Izimpahla zomhlaba wonke zeRussia Federation kanye nomthamo wazo

Umthamo wezinqolobane zomhlaba wonke udlala indima ebalulekile esimweni sezombangazwe nezomnotho sezwe emhlabeni jikelele. I-Russia ngale ndlela ihlale igxilile kulezi eziyishumi eziphezulu, naphezu kokuxhomeke ngokuqondile kwezinga lemithombo yamanani eoli.

Incazelo ye-RVR

Igolide nezimali zangaphandle zezimali, noma njengoba zibizwa, izinqolobane zomhlaba jikelele ziyimpahla yezwe enezinga eliphakeme lokuthengiswa kwemali futhi lilawulwa yisikhungo esikhulu semali nesikweletu. Njengomthetho, umzimba onjalo yiBhange Elikhulu. I-RVF ejwayelekile ibalwa ngegolide lemali kanye nemali yangaphandle, ebizwa ngokuthi indawo yokugcina. Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimali: i-dollar yase-US ne-euro. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ZVR ihlanganisa amalungelo okudweba akhethekile, noma i-SDR (Amalungelo Okudweba Okukhethekile), akhishwe yi-International Monetary Fund, futhi agcine isikhundla kwi-IMF.

Izinqolobane zomhlaba wonke zeRussian Federation zihlanganisa zonke izingxenye.

Ukwakhiwa kwezinqolobane

Kuze kube manje, izikhungo zezezimali zihluke kakhulu nakakhulu kunangaphambili. Ngakho-ke, izingxenye zezinqolobane zombuso zezezimali ziyizinto eziningi ezinengqondo. Izikhwama zemali yangaphandle azimeleli kuphela imali emalini yokugcina umhlaba. Zihlanganisa nokufaka imali, kufaka phakathi igolide, imali ebolekwa ngaphansi kwe-REPO ekhishwe ngamabhange aphakathi, iBhange lokuHlaliswa kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye namabhange ezentengiselwano anezilinganiso eziphezulu zezikweletu ngaphansi kwamazinga ama-ejenti wokulinganisa emazwe ngamazwe S & P, Moody's and Fitch Ratings.

Loluhlobo lwezinqolobane lubuye lubuyele ekuqinisekisweni kwezikweletu ezikhishwe izinkampani zangaphandle. Ukulinganisa kwezibambiso ezikhishwe kufanele kube phezulu nangokwezindinganiso zama-ejensi wokulinganisa amazwe ngamazwe S & P, Moody's and Fitch Ratings. I-ZVR ibuye ihlanganise izimali ezidluliselwe njengezikweletu.

Ukugcinwa kwamanye amazwe ezigcinweni zangaphandle kuhunyushwe ngamaRandi ase-US kumazinga okushintshaniswa okusemthethweni.

I-International Monetary Fund

Izakhiwo zokufakelwa kanye nezindlela zokukhokha zihlanganisa Amalungelo Okudweba Okukhethekile, noma Amalungelo Okudweba Okukhethekile. Leli thuluzi likhishwa yi- International Monetary Fund (IMF), ayinayo ifomu lemali, okungukuthi, lirekhoda kuphela kuma-akhawunti asebhange. Iqondiswa kuphela ngaphakathi kwesiKhwama futhi isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ibhalansi yezinkokhelo, ukulahlekelwa kokukhokha kanye nezibopho zesikweletu. I-SDR ayinayo izici zesikweletu noma imali.

Leli thuluzi lavela ngo-1969 ngenhloso yokuqeda inkinga yeTriffin, kubonisa ukungqubuzana ohlelweni lweBretton Woods lokuhlela isikweletu kanye nobuhlobo bemali kanye nokuhlala phakathi kwamazwe. Ukuphikisana kwavela ekushayeleni kwezwe likazwelonke lwemali yokugcina kanye nezici zayo zomhlaba wonke.

Isikhundla sokugcinwa kwemali ku-IMF kufaka phakathi amasheya okugcinwa kanye nokuboleka imali. Ukwedlula inani lemali yezimali ngaphezu kwenani lesiKhwama elibheke kuma-akhawunti wePhathi lesifundazwe kuthiwa yi-share reserve. Ngakho-ke, ukwabelana ngesikweletu kukuvumela ukuthi uthenge izimali ze-IMF ezingaphezu kwesabelo sokugcina.

Igolide lesendabuko

Ukwakhiwa kwezinqolobane zomhlaba wonke weRussia Federation, okuyiqiniso, kuqukethe nezinqolobane zegolide zezimali, okungukuthi, ezikhona ngokomzimba. Ekuqaleni, kwakhiwa ama-reserve egolide ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imali kazwelonke. Kusukela ngo-1937, i-ruble yaseRussia iye yahlushwa i-dollar. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwempi imboni yezimayini zegolide yaqala ukukhula ngokushesha e-USSR, izimpahla zegolide ezigcinwe ngamasheya zanda ngamathani ayi-100 njalo ngonyaka. Ngo-1950, uStalin wanquma ukuqeda ukubopha i-ruble kudola bese ebeka okuqukethwe kwegolide kwemali kazwelonke yeSoviet Union. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uStalin wabeka phambili umbono wokudala okunye emakethe yeDola. Kodwa lo mbono awuphumelelanga. Ngemva kokufa kukaStalin, uNikita Khrushchev wakhetha indlela yasePro Western yokuthuthukiswa. Umholi waseSoviet wayebheka ukuhlinzekwa kwe-ruble ngegolide ngendlela engafanele futhi abuyisele ukubopha imali yaseRashiya eya edoli laseMelika.

E-US, leli dola ligcinwe ngegolide kuze kube ngo-1971, ngesikhathi umengameli wezwe uRichard Nixon ememezela ngokusemthethweni ukukhanselwa kwezokuphepha kwegolide leDola. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinqolobane zegolide kuleli zwe zawela kurekhodi 9.83 ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-21.8 ngo-1949. Yingaleso sikhathi ukuthi imakethe yemali yamazwe ngamazwe ibonakale ngezinga lokushintshanisa. Imakethe ibonakala ngokuhlangana okukhululekile. Futhi nakuba ngokusemthethweni i-dollar ne-pound sterling balahlekelwa isimo sezimali zokugcina imali, i-dollar yaseMelika ayizange igcine kuphela, kodwa futhi iqinisa izikhundla zayo ngazo zonke izindlela.

Ngesikhathi sokugcina ama-reserve egolide ase-US atholakala ekucwaningweni okuphelele ngo-1953. Isitoreji sigcinwa emazingeni amane. Ngaphezu kwempahla yase-US, ensimini yezwe elondolozwe yensimbi eyigugu kugcinwa okungenani okungama-60. Inombolo yamasheya angokwemvelo nakwamanye amazwe agcinwa ngasese, okwenza amahemuhemu amaningi kule score.

Igolide Elibomvu LaseRussia

Ngokusho kwedatha evela emithonjeni evulekile, izindawo zokugcina zaseRussia zomhlaba namuhla zinamathani ayi-1238 egolide. Ngokusho kwalesi sibonakaliso, iRussia Federation ithatha ngokusemthethweni indawo yesithupha emhlabeni. Isabelo segolide emthamo wezinombolo zegolide u-12%. Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uMbuso waseRussia wawunomqulu omkhulu wegolide emhlabeni wonke - amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1.4. Impi Yezwe Neyombango yabhidliza kakhulu umnotho - ngo-1928 kwakukhona amathani angu-150 kuphela. Esikhathini sesikhathi saseStalin, i-treasury yaphinde "yanyuka" futhi yayinamathani ayi-2 500 ngo-1953. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindawo zokugcina zegolide zancipha kuphela, uNikita Khrushchev wathengisa umthamo omkhulu kunayo yonke. Ngo-1991, abameleli bobuholi bezwe babethi amathani angu-290 kuphela ensimbi ayigugu ahlala efa laseSoviet.

Izinqolobane zegolide zaseRussia zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ezingavumelani. Eziningi zazo eziphathwa yiBhange Elikhulu ngokubonisana nohulumeni waseRussia, ligcinwa ngqo neBhange laseRussia. Ingxenye yesibili isesikhwama sikaHulumeni sezinsimbi eziyigugu namatshe ayigugu eRussian Federation, izinqumo mayelana nokuchitha nokugcwaliswa kwalesi sabelo salondolozwa ngokuqondile ngumongameli kanye nohulumeni.

Ama-dynamics of reserves egolide

Imithombo ye-metal eyigugu eyigugu, engxenyeni yamazwe omhlaba weRussia Federation, kulinganiselwa ku-$ 40 billion kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2014. Nakuba kulo lonke unyaka ka-2013 iBhange Elikhulu lizithengisa igolide ngokusemthethweni emakethe yaseRashiya, kodwa, ngokusho kwabahlaziyi bamanani, inani lezinsimbi eziyigugu lancipha ngamadola ayizigidi ezingu-11. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi, ngasekupheleni kuka-2013, izinga legolide lawela ku-7.8%, kufakwe phakathi kwenani eliphelele lama-international reserves eRussia Federation. Isabelo senxenye yemali ebhasikisini ekuqaleni konyaka odlule kwalethwa ku-92.2%.

Abahlaziyi bathi kusukela ekuqaleni kwalonyaka, iBhange Elikhulu liqhubekele ukwandisa izimpahla zegolide ezinqolobaneni zegolide, okwandisa ivolumu yabo izikhathi ezintathu. Njengoba ukuziphatha okunjalo kungavamile emakethe yegolide, ochwepheshe bangaphandle basikisela ukuthi ukungabi nokholo emalini yase-US ukuthi ibhange eliphakathi leRussian Federation liphonsela ukuthenga.

Amafutha yisisekelo sezinqolobane zegolide zaseRussia

Ukukhula kwezwe "kubyshka" kwaqala eminyakeni ye-zero yekhulu lama-21. Izinqolobane zomhlaba wonke zeRussian Federation zakhula zombili ngokuziqhenya kanye nemingcele ngenxa yamanani aphezulu e-hydrocarbon kuze kube yilapho unzima ngonyaka ka-2008. Ngaleso sikhathi, zaba ngama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-600. Ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza kuleli zwe kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka onzima, i-National Welfare Fund yasungulwa. Izimpahla zomhlaba wonke zaseRussia sezibe uhlobo lomnikeli wezimali esakhiweni esisha. Lokhu kwavimbela ukuvimbela izenzakalo ezinkulu ezibucayi, kepha inani lezinqolobane zegolide lahlehla. Kuphela phakathi no-2013 bakwazi ukuyibuyisela - kuze kufike ku-rubrikhi ayi-533 yezigidigidi.

Entwasahlobo yonyaka odlule, isimo saqala ukushintsha kakhulu. Ukukhwabanisa, okushiwo amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu nase-USA ngenxa yokungena kweCrimea kuya eRussia entwasahlobo yonyaka odlule, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla okukhulu kwamanani kawoyela, ukuhlaziywa kwemali kazwelonke, ukusekela i-ruble, izigwegwe kanye namandla okuphikisa - konke lokhu kwaba ukuvivinya okujulile komnotho waseRussia futhi akakwazanga Ungathinti isimo sezinqolobane zegolide. Phakathi nonyaka, ivolumu yabo yawa ngeyesithathu, ibe yizigidi ezingama-382 zamaRandi, okuyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-12 zamaRandi eziwa yi-IMF. Ukuwa kuqhubeka unyaka wonke, futhi ekuqaleni kwalonyaka, izinqolobane zomhlaba wonke zaseRussian Federation zafinyelela ngo-2007 ngaphansi kwama $ 374.7 billion. Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, ivolumu yabo yayingama-358.5 billion,