Umlando ikhamera, nezithombe

Namuhla asikwazi nokuyicabanga impilo yami ngaphandle izithombe. Bonke abasizungezile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Yenza isithombe - umsebenzi aphansi ngoba lendoda wanamuhla. Kodwa uma selivaliwe leli kuphela baphupha. Ake sizwe ukuthi yini kwaba umlando amapani ikhamera kusukela onjiniyela ngowokuqala ngobuchwepheshe besimanje.

Man idonse kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngolunye usuku wayefuna ukuchaza ke, ukuze ulinike balolonge. Ngo izinkondlo kwathatha ngesimo amazwi amahle, e umculo - umsindo, futhi imidwebo - isithombe. Into kuphela ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukubashumayeza wasithatha abantu - kweso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubamba isiphepho nokuduma, sokuhlaziya esibhakabhakeni, iconsi noma ikhefu. Njengoba sekunama-ikhamera okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Umlando ukuthuthukiswa ikhamera kuhlanganisa amaningi imizamo ezisunguliwe abalobi isithombe. Iqala kudala, lapho sitadisha yokukhanya of kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ukukhanya, Iimbalo waphawula ukuthi isithombe kuyolungiswa wasidlulisela imbobo egumbini elimnyama. Cabangela izenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo ukuthi abathintekayo umlando ikhamera.

imithetho Kepler sika

Futhi niyazi, lapho umlando ikhamera waqala? Ubuchwepheshe kuqala, okuyinto kamuva waqala ingasetshenziswa ukudala izithombe, uvele 1604, lapho Yogann Kepler - sezinkanyezi German - wabeka imithetho reflection yokukhanya esibukweni. Ngemva kwalokho, base eyasungulwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela lens lapho uGalileo Galilei - lo physics Italian - idale lokuqala isibonakude emhlabeni ukuba bagcine izinto ezisemkhathini. ray kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona isimiso yasungulwa futhi wafundelwa. It uhlala ukuze ufunde ukuthi ukurekhoda isithombe ephepheni.

Kuvulwa Niepce

kamuva Cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, kule 20s ka umsunguli ongumFulentshi wekhulu le-19 Zhozef Nisefor Neps wathola indlela image lungabanjwa. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kwaba kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala umlando umsuka ikhamera. Indlela evelele siqukethe ekwelapheni ukukhanya ngokufaka asphalt ukuvenisha baligcine phezu ingilazi. Lokhu ukuvenisha yayimelelwe okufanayo ibitume yesimanje kanye ingilazi ngokuthi ikhamera pinhole. Nale ndlela, isithombe atholwe ukuma zabonakala. Kwakuwusuku ngqa emlandweni, lapho lo mdwebo ngasondelana hhayi umculi kodwa imisebe refracted yokukhanya.

New izinga isithombe kusuka Talbot

Ukutadisha ikhamera obscura Niepce, English physics uWilliam Talbot wenze ngcono ikhwalithi yesithombe ngokusebenzisa negative - ayezisungulele izithombe ukuphrinta. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1835. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso kwenza kwaba lula hhayi kuphela ukuthatha isithombe izinga entsha, kodwa futhi ukuzilingisa. Ngezinye isithombe zayo zokuqala Talbot uphawu efasiteleni lendlu yakhe. Isithombe lidlulisela ngokucacile uhlaka iwindi futhi uzimele. Embikweni wakhe, ezibhaliwe ngemva kwesikhashana, Talbot ngokuthi isithombe ezweni elihle. Nguye owakha isisekelo isimiso esasetshenziswa ukuphrinta izithombe iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Ukusungulwa Sutton

Ngo-1861, i-English umthwebuli T. Sutton uye wazakhela ikhamera ukuthi ibe olulodwa reflex lens. Ikhamera siqukethe tripod futhi ibhokisi elikhulu ohlangothini phezulu okwakuwuphawu ikhava ekhethekile. Ohlukile ikhava kwakuwukuthi ke ayihambisi ukukhanya, kodwa ungase ubone amehlo kulo. Lens eqoshiwe focus on the ingilazi, okuyinto ngosizo izibuko ukwakha isithombe. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, kwaba ikhamera okokuqala. Umlando ukuqhubeka izithombe athuthukile ngaphezulu ngamandla.

"Kodak"

Brand ethandwa namuhla "Kodak" yaqale yamemezela ngokwayo ngo-1889, lapho Dzhordzh Istman lobunikazi umqulu amafilimu kuqala, bese ikhamera ukuthi yenzelwe ngqo le filimu. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka "Kodak" corporation ezinkulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi igama "Kodak" engatheli yimuphi ukulayisha semantic. Eastman ngifuna beveza izwi ukuthi izoqala futhi ukuqeda ngohlamvu olufanayo.

plate isithombe

Ngo-1904, wophawu Lumiére isungule ipuleti Ukukhishwa umbala izithombe. Zaba sibonelo yesithombe yesimanje.

Leica Amakhamera

Ngo-1923, kwaba khona ikhamera ukuthi wasebenza 35mm ifilimu. Manje ungakwazi ukubuka ezingezinhle futhi ekhethiwe ngokunyathelisa ngokuhle kunakho konke kwawo. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngo-ekukhiqizweni amakhamera ezaqaliswa Leica. Ngo-1935, kwaba khona imodeli Leica 2, okwakubekelwa ifakwe viewfinder, ngokugxila enamandla, futhi ayikwazanga ukuhlanganisa izithombe ezimbili zibe uhlobo olulodwa. Inguqulo ye-Leica 3 ivumela abasebenzisi ukuze ulungise nobude ukuchayeka. Kwaphela isikhathi eside Leica onobuhle babe Imfanelo ebalulekile art lokushicilela.

umbala ifilimu

Ngo-1935, Kodak baqala ukunyathelisa umbala ifilimu "Kodakhrom". Ngemva ukuyiprinta lokhu ifilimu ke kwakudingeka baphiwe emuva ibukeza, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izingxenye umbala kuthiwa esikhulu. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, inkinga yaxazululeka. Ngenxa yalokho, ifilimu "Kodakkolor" ngenxa eminyakeni engamashumi esilandelayo bekulokhu omunye Balisebenzisa kakhulu izithombe professional ne amateur.

"Polaroid" ikhamera

Ngo-1963, umlando ikhamera has a vector entsha. Ikhamera "Polaroid" waphenduka umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi okusheshayo isithombe zokunyathelisa. Ikhamera ikuvumela ukuphrinta izithombe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba kwenziwe. Wena kwadingeka kuphela inkinobho bese ulinda amaminithi ambalwa. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ikhamera asebenzisa okuhlanzekile wabuka ukuphrinta isithombe, bese uhla eligcwele imibala. Phakathi neminyaka engu-30 ezayo, "Polaroid" amakhamera kuvikelwe ubuqhawe emakethe. Ukuncipha in ukuthandwa yalezi onobuhle waqala kuphela eminyakeni lapho kwakuvela ngenkathi izithombe digital.

Ngo-70 baqala ukunikeza amakhamera imitha ukuchayeka, i-otho focus, esakhelwe flash futhi othomathikhi ukudubula izindlela. In the 80s, amanye amamodeli kakade ifakwe okucaciswe luketshezi, elibonisa izilungiselelo izindlela zedivayisi. Umlando ikhamera yedijithali waqala cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Inkathi izithombe digital

Ngo-1974, sibonga electronic kwesibonakhulu sezinkanyezi, waphumelela ekwenzeni isithombe sokuqala digital kwesibhakabhaka. Ngo-1980, u-Sony umkhankaso kukhululwe ikhamera yedijithali Mavica. Ividiyo, wadubula ebhekise kuye, Lalotshwa ezintweni a idrayivu engikubhalile ngikukopishe kuleyo ncwadi idrayivu. Singasho bangaphezi bahlanza ukuze irekhodi elisha. Ngo-1988 kwafika imodeli wokuqala idivayisi digital kusuka Fujifilm. Lo thuluzi okuthiwa Fuji DS1P. Izithombe ezithathwe, wayelokhu ifomu digital on elethronikhi.

Ngo 1191, Kodak idale digital SLR ikhamera, eyayintula isinqumo 1.3 megapixel kanye nenombolo ye imisebenzi ezenza ukuba professional izithombe digital. A Canon inkampani ngo-1994 uye walungiselela ikhamera isithombe optical uhlelo lwayo njengoba sinjalo. Kulandele Canon ifilimu onobuhle enqaba, futhi inkampani Kodak. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1995. Umlando alandelayo ikhamera uye savela ashukumisayo nakakhulu, kuyilapho ukuthuthukiswa ngokuyinhloko ezibalulekile kwakungasekho. Futhi yilokho kwaba, ngakho-ke lokhu ukuncishiswa ngobukhulu futhi izindleko ngenkathi okwandisa ukusebenza. Kukithi inhlanganisela yimpumelelo kulezi zici, futhi namuhla inkampani kuncike impumelelo emakethe.

kowezi-2000

Samsung Corporation kanye Sony, okuyinto eyenziwa olusekelwe ngobuchwepheshe digital, ugxile share sengonyama wemakethe amakhamera digital. imodeli Amateur wakunqoba komngcele 3 megapixel isinqumo futhi waqala ancintisane inqubo professional ngosayizi we matrix. Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ubuchwepheshe digital - ukutholwa kobuso and smile in the ifremu, kokukhipha amehlo "red", i-zoom amaningi kanye neminye imisebenzi, - intengo imishini sithombe ngokushesha falling. Amafoni ifakwe ikhamera bese zoom yedijithali, ikhamera waqala ukuba simelane. amadivaysi Film babe bambalwa kakhulu abantu banesithakazelo, futhi analog izithombe waqala baziswa njengoba siyindlala.

Kanjani ikhamera?

Manje, siyazi ukuthi kusukela esithile kwaba indaba ikhamera. Ukuhlola kafushane ke, ukubheka idivayisi ikhamera eduze.

Film ikhamera usebenza ngendlela elandelayo: edabula beso inhloso, ukukhanya ixubana ifilimu camera adi- futhi agcinwe kulo. Leli bhokisi ayihambisi ukukhanya, kanye abanikazi ikhava ifilimu. Esikhathini isiteshi ifilimu, ifilimu is rewound ngemva shot ngamunye. I-lens siqukethe lens eziningana ukuthi akuvumela ukuthi ushintshe i-focus. Ngo-lens professional ngaphandle lens, futhi efakwe izibuko. Ukukhanya isithombe optical is kushintshwe ngumuntu diaphragm. Nge yesivalo kancane wavula isivalo esehlanganise ifilimu. On esingakanani shutter ivulekile, incike ukuchayeka ezithombeni. Uma isihloko is ekhanya, flash isetshenziswa. Siqukethe isibani igesi uze uphele du, ecindezelwa leso negative ingatholakala ukukhanya, beyizidlova ukukhanya ukukhanya ezinkulungwane amakhandlela.

Ikhamera digital esiteji ukudlula ukukhanya ngokusebenzisa lens, futhi isebenza njengoba ifilimu. Kodwa ngemva isithombe refracted ngokusebenzisa uhlelo optical, it is iguqulwe ibe ulwazi digital kuleli matrix. Ukulungiswa we matrix incike izinga yesithombe. Ngemva ke isithombe recoded lilondolozwe ifomu digital esithwalini idatha. Nezindlu ikhamera enjalo iyafana ifilimu, kodwa awunazo isiteshi ifilimu indawo spool nezithombe ezithwetshuliwe. Kule ndaba, ubukhulu ikhamera yedijithali lincane kakhulu. Imfanelo komkhuba onobuhle lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe yokubonisa LCD. Yena, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukhonza njengomPristi viewfinder, futhi ngakolunye - ivumela navigation kalula ngokusebenzisa imenyu ubone umphumela focus.

Lens idivayisi digital futhi siqukethe lens noma izibuko. Angase abe mancane, kodwa ukusebenza umthengi amakhamera. I element eyinhloko ikhamera oludijithali inzwa-matrix. Kuyinto ipuleti encane nge umqhubi, esiyingxenye izinga isithombe. Ukuze zonke izici ikhamera yedijithali ihlangabezana microprocessor.

isiphetho

Namuhla sifundile lokho izigaba kwaba indaba ethakazelisayo ikhamera. Izithombe namhlanje musa akumangalisi muntu, kodwa kunezikhathi lapho babebhekwa isimangaliso engineering. Manje isithombe kwenziwa indaba ngemizuzwana, futhi phambi kuthatha izinsuku.

History of the ikhamera obhekwe khamera has a ukuthuthukiswa esisha eyingqopha. Uma ngaphambili photographer kwadingeka aye zonke izinhlobo namaqhinga ukuze uthole isithombe enhle, kodwa manje ibhekene nale ocebile kuzici isofthiwe yekhamera. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma imuphi umfanekiso digital kungenziwa olunye ukuhlelwa kukhompyutha. Abadali of the amakhamera yokuqala yale alikhulumi nanokukhuluma ngiphuphe.