Izinhlobonhlobo lysosomes, organelles, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Esikhathini ezihlongozwayo umsebenzi thina ngokuningiliziwe ucabangela organelles amaseli ngokuthi lysosomes. Lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti - lena umbuzo yethu eyinhloko. Siphinde owayinaka uhlaka lwalo oluphelele cell. Kulesi sihloko uzothola ukuthi zifo zingase zephule i- ukusebenza kwalesi organelle.

Njengoba siye saba sobala, le lysosomes bayingxenye iseli. Kodwa ngaphandle kwabo ukuhlukanisa nezinye organelles. Cabanga indlela yobukhulu bawo amancane, ngisho cell ingabonakali ngeso lenyama. Ukuze ukufunda oyiyo usebenzisa ithuluzi elikhethekile okuthiwa i-microscope. Lokhu uzofunda khona manje.

Iseli futhi organelles yayo

Nakuba esizoyicabangela kulesi sihloko, iziphi lysosomes isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi nezinye izingxenye cell. Okokuqala, kuba - kweyunithi aphansi kwesakhiwo. Kusukela lapho iseli inquma imisebenzi yayo kanye nokusungulwa.

Zonke organelles kungenziwa zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

• dvumembrannye;
• odnomembrannye;
• non-ulwelwesi.

Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa plastid, i-nucleus futhi mitochondria. Esesibili - EPS, lysosomes, Golgi apharathasi, vacuoles. Eyesithathu - the ribosome naweselula isikhungo.

Zonke organelles iseli ezidingekile ekusebenzeni kahle ohlelweni lonke. Organelles incike isakhiwo umsebenzi wayo wenziwa.

lysosomes

Ukwakheka nemisebenzi organelle sibheka kamuva kancane, kodwa manje ake sixoxe okuncane mayelana zilwane futhi injongo.

Lena izakhi kunalokho eqinile esitokisini. Kusukela phezulu bona embozwe ulwelwesi, ngaphakathi okuyizinto enzyme ehlukahlukene (Imininingwane kukhona mayelana 60). Siphakamisa ukuthi ufunde uhlu olufushane:

• protease;
• nucleases;
• lipase;
• phosphatase nokunye.

Zonke lysosomes kungenziwa cishe yizigaba ezimbili:

• oyinhloko;
• lesibili.

Uma lokhu eyinhloko akwazi ukudlulela esigabeni esilandelayo. Le nqubo sizobheka kamuva. Manje sikunikeza eyodwa ngezigaba ngaphezulu lysosomes:

• phagolysosome;
• autophagosome;
• emizimbeni multivesicular;
• amaseli asalile.

isakhiwo

Lysosomes, isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi okuyinto esizoyicabangela kulesi Ukubuyekeza ukuba usayizi encane kakhulu (0.2 microns). Nale yezinyoni kungase kube impela eningi. Esigabeni sokugcina, thina uholé ngezigaba manje behlola ukuthi akhiwa.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi lysosomes eyinhloko - Kumiswa organelles kuphela abakwazi ukufeza umsebenzi wabo ngqo (Ukugaya izinto by hydrolysis). Kuphela by akhombise cell izakhi engafuni, aye iqembu lesibili futhi aqale Digest sibhajwe ngempahla yabo. Geterofagicheskaya vacuole ezakhiwe fusing phagosome eyinhloko futhi vacuoles. kwakhiwa organelle is by ukuhlanganisa eyinhloko futhi kwakhiwa vacuole lysosomes - Autophagosome.

imisebenzi

Thina kafushane sibuyekezwe izici isakhi lysosomes futhi singakwazi ukuqhubekela nemisebenzi eyenziwa yilo organelle. Ngakho, yilezi ezilandelayo:

• ukugaya intracellular;
• autolysis;
• autophagy.

Manje sikumema ukuba sicabangele ngayinye yalezi zinkulumo ngokwehlukile. Qhubekisa ngokuthwebula embuzweni olandelayo.

ukugaya

Ezinye izici isakhi lysosomes uvumele organelle intracellular ukukhiqiza ukugaya. Kusukela cell kungaba khona nje kuphela umzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi, kufanele enze yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile. Lokhu kuhilela lysosomes eyinhloko kanye vacuoles wokugaya ukudla.

Sishilo kakade ukuthi uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula inqwaba kakhulu enzyme. Lapho injected ke yimuphi compounds ukubola iminithi izinhlayiya yokugcina ukungena ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zakhi zinengxenye kwezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile.

autolysis

Sesivele uthe lysosomes kwenzeka izinqubo wokugaya ukudla. Kubalulekile ukwazi nokuthi lysosomes kungabangela ukufa wonke cell.

A idatha ulwelwesi mncane organelles kungenzeka ibhujisiwe, futhi enzyme bayokhululwa. Uma lokhu kwenzeka ngayo yonke lysosomes cell, ngoba izofa. inqubo yokuthumela kuyinto autolysis. Thina kungabangela isibonelo ezivame kakhulu unoshobishobi. Ukunyamalala nomsila ikusasa frog - sibonelo esigqamile autolysis. Yini isibe izakhi ngemva kokubhujiswa amaseli? Abazi ukuthi anyamalale, futhi ugxile "omakhelwane."

autophagy

Futhi ukwenza umsebenzi lysosomes ngokuthi "autophagy". Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi Liyaguga, ayisebenzi. Uma sicabanga esitokisini, abanye organelles akusebenzi ungayithola enye. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Kuchithwe ethumba organelles lysosomes futhi lubhidlikile zibe amangqamuzana amancane enzyme. Kodwa endaweni yabo beze entsha. Zonke izinhlayiya ukuthi okusalayo ngemuva kokuphela inqubo autophagy, iseli ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe weseli izakhiwo ezintsha.

Lapha futhi bathi kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili autophagy: micro- futhi macroautophagy. Ngokuvamile le nqubo obaphawuleka izimo ukucindezeleka (isib, ukuzila ezinzima noma umsebenzi ngokweqile).

isifo

Sesihlole kumiswa lysosomes, umsebenzi wabo futhi isakhiwo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi umsebenzi ukwehluleka kwabo zenzeka. Khona-ke lo muntu igula. Siphakamisa cabangela lesi sifo njengoba Gaucher Syndrome. Futhi lesi sifo, kunezinye izifo ezingaba ngu-50 ahlobene ne-lysosomal ukusebenza kahle.

Ngakho, isifo Gaucher sika yaqale ezichazwe 1882 Filippom Goshe obubusa nodumo okuthiwa lesi sifo. Lona isifo ezivamile ephula nemisebenzi lezi organelles. Kufana ukungabi we glucocerebrosidase enzyme. Konke lokhu kungaba kubi ngoba ezinye izitho, njenge:

• ubende;
• isibindi;
• izinso;
• ukukhanya;
• ingqondo.

Naphezu engathí sina, Gaucher Syndrome umphilise. Manje eziningi zezidakamizwa ebekiwe ukuthi ukusekela ukuphila komuntu.