Ukuthengiswa ... Izibonelo zokuthengiselana. Ukuthengiselana (ukuthengiselana)

Umqondo wokuthengiselana uhlangana kuqala emisebenzini yesayensi kaJ. J. Commons.

Incazelo

Ukuthengiselana kuhlukaniswa nokwabiwa okulandelayo kwamalungelo empahla, kanye nokukhululeka okudalwe ngumphakathi. Le ncazelo iyenzeka ngenxa yokuhlinzekwa kwezikhungo zokusabalalisa kwentando yomuntu oyedwa ngaphandle kwendawo lapho angathinta khona ngqo imvelo ngezenzo zakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, lezi zenzo zingaphezu kwamandla okulawulwa ngokomzimba futhi zivele zibe ukuthengiselana, okungafani nokuziphatha komuntu ngamunye noma ukuthengiswa kwempahla.

Izinhlobo zokuthengiselana

J. Commons wathola izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuthengiselana:

1. Ukuphathwa kwemisebenzi. Umzuzwana oyinhloko kuwo ukuhlobana kokuphatha ekuthumeleni, ucabange ukuxhumana kwabanye kwabantu phakathi kwabo, lapho ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo ezithile kungase kube ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Ngokuthengiselana kwalolu hlobo, ukuziphatha kuhlale ku-asymmetric, okungahle kube ngumphumela wezinhlangothi ezine-asymmetry ehambisanayo yobudlelwane bomthetho.
2. Ukuthengiselana kwemisebenzi, okusebenza ekufezeni iqiniso lokuhlukaniswa nokunikezwa kwamalungelo empahla ekusebenzeni kwayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kudingekile ukuthi kube nokuvumelana kwamalungu, okusekelwe ekuthandweni komnotho ngamunye wabo. Kule fomu, isimo sokulinganisa phakathi kwabankontileka kufanele sigcinwe ebuhlotsheni. Isici salo esihlukile ukudluliselwa kwezimpahla kusuka esandleni ngesandla, hhayi ukukhiqizwa kwabo.
3. Ukuthengiselana kokunciphisa, okubhekiselwe ku-asymmetry yamaqembu avela kumbono womthetho. Kodwa-ke, inhlangano yokuphatha kufanele ithathwe ngumzimba ohlangene owenza umsebenzi wezincazelo zomthetho. Lolu hlobo lokuthengiselana lukwakheka kwesabelomali senkampani yibhodi labaqondisi; Ukwamukelwa nguhulumeni wesabelomali sesifundazwe futhi kuvunywe ngumzimba wayo wegunya elifanele; Izinqumo zenkantolo yokubambisana lapho kwenzeka izingxabano ezihlukahlukene phakathi kwezinhlangano zebhizinisi. Ukuthengiswa kokulinganisa akuqukethe isici esinjengokulawula. Ngokusebenzisa kwayo, ingcebo idluliselwa kummeleli othile wezomnotho.

Izibonelo eziyinhloko zokuthengiselana

Izibonelo zokuthengiselana kwezokuthengiselana kukhona ukusebenzisana emakethe yezabasebenzi yomqashi kanye nomsebenzi, kanye nokuziphatha emakethe yezombangazwe zabamthetho nezenzo phakathi komboleki nomthengi emakethe yemali. Kulesi simo, uhlangothi ngalunye luzimela ngokuzimela ukuthi luhlanganyele ekushintsheni, okungabonakaliswa yi-asymmetry ngenxa yokulwa, isibonelo, inyunyana yabamabhizinisi abathile. Ngakho-ke, ilungelo elilinganayo lingalandelwa ngamandla angalingani okuxoxisana.

Ngokusekelwe kwimbono kaJ. J. Commons, ingaqiniseka ngokuqiniseka ukuthi umphumela oyinhloko wokuthengiselana kwezokuphatha unelungelo lomcebo, hhayi ukubuyiswa kwawo kabusha. Isibonelo esivamile sokuthengiselana okunjalo ukuhlobana phakathi kwenkosi nomuntu ongaphansi, umnikazi wegqila nesigqila. Lokhu ukuthengiselana ukuziphatha kwezihloko, ezibonakala njenge-asymmetry. Njengezinto zokuphatha ukuphathwa, omunye wabathintekayo ebuhlotsheni obusemkhakheni wezomthetho wamukelwa. Umphumela uba ukwehla noma ukwanda kokusebenza kahle.

Imibono yanamuhla

Udokotela wezomthetho uT. Shiktybaev wabheka izigaba zezomnotho "ukuthengiselana nezindleko ezihlobene" ngesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi nezinkontileka zebhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele umgomo we-inkontileka yokuhweba nokusebenzisa kahle kakhulu ukufeza imigomo yayo, abacwaningi baqhuba izifundo zezigaba zezomnotho ezibalulwe ngenhla njengesihloko somthetho wokuhweba.

Ukubaluleka kokuthengiselana komkhakha webhizinisi

Ukubaluleka kokubili ukuthengiselana kanye nezindleko zokuthengiselana emisebenzini yokuhweba kuyisihluthulelo, okulandela incazelo ngokwayo. Phela, lolu hlobo lomsebenzi alukwazi ukungena ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo enhlangano ngenhloso yokuthola inzuzo efanele.

Ukuthengiselana okusetshenziselwa umsebenzi wezomnotho ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezinsiza ezidingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwezamabhizinisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyisiko ukucabangela isigaba njengezindleko ezifanele, kusukela emkhatsini wokulinganisa okulinganiselwe okuphumelela kuyo yonke imisebenzi yebhizinisi lebhizinisi.

Kuyacaca ukuthi inani elikhulu lezindleko zokuthengiselana, kubiza kakhulu intengo yempahla yomthengi, okuholela ekunciphiseni umthamo wokuthengisa womninimabhizinisi, futhi akuzona zonke izakhamuzi ezizokwazi ukwanelisa izidingo zalokhu noma lowo mkhiqizo. Zibaluleke kakhulu ekushintsheni komnotho wemakethe. Kulokhu, yizindikimba zombuso ezidlala indima ekulawuleni ukuhweba ngezingxenye zenkohlakalo. Ukwazi uhlobo lokuthengiselana, kanye nezindleko ezinjalo, kuvumela ukuthi inkolelo ikwazi ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokunciphisa. Ngenxa yalokho, izinyathelo zizimisele ukuthi zivunyelwe ukuba zisakazwe ngendlela yokuthi ukushintshanisa ngokuzithandela kungabi khona kuphela, kodwa futhi kuyasiza kumninimabhizinisi nakwamanye amaqembu emakethe.

Izici zokuthengiselana

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezobuchwepheshe zezomnotho, ukuthengiselana kuhluke ekushintsheni okuvamile kwezimpahla. Uma i-term yokugcina ichaza isivumelwano ngokwemigomo yomzimba, ukuthengiselana kuyisigaba esingaqondakali futhi sinikeza ukudluliselwa (ukudlulisela) ubunikazi bezimpahla ezithile kusuka kwesinye isihloko kuya kwesinye. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izincwadi zemfundo, umuntu angakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokucatshangelwa kokuthenga nokuthengisa ngokuqondile ilungelo lobunikazi bezimpahla ezithile, hhayi nje kuphela izinto zamalungelo. Yingakho ukubaluleka kokuhle akufanele kubonakalise izici zomzimba, kodwa inani elihlotshaniswa nesethi yamalungelo abelwe.

Ukufingqa ukwaziswa okwethulwe kulesi sihloko, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthengiselana kuyisigaba sezomnotho esingasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ekuhlaziyweni kwemisebenzi yezomnotho yomkhakha webhizinisi.