Khazars - kungcono abantu? Khazars zasendulo nezanamuhla. Inzalo Khazars

umlando wasendulo ephakathi kwesintu kunesithembiso eziningi eziyimfihlakalo. Ngisho ezingeni samanje ubuchwepheshe ekuhloleni iningi izimpikiswano zisekhona izindawo samanje emhlophe.

Ayengobani Khazars? Lona ungomunye walabo imisebenzi ngaphandle impendulo ecacile. Kuncane esikwaziyo kubo, kodwa ngisho noma thina ukuqoqa wonke ukuphathwa ekhona yalesi sizwe, kuba imibuzo nakakhulu.

Ake jwayelana eduze nalaba bantu ezithakazelisayo.

Bobani Khazars

Lesi sizwe - the Khazars - ezincwadini sesiShayina sokuqala njengengxenye labantu umbuso omkhulu Huns. Abacwaningi kwaholela imicabango eziningana mayelana umsuka ethnonym kanye babevelaphi kakhokho Khazars.

Ake siqale ukubhekana igama. Impande yalo "Izimbuzi" ngezilimi eziningi ze-Asia Ephakathi uchungechunge lamagama ahlobene nomadism. Le nguqulo ubonakala ozwakalayo kakhulu, ngoba lonke zimi kanje. IsiFarsi "Khazars" lisho ukuthi "inkulungwane", amaRoma ayibiza ngokuthi uMbusi kuKhesari, nabaseTurkey ababewaqonda ukucindezeleka izwi.

kakhokho bazama ukuthola at amarekhodi zokuqala, okuyinto ingasaphathwa Khazars. Lapho okhokho babo baphila, ababe omakhelwane? Ayikho impendulo esiqondile kuze kube manje.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu theory okulingana. Eyokuqala uyazicabangela okhokho babo Uighurs, owesibili - the Hun izizwe Akatsirs, nokwesithathu sithambekele bakholelwa ukuthi Hazaras - inzalo ka tribal umbimbi Ogur futhi Savirs.

Zithanda noma zingathandi, kunzima ukuphendula. Enye into icacile. Umsuka wegama Khazars nokuqala ukunwetshwa yabo entshonalanga ngenxa ezweni okwathiwa Barsils.

Yisho ku imithombo ebhalwe

Uma sihlaziya ulwazi kusuka amanothi wesimanje, kakhulu, kuvela ukudideka.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithombo ekhona ukuthi le Khazar Khanate kwaba umbuso onamandla. Ngakolunye - labo ibhithi ulwazi oluqukethwe amanothi lezihambi, kungase kube lutho kubonisa.

Umthombo kunazo oluphelele, okuyinto ibonisa isimo kuleli zwe, kubhekwa Hagan ukuxhumana ne ophakeme Spanish Hasdai Ibn Shaprut. Bona okuxhunywana ukubhala ngendaba yobuJuda. I yaseSpain kwaba usomaqhinga, abenza abanesifiso umbuso wamaJuda eyayikhona, njengakho abathengisi, eduze yoLwandle iCaspian.

Ngo izincwadi ezintathu aqukethe legend mayelana lapho waya Khazars lasendulo - isifinyezo yamadolobha, izici zezombangazwe, zenhlalo kanye nesimo somnotho.
Eminye imithombo, ezifana zemihla ngemihla isiRashiya, isi-Arabhu, isi-Persian nezinye izinkomba ngokuvamile ukuchaza kuphela izimbangela, Yiqiniso futhi imiphumela izingxabano zempi wendawo emingceleni.

Isimo sendawo Khazars

Kagan Iosif encwadini yakhe uthi, lapho kuye kwaba Khazars, lapho kulezi zizwe kuka ukwenza bukhoma. Ake sihlole encazelweni ngokuningiliziwe.

Manje, umbuso welula inkathi yokuchuma okukhulu kunakho konke Southern Bug eMfuleni kuze kube ne-Aral Sea futhi iziNtaba zaseCaucasus kuya iVolga eduze latitude kwedolobha Murom.

Kule ndawo sasihlala izizwe eziningi. Leli hlathi futhi ihlathi ezindaweni ukusakaza bekuyindlela okunethezekile kwezolimo kule asemaqeleni - ayimizulane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eduze yoLwandle iCaspian bekulokhu eziningi izivini.

Idolobha elikhulu, okuyinto ukhuluma Hagan encwadini yakhe, zazimi kanje. Capital - Itil, kwakunjalo sifinyelela engezansi iVolga. Sarkel (rusichi walibiza White Vezhey) esisogwini Don, futhi Samandar futhi Belenjer - ogwini yoLwandle iCaspian.

Rise Kaganate iqala ngemva kokufa umbuso Turkic phakathi kwenyanga yesikhombisa AD leminyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Khazar okhokho wayehlala endaweni Derbent yesimanje e Dagestan emathafeni. Yingakho ukunwetshwa ngasenyakatho, naseningizimu.

Ngemva bamba eCrimea Khazars ixazululwe kule nsimu. Yena kwahlonzwa nale ethnonym eside kakhulu. Ngisho ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha Genoese okukhulunywa nhlonhlo ngokuthi "Gazara".

Ngakho, Khazars - union zezizwe Turkic, abakwazi ukudala isikhathi eside kakhulu isimo abayimizulane emlandweni.

izinkolelo kaganate

Ngenxa yokuthi lo mbuso kwaba lapho kwakuphambana khona imizila yezohwebo, ngamasiko nezinkolo, ke uye waba njengomuntu eBhabhiloni ephakathi.

Njengabo bonke abantu emphakathini Khanate babe abantu Turkic, bakhuleka kakhulu Tengri Khan. Le nkolelo namanje walondoloza e-Asia Ephakathi.

Yazi Kaganate ephendukela ebuJudeni, ngakho namanje kubhekwa ukuthi Khazars - bangamaJuda. Nokho, lokho akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, ngoba inkolo ababethi kuphela ungqimba encane kakhulu sabantu.

esimweni Futhi base emelelwa kwamaKristu namaSulumane. Ngenxa umkhankaso akuphumelelanga ngokumelene nabanye abaholi Arab namashumi okugcina eminyaka yawo Khanate, Islam uthola inkululeko eyengeziwe kwezinye umbuso.

Kodwa kungani ngenkani bakholelwa ukuthi Khazars - la maJuda? Kubangelwa kuyinto legend, ezichazwe encwadini kuJosefa. Utshela Hasdai ukuthi Orthodox futhi bamenyelwa kukhethwa inkolo isimo umpristi wamaKatolika kanye urabi. Lesi sakamuva kungenzeka yini ukuthi zonke phikisana ukukukhuthaza Hagan kanye nabasizi bakhe ngakwesokudla.

Impi ne omakhelwane

Uhambo kuya Khazars bachazwa emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke amarekhodi Russian futhi Arab lempi ngokugcwele. Sompristi wabalwela ithonya eCaucasus, futhi lwamaSlav, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umelana eseningizimu ngezigqila, imizana, ngakolunye - baqinise emingceleni yalo engasempumalanga.

Isikhulu kuqala, owalwa ne Khazar Khanate kwaba Oleg Lesiprofetho. Wakwazi uvimbe abanye bezwe ophoqelelwe ukuba ngincome ngokwabo hhayi Khazars.

Olunye ulwazi ezithakazelisayo mayelana nokuhamba Sviatoslav, indodana ka-Igor no-Olga. Yena, neqhawe onekhono futhi umkhuzi ohlakaniphile, ngakusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukuba buthakathaka umbuso futhi aqeda yiqembu lakhe.

Waqoqa amabutho phansi iVolga wathatha Itil. Sarkel Landelayo bathunjwa phezu uDon Samandar phezu iCaspian ogwini. Lokhu kwanda ngokushesha futhi enamandla Ibilokhu yonakalisa umbuso owawuke waba namandla.

Ngemva kwalokho, Svyatoslav baqala kuvikelwe kule ndawo. Fortress Yakhiwa esizeni White Tower Sarkel ekhokhwa inkokhiso vyatichi - isizwe, Umncele kolunye uhlangothi nge Russia ngakolunye - ne Khazars.

Kuvele iqiniso elithakazelisayo nguye, ngoba zonke lezi zingxabano nobumbi izimpi e Kiev isikhathi eside wema squad Khazar Amasosha. Ngo "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" kukhulunywa ipheshana Kozara e inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. Laliqhele eduze confluence Dnieper River Pochaina.

Lapho benza isizwe sonke

Conquest Yiqiniso, kuthinte labantu, kodwa kungokuphawulekayo ukuthi ngemva kokunqotshwa lwamaSlav emadolobheni amakhulu Kaganate ulwazi mayelana nalesi abantu zinyamalale. Abanaso ukusho igama elilodwa kunoma iyiphi irekhodi.

Isixazululo kungenzeka iningi abacwaningi umbuzo ucabangele okulandelayo. Njengeqembu yobuhlanga Turkic, le Khazars bakwazi sokwetshisa ne omakhelwane phezu Insimu iCaspian.

Namuhla, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi mass main yesixazululo esifundeni, abanye bahlala eCrimea, futhi ephakeme kakhulu Khazars wathuthela eYurophu Ephakathi. Kube bakwazi ukuhlanganisa ne imiphakathi ongumJuda ensimini ka Poland yesimanje, Hungary, eNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine.

Ngenxa yalokho, abanye imindeni nge izimpande Jewish namadlozi kuleli zwe, kungaba ngandlela-thile bazibiza "inzalo Khazars."

Izitekhi e Archaeology

Abavubukuli bathi ngokungananazi ukuthi Khazars - a saltovo-Mayaki. It ngo-1927 labelwe Gauthier. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le nkampani kuyinto ngenkuthalo imivubukulo nocwaningo.
Igama isiko kwakusuke kuwumphumela ukufana okutholakele ku ezikhumbuzo ezimbili.

Eyokuqala - settlement e Upper Saltov Kharkiv esifundeni, kanti eyesibili - Mayaki zokuhlala ohlelweni Voronezh esifundeni.

Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo okutholakele ezihlobana ngayo iqembu ngokobuhlanga Alans owayehlala kule ndawo kusukela lwesishiyagalombili emuva ekhulwini leshumi. Nokho, izimpande laba bantu eNorth Caucasus, ngakho-ke ne Khazar Khanate ixhumana ngqo.

Abacwaningi wabelane okutholakele ku ezimbili izinhlobo nemingcwabo. Ihlathi inketho - Alanian futhi asemaqeleni - Bulgarian, ezifaka hlangana ukuhlahluba Khazars.

izingane kungenzeka

Inzalo Khazars - kungenye indawo mhlophe abantu lesifundo. Ubunzima itholakala lokuthi ukuthi umsuka ngokulandelana cishe kungenakwenzeka.

Saltovo-Mayaki njengoba anjalo abonisa ngokunembile ukuphila we Alans futhi Bulgars. I Khazars babhaliswa okunemibandela, njengoba kunjalo izikhumbuzo zabo zimbalwa kakhulu. Eqinisweni, zingabantu okungahleliwe. Ibhalwe imithombo njengoba 'ithule "ngemva Svyatoslav mkhankaso. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba ancike umbono ahlangene abavubukuli, izazi zolimi futhi izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu.

Kuze kube yimanje, okungenzeka kakhulu inzalo Khazars - Kumyks. Kuyinto abakhuluma Turkic abantu eNorth Caucasus. Lihlanganisa ingxenye ngamaKaraite, Krymchaks futhi Judaize izizwe entabeni eCaucasus.

ezisalayo ezomile

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko sakhuluma isiphetho esinjalo kubantu ezithakazelisayo njengoba Khazars. Lokhu akusilo elinye nje isizwe, futhi, eqinisweni, endaweni emhlophe eliyimfihlakalo umlando medieval yamazwe iCaspian.

Basuke ezincwadini eziningi Rousseau, Armenia, ama-Arabhu, baseByzantium. Kagan ungaphakathi ukuxhumana ne sompristi of Cordoba. Wonke umuntu uyaqonda amandla salo mbuso ...
Futhi kungazelelwe - umkhankaso nombani Prince Svyatoslav nokubhujiswa kulesi sifundazwe.

It kuvela ukuthi wonke umbuso kungenzeka ngesikhashana esincane, hhayi nje uzonyamalala futhi zingagcwaliseki, kusale nje ukuqagela inzalo.