshwe kuzoqala maduze.

Umlando Decembrists kuvukela

I bakhi babehlele kungene uPetru noPawulu Fortress kanye Winter Palace, ukuboshwa asebukhosini, futhi uma kunezimo ezithile, ukubulala. Ukuhola kuvukela, wakhethwa Sergei Troubetzkoy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Decembrists kungadinga ukuba isiGele saseRoma ishicilele Manifesto kazwelonke umemezela ukubhujiswa kokubusa ubudala futhi kusungulwa i uhulumeni wesikhashana. Amalungu uhulumeni entsha evula kufanele ngenzeni Mordvinova Admiral futhi Bala Speransky. On amasekela eyabelwe umsebenzi ukuvuma umthethosisekelo - ngokumisa umthetho omusha eziyisisekelo. Uma kwenzeka uma iSigele wenqaba ukumemezela Manifesto kazwelonke eziqukethe izinto ukuqedwa serfdom, ukulingana kwabo bonke phambi komthetho, inkululeko yeningi, ukwethulwa kuphoqelekile wonke amakilasi senkonzo yezempi, ukwethulwa kwecala by amajaji, ukukhethwa officer, ukuqedwa intela yokuvota , njll, Kwanqunywa ukuba amenze ukwenza ngamandla.

Khona-ke ehlelelwe ukuba abize Cathedral ethandwa, okwakuyoholela ukuxazulula inkinga ngokukhetha uhlobo lukahulumeni: republic noma amakhosi ohlanga eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Uma uhlobo oluthile republic asebukhosini kwadingeka kuthunyelwe aphume ezweni okwakhethwa. Ryleev lokuqala ahlinzekwa ukuthumela Nicholas eFort Ross, kodwa ke Pestel wakhulelwa lokubulala uNicholas, mhlawumbe, Tsesarevicha Aleksandra.

Disemba 14 - ukuvukela kwezinceku Decembrists

Chaza kafushane ukuthi kwenzekani ngosuku we umzamo wokuketula umbuso. Ekuseni ngovivi Ryleev Kakhovsky ziqondiswe isicelo ukungena Sasebusika futhi ukubulala UNicholas. Wayekade evumile kodwa ke wenqaba. Ngu nanye ekuseni iSigele Square ahoxiswa eMoscow Guards, Grenadiers, amatilosi Guards nezisebenzi zasolwandle. Ingqikithi - abantu kungathi izinkulungwane ezintathu. Noma kunjalo, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubhikisha kwango we Decembrists ngo-1825, uNicholas izinhloso amalungu imiphakathi eyimfihlo waxwayisa Rostovtsev decembrist, ucabangela kuvukela babengasasifanelekeli ukuhlonipheka nodumo, uMphathi Jikelele Abasebenzi Dibich. senators Kakade ngesikhathi eziyisikhombisa Nicholas isifungo wamemezela kuye umbusi. Troubetzkoy, esimisiwe inhloko kuvukela, akazange avele on esigcawini. Amashalofu ku iSigele waqhubeka emile futhi ulinde, lapho bakhi ukuza kuvumelana ukuqokwa komholi omusha.

Highlights izenzakalo

Ngalolu suku, umlando senziwa e-Russia. Bala Miloradovich, bavele phambi amasosha ngehhashi, waqala ukusho ukuthi uma uConstantine wenqaba ukuba umbusi, it has ukuba kwenziwe lutho. Wakhululwa kwababusi Abashokobezi wanxusa Obolensky Miloradovich ukushayela off, bese, lapho akasabeli kancane alimele ohlangothini insabule yakhe. Kakhovsky sikhathi edutshulwa lwamukeleke isibhamu. Duke Mikhail Pavlovich kanye noColonel Styurler wazama ukumlalela amasosha, kodwa yonke imizamo ayiphumelelanga. Noma kunjalo, lezi zihlubuki kabili kwawona ekuhlaseleni Horse, okwaholela Alexei Orlov.

On endaweni bahlangana amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu Petersburg, bona besho nokusho ukuthi lezi zihlubuki bese besakaza e uNicholas retinue yakhe amatshe futhi izingodo. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho simisa "amasongo" ezimbili zabantu. Omunye esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe lezi zihlubuki, futhi siqanjwe kwalabo abakhuphuka ngaphambili, futhi ezinye kumiswa nalabo abafika kamuva, Amaphoyisa endaweni kabasebabili avunyelwe, ngakho abantu babemi ngemuva Decembrists ezungezwe emasosheni kahulumeni. Lokhu imvelo wazala ingozi futhi uNicholas, ongabazayo empumelelweni yayo, wanquma ukuba alungiselele amalungu bobukhosi nabasebenza umndeni uma udinga ukubalekela Tsarskoye Selo.

amandla ukungalingani

UMbusi entsha ezenziwe waqaphela ukuthi imiphumela Decembrists ukuvukela kungenzeka lungabi umusa wakhe, ngakho ngacela Eugene basemasontweni futhi uSeraphim yezikhalazo lamabutho isicelo ukuba ahoxe. It akuzange imiphumela, futhi ukukhathazeka kwaqina UNicholas. Noma kunjalo, wakwazi ukuba athathe isinyathelo, kuyilapho lezi zihlubuki wakhetha umholi omusha (wamiswa Prince Obolensky). Amasosha kahulumeni e inombolo izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka ezine siphakeme kunabo bonke abanye ibutho Decembrists: anesithoba amawaka ashaya ka elihamba zathathwa, sabres ayizinkulungwane ezintathu abakhwele amahhashi, kamuva esabizwa ngesizwe Gunners (izibhamu amathathu nesithupha), inani - abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili. I-mbuso, njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, kwakukhona izinkulungwane ezintathu.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Decembrists

Lapho esuka Admiralty Boulevard kwakubonakala Guards wezikhali, uNicholas ngaphambilini ukwenza volley ka buckshot kwi "beyisixuku", esophahleni iSigele kanye ezindlini ezingomakhelwane. Decembrists waphendula isibhamu umlilo bese nesichotho eziyingozi ayesebaleka. Baqhubeka emva isibhamu, amasosha bagijimela ungene ice iNeva ngenhloso udlulele Vasilevsky Island. On the ice iNeva Bestuzhev Uzame ukusungula oda impi bese zokumelana. Amabutho angasohlangothini, kodwa bona abazange baxoshwe kusuka izibhamu izikhwebu. Iqhwa aqhephukile, abantu baminza. Iplani kwakungukuthi elibangelwa ukwehluleka, ezitaladini nasezigcawini ebusuku babe ngamakhulu izidumbu.

Ukuboshwa nokuqulwa kwecala

Imibuzo ngalokho nyaka Decembrists kuvukela senzeka waphelela kanjani, ngokuqinisekile ukuphendula namuhla, hhayi eminingi. Nokho, lesi senzakalo saba nomthelela omkhulu emlandweni okwalandela yeRussia. Okushiwo kuvukela le Decembrists 'akufanele ithathwe kancane - Zingamashumi kuqala umbuso wadala inhlangano wamavukelambuso, sisungule uhlelo zezombangazwe, ukulungisa nokwenza zabhikisha ahlomile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lezo zihlubuki zazishaye phansi ayikulungele ukuze bakwazi ukubhekana novivinyo balandela lokho kuvukela. Ezinye zazo ngemuva kokuphela kwesivivinyo wabulawa ngokulengiswa (Ryleeva Pestel, Kakhovka nezinye), nabanye badingiselwa eSiberia nakwezinye izindawo. Uqhekeko emphakathini: ezinye asekelwe inkosi, elinye - wabaholi kuhlulekile. Futhi abasindile ngokwabo Abavukeli wahlula, ngamaketanga, izithunjwa, babehlala nobuhlungu engqondweni ezijulile.

Ekuphetheni

Mayelana ukuthi, kanjani le Decembrists ukuvukela ukuthi kuxoxwe ngalo kafushane esihlokweni. Babeshukunyiswa eyodwa isifiso - isenzo wamavukelambuso ngokumelene autocracy futhi serfdom eRussia. Ukuze zinsizwa ezishisekayo, lempi oluvelele, zefilosofi kanye zezomnotho, zezazi ezidumile zamakhulu Icebo lika lokuzama kwaba ukuhlolwa: othile wabonisa ngesandla esinamandla, umuntu obuthakathaka, othile wabonisa ukuzimisela, isibindi nokuzidela, futhi othile eqala dengeza bahluleka londoloza ukuhamba komsebenzi, ahlehla.

Ukubaluleka komlando Decembrists ukuvukela ngukutsi wabeka isisekelo isiko wamavukelambuso. ukusebenza yabo kwaphawula ukuqala ukuqhubeka yokukhululwa umcabango eRussia amakhosi asendulo.