Izinto zokubhala. Nesikhumba. Kuyini lokhu?

Kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule, abantu babevame ukugcina ulwazi ebhalwe izimpawu Nesikhumba. Kuyini ikwazi ukukutshela umfundi ngamunye, okwakuwuphawu unake kangako izifundo yomlando.

Waphatha ngendlela ethile esikhumbeni sesilwane ezehlukene ukufeza izinhloso zokusebenzisa kwezomnotho lalisetshenziswa amaPheresiya asendulo ngekhulu lesihlanu BC. Bayibiza ngokuthi "idiphtheria". EGibhithe, zebungu elalisetshenziselwa ngokubhala. Lokhu kwaziswa yadalwa lapha kuphela. Nokho, maduzane nje, kanti oFaro ziye zathi nokukhishwa-papyrus ezisukela enkulungwaneni zwe. injongo yabo kwaba ukuphuca abadumile ePergamon umtapo impahla ukwenziwa amabhuku aphakamise umtapo Aleksandriya. LasePhergamu izakhamuzi eziningi zakuleli dolobha abangu balahleke, kodwa waqala ukufuna enye. Othile wacabanga idiphtheria. Ngakho-ke umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa isikhumba lasendulo. ukukhiqizwa yayo luphelele, futhi igama ishintshile.

ukukhiqizwa lasendulo

Indaba, okuthiwa for emzini asePhergamu, kwakubiza. Khumba of izimvu, izingulube, amathole (ngaphandle imbongolo) kusetshenzwe ngumuntu ubuchwepheshe esikhethekile, multi-esiteji nesikhathi-ukudliwa. Ayagezwa ngokucophelela, isuswe izinwele okwe indawo, ofakwe amasonto amabili e isixazululo lime. Khona-ke isikhumba, wayencisha uvolo emisa uzimele basusa izicubu ongama. Khona-ke zazibhalwe phansi futhi ilula ironed, wokulinganisa wagcoba (i iyavuleka amafutha lidlulisele ebusweni homogeneity izinsalela). Yenziwe yaba mhlophe isikhumba lasendulo bezihlikihla ufulawa, ubisi noma amaprotheni, nakuba izinto ezikhiqizwa namakhaladi. Izindleko iveyili Uhlonze lwalo. Ukubhala usebenzisa inki iresiphi elalihlala imfihlo, izincwadi ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi abhalwe isiliva negolide.

Ngakho-ke, isikhumba (okuyinto isivele waqonda) - material ukwenziwa izincwadi, kanye ebhaliwe kakade umbhalo wesandla. Naphezu intengo yaso ephezulu, abakhileyo lasePhergamu okusungulile kahle babengafani-papyrus. Kwakuyisikhathi impahla eqinile futhi iqine ezingase bend, re-use, okungase obhalwe ngapha nangapha. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, yilokho okwenza kube kunoma iyiphi indawo lapho izilwane.

Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, kodwa kwavele kwaba yize Umbhalo - a isikhumba ekhethekile. Kuyini lokhu? Lokhu izinto ezibuye emibhalweni emidala kusulwe futhi ebhaliwe entsha. Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kufundwe kokubili imibhalo, kodwa 691 abefundisi sinqatshiwe ukugeza imibhalo engcwele.

Ukufika kombuso mass ukuphrinta iphepha futhi lokhu kwaphumela ekwaziweni ukwehla yokukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa yesikhumba ngoba kwaba impahla ebiza kakhulu. Okwesikhathi esithile base aye asetshenziswa ngomqondo ofanayo, kodwa ekugcineni ephepheni iwine. Namuhla isikhumba lenziwa ngezikhumba zezilwane kosher, sebenzisa kuphela amaJuda ukubhala izincwadi zawo ezingcwele.

isikhumba kwezomnotho

Kukhona isikhumba kwezomnotho. Kuyini lokhu? Kuze kube manje, nezinto esikhumbeni sesilwane, kepha akanalutho. Lona evamile waterproof iphepha, zokufaka impahla okuyinto Lokudabuka isitshalo. Vegetable isikhumba emangelengele, cishe esobala, ungaphuthelwa amafutha namanzi, ngakho-ke is kabanzi ekuphekeni, kwemithi, futhi imithi. Yasungulwa ke khona ekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, usokhemisi French Louis Guillaume Fige.