Izigaba eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yezomnotho, izingxenye nezindlela. Isayensi yezomnotho yanamuhla

ukuphila emphakathini wehlukile kakhulu. Ukuze ukufunda sphere ezahlukene khona kwawo isintu idale ezihlukahlukene eyala zesayensi. Omunye wabo kuwumbono kwezomnotho. Lolu cwaningo kwale sayensi ngokuqinisekile Kudingeka ukuthi uqale umlando imvelaphi nokwakheka kwalo. Lokhu kuzovumela ukuqonda kangcono isiyalo esinzima.

Ukunqunywa emnothweni

Kukhona Izincazelo ezahlukene lesi siyalo enezici futhi capacious, ilungile ngamunye okuyinto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emnothweni - lo msebenzi kwezomnotho. Ngakolunye - kazwelonke noma yasendlini. Ingxoxo angaya nalesi sifundo ibhizinisi, umkhakha, noma ezweni lonke. Kodwa noma ngabe kunjalo, lo mbono kuyisisekelo kunoma yimuphi umphakathi.

Kuyinto isimo isimiso esisekela ukuphila, ukuxazulula inkinga hhayi kuphela zokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi ukusatshalaliswa okunye futhi ukusetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene izimpahla. Singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi umnotho sekukhona nomuntu wesilisa. Namuhla, it iyaqhubeka nokuba khona ukuze kuzuze bonke abantu.

ezomnotho

Izehlo yanoma yiziphi eyala of okwazanywa zabantu ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile ezihlobene nokuhlinzekwa ukuphila kwabo. Umnotho kanye nesayensi kwezomnotho wabonakala ngenxa yalesi sizathu. Kuthiwa ekuqaleni ulwazi kubantu isiyalo possessed ngisho umphakathi bakudala, lapho ingxenye ethile ngayinye umkhiqizo ekhishwe etholwe ilunga ngalinye.

isayensi Economic study imithetho ezisiza isimo, inkampani noma umuntu ukuxazulula izinkinga zalo zezomnotho. Yingakho ulwazi lesi siyalo kubalulekile sokuthuthukisa yimuphi umphakathi.

izigaba ukwakheka

Ezomnotho nesayensi kwezomnotho baqhubeka nokuguquguquka nale ndoda. Imithetho neziqondiso zendlela lesi siyalo abangu sokuqala esilotshwe imibhalo ekhishwe emazweni aseMpumalanga sidilizwa. Kwakuyisikhathi ikhodi umthetho yaseBhabhiloni, wathatha emuva BC 8 leminyaka. e. Economic esintwini imiyalo ezilotshwe eBhayibhelini. Basonta 2nd kanye 1st yeminyaka BC.

Kukholakala ukuthi izigaba eziyinhloko intuthuko yesayensi kwezomnotho usenayo kwaqala umphakathi lasendulo. Ukuvela lesi siyalo ezihambisana neRoma lasendulo naseGrisi, imisebenzi zefilosofi. Babeqale kubhekwe kuphela imisebenzi ukusingatha izindaba zomndeni kanye ekhaya.

Futhi kunenkolelo ukuthi izigaba eyinhloko isayensi kwezomnotho njengenhlangano isiyalo ezimele kwenzeka kuphela ekhulwini 16-17. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi ukuvela uhlelo zama-Capitalist. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi waqala ukuthuthukisa zokuxhumana ngaphakathi ibhizinisi futhi phakathi imindeni waqala ukwakha izimakethe zomhlaba wonke kanye kazwelonke. Isimo ngokuya baqala sinake ukuphila ezomnotho zomphakathi. Konke lokhu kwaba isizathu yokwanda ebanzi isiyalo ekukhiqizeni ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla ezihlukahlukene.

Izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa zihlanganisa ezomnotho kanye ukuvela wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Leli gama elisha uqala ukuvela ekhulwini le-17. emva ncwadi Antuana De Montchretien - Economist ezivela eFrance. WezabaSebenzi, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "A Treatise on Political Umnotho", ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela isidingo uhulumeni esiqinile ukulawula emakethe ekhona. Kukhona ayisekho kubhekwa a ukuphathwa kwekhaya. umnotho ezombusazwe eqala ukumela isayensi imithetho kumiswa emakethe kazwelonke. Ngamanye amazwi, kakhulu isiyalo yandile kwenkululeko uphenyo. Lawa izigaba eziyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni isayensi kwezomnotho (kafushane).

Kuze kube manje, imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhiqizwa nokusakazwa Kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene izimpahla ezweni ngalinye libizwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Turkey, futhi Sweden yiyona "umnotho kazwelonke", futhi leli gama imisindo Finnish like "isifundiso umnotho." ERussia yesimanje, igama isiyalo "inkolelo-mbono jikelele kwezomnotho."

isihloko cwaningo

Ngazo zonke izikhathi, osomnotho unesithakazelo ezibanzi nezinselelo ezibhekene nomphakathi wesintu. Yingakho kwakungekho incazelo umfaniswano nodaba isiyalo. Nakuba ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi isayensi idingida impahla inhlalakahle yabantu, kanti abanye baye bathi imfundiso yokuziphendukela inquma inhlangano ukusetshenziswa futhi exchange. Kwakukhona nezinye imicabango yabantu abaningi.

ezomnotho Modern livela iqiniso lokuthi into cwaningo salo inkinga antulayo omphakathi kanye infinity isidingo somuntu impahla. Emphakathini wanamuhla isiyalo uyayixazulula inkinga yokuthola inzuzo enkulu, benane aphansi kuzona.

Economic Sciences uhlelo theory jikelele. Kulesi isiyalo kukhona izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

- Isingeniso tiyori kwezomnotho;
- Microeconomics;
- Macroeconomics.

Zonke izingxenye isayensi kwezomnotho abe zibaluleke kakhulu manje. Nokho, ngosuku lokuqala kubo kubaluleke ngokukhethekile. It wenza izici lokubalulekile methodological. Yingakho-ke awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela ukutadisha ukuthuthukiswa kokubili micro- futhi Macroeconomics.

Ingxenye yesibili uhlola isayensi amayunithi amancane kwezomnotho, enika incazelo izinqumo ezenziwa izinkampani kanye ngabanye. Kepha komnotho omkhulu, kukhona lo mkhuba cwaningo emikhulu wemakethe, okuholela ezingeni kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi. Izigaba wezomnotho ngokucacile lesibili nelesithathu azikashintshi. Micro- futhi Macroeconomics kuhlobene. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba zonke izinqumo ezithathwe ezingeni nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomnotho, nethonya ngqo kwi ukwakheka emakethe kazwelonke.

Isebenta isiyalo kwezomnotho

Iyini indima yesayensi ye ukukhiqizwa nokusakazwa Kwezimiso umphakathi izinzuzo? Umsebenzi oyinhloko emnothweni - yobuchopho. Isiyalo uchaza, ifingqa futhi uchaza zonke izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye ukusetshenziswa.

Economic Sciences uhlelo kusekelwe emnothweni, okuyinto esemqoka isisekelo methodological kuzo zonke iziqondiso zalo. Lona umsebenzi wesibili eyinhloko lesi siyalo. Theory, amathuluzi kanye amathuluzi lapho kutadishwa emnothweni wezoHwebo, ezokuthutha, ukudla kanye nokunye. D.

isayensi Economic sifeza umsebenzi esiwusizo. Libhekisela zonke izinyathelo efiselekayo kanye engathandeki futhi izinyathelo ezibalulekile ukuze ukuchuma umphakathi esikhathini esinikeziwe sokuthuthuka.

Kukhona wesayensi ethile yomphakathi kanye nomnotho. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko sihlole izici ezihlukahlukene ukuziphatha komuntu nomphakathi. Lezi wesayensi zihlanganisa kwabantu futhi wezifundo zezombusazwe, kanye psychology. Ngendaba daba lezi eyala zenqane isihloko cwaningo theory kwezomnotho.

indlela

Isihloko kubhekwe iyiphi isayensi, sifundwa ngosizo izindlela ezithile. Izindlela wezomnotho zihlukile. uhlu Bahlanganisa:

1. logic loluhlelekile. Kuvumela imihlola kwezomnotho ufundwa isimo sabo futhi isakhiwo.
2. Ukuhlaziya. Le ndlela kuhilela ekutadisheni nodaba ingxenye ngayinye ngokwehlukana.
3. Induction. Le ndlela ulandele kusukela ngokukhethekile jikelele, nokwakhiwa ngesisekelo amaqiniso eqoqwe theory ethile.
4. Imali ebanjwayo. Isimiso eyisisekelo yaleli ndlela ukwakha imibono eyayisinesikhathi iziphi ke kuqhathaniswa ukukhulunywa namaqiniso.
5. Ukuqhathanisa. Lena indlela, okwembula lokufanako nalokwehlukile emkhatsini izinqubo kanye izenzakalo futhi ivumela ukuhlonza imibandela emisha ye esesizifundile kakade.
6. Lo mfanekiso. Le ndlela kuhilela ukudluliselwa izakhiwo ezithile sengifunde mkhuba ongaziwa.
7. Dialectics. Kuyinto indlela osebenzisa anhlobonhlobo izindlela ezahlukene zokufunda.
8. I Abstraction ngokwesayensi. It kusikisela nokungaguquguquki kwabo bonke izenzakalo of emkhakheni kwezomnotho, ngaphezu lafundvwako.
9. Indlela zomlando. Le ndlela ivumela ukulinganisa izici ezithinta uhlelo ezahlukene zomnotho.
10. Indlela okunengqondo. Ukusetshenziswa Its inikeza ushintsho kusuka kulokulula kufika kulokulukhuni ngaphezulu.

izindlela ekhona yezomnotho zifaka kokubili ukumodeliswa kwezomnotho kanye zezibalo. Kuyinto incazelo lula engokoqobo. umfuziselo esinjalo singasiza ekunqumeni imbangela ezihlukahlukene imihlola kwezomnotho, izinguquko zabo, amaphethini, kanye nomthelela ukuthi abangase bakwazi ukukuthwala.

Umsuka ezomnotho

Systematization kubaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wesintu, isiyalo kwaba umfuziselo ukusungulwa States. Izigaba lokuqala isayensi somnotho sokuthuthwa kwempahla Yezwe Lasendulo. Umsuka lesi siyalo ziyabonakala ngemisebenzi zefilosofi futhi abanye ababusi isimo. Lezi ongqondongqondo ziye zafuna idealize umphakathi isigqila kanye umnotho wemvelo, sithembele imithetho mayelana nokuziphatha, isimilo izimiso zokuhle.

Izigaba kokuqala eziyisisekelo zokuthuthukisa ezomnotho ziye badabula zefilosofi eGrisi lasendulo. Emibhalweni yakhe, benza systematized ukuzikhohlisa umqondo eyayivela we ukukhiqizwa nokusakazwa Kwezimiso ingcebo. Ngakho kwaba khona ukuvela isiyalo entsha, okuyinto has a ukubukeka ngokwesayensi.

Uhlu zezazi ezidumile zamakhulu kukhona uXenophon, uPlato no-Aristotle. Futhi izigaba eziyinhloko wezomnotho ukuthuthukiswa kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube izinsuku samanje, akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ngaphandle kokukhuluma lezi ososayensi. Phela, umqondo kaPlato ka "umnotho" laqanjwa. Lokhu sefilosofi lokuqala wenza umzamo ukuze ngisekele ngokunemba we nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi uhlonzwe imikhakha efana ukuhweba, izikebhe kanye nezolimo. Xenophon likhetha ukulimela ukuziphilisa futhi umcabango zemvelo ukuba khona amadoda khulula nezigqila.

umnikelo Kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi kwezomnotho eyenziwe uPlato. He qamba imfundiso yokuziphendukela isimo ekahle, ngesisekelo ukuba khona okuyinto ubulungiswa. Ngokusho kwakhe, esimisweni sezenhlalo enjalo wonke umuntu kufanele ukwenze nje ukuthi uyakwazi ukwenza kakhulu.

Nokufaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni isayensi kwezomnotho ukwenze no-Aristotle. Imisebenzi yakhe kubonakala kuzo zonke izindawo ulwazi ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokusho Aristotle, ubugqila - siyisisekelo yanoma yiziphi izinyathelo zomthetho, nezigqila - amathuluzi bukhoma. Nokho, wayecabanga ukuthi umuntu ngeke kube khona ngaphandle kohlelo kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi kwezomnotho kuzoqhutshekwa ngenkathi enza emnothweni amakhosi asendulo. Kulokhu, imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhiqizwa nokusakazwa Kwezimiso ingcebo kwakuyiwona zenkolo. Emibhalweni zefilosofi NgeNkathi Ephakathi walungisiswa ukubusa kwezomnotho ka zenkolo wokuziphilisa izinduna. Enye yalezi ososayensi kwaba Arab sikahulumeni, isazi sefilosofi mlando u-Ibn Khaldun.

Izigaba main wezomnotho ukuthuthukiswa indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho ayikwazi kuchazwe ngaphandle kukhulunywa ngemisebenzi yakhe. Ibn Khaldun waphikelela ngokuthi ekuqedeni ukuhaha nokuthanda ukusaphaza, omubi wakhuluma ngesimo ukuthengiselana ezinkulu usurious futhi ufune ukuhweba yesihle. Ngokungafani eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma zefilosofi zezwe lasendulo, isazi sefilosofi Arab ephakanyiswe imali eyenziwe ngesimo zemali zegolide nezesiliva, ku esigabeni izici ezibaluleke kakhulu yokuphila kwezomnotho.

ENtshonalanga Yurophu, abalobi enkulu kunazo umcabango kwezomnotho Ephakathi kwakungamadodana lahlangana eSt Augustine futhi foma Akvinsky. Eyokuqala yalezi zefilosofi ezimbili wathi ufuna ukungenzela isidingo zabasebenzi jikelele, eveza umqondo sokulingana kokufaneleka ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sazi ecabange ngesono esikhulu ukuthola ukuhweba inzuzo nemisebenzi usurious.

Ngokwe-theory Fomy Akvinskogo, zonke izinto emhlabeni ezakho amadoda kodwa kuNkulunkulu. Yingakho kufanele sisebenze ezicini eziningi. Isazi sefilosofi walahla inzalo, kodwa wathi ufuna ukungenzela isidingo sokuba khona amakilasi nomphakathi kanye yangasese.

Ukusungulwa izikole theory kwezomnotho

Yaphela ezinsukwini emnyama Ephakathi. Kodwa izinkinga eziyisisekelo isayensi kwezomnotho ungazange sezixazululiwe. Bona sasihlanganisa yokuthi zefilosofi amazwe lasendulo emhlabeni futhi Ephakathi ayikwazanga ukwenza imfundiso eyodwa. Amehlo abo waba umlingisi kusele izingxenyana nje ze.

I Renaissance kwaba inkathi yokudala lesikole lokuqala theory kwezomnotho. Ubethula ngokuthi mercantilism ukuthi "ukuhweba" kusho ngesiLatini. Amalungu lo mbono ezikhonjwe ingcebo isizwe kanye nesiliva negolide, umthombo okuyinto sphere of kwegazi. Laba bameleli be-lalesi sikole kwakungafanele theorists. Abaningi babo kwakungabantu abathengisi-amatilosi.

Ngalezo zinsuku, lapho enziwa omkhulu okutholakele womhlaba, kwamiswa mercantilism ekuseni. Okwangempela lesi siqondiso kwakufanele maphakathi nekhulu le-16. Abamele lalesi sikole wabona indlela zomthetho kuphela ukwandisa ingcebo. Bona kungavunyelwe ukuthekelisa zegolide nezesiliva, kanye ukhawule imisebenzi nokungenisa.

Kusukela ekhulwini le-16 kuya maphakathi no-17 leminyaka kwaba kokusa mercantilism ngasekupheleni. Ngesisekelo le mfundiso esikoleni kwaba ukwandisa ukugeleza nokuthengiswa, kuqhathaniswa ukungeniswa izimpahla. Laba balandeli lesikole we mercantilism ngasekupheleni babekholelwa ukuthi izwe liyoba acebile, kube kugcinwe ukuhweba ibhalansi asebenzayo. Abameleli lo mkhuba bavunyelwa ukuba bahlanganyele ukuthekelisa phesheya zegolide nezesiliva. Lokhu kuvumela evumayo ngezivumelwano zohwebo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imisebenzi yokungenisa ekhokhwa ezinkulu noma uthumela wamukelekile kakhulu.

Izinkinga wesayensi yezomnotho kusukela isigamu kwekhulu le-18 yesibili. Okuyixazululayo isifundiso Physiocrats. Kulesi sisekelo esikoleni French zezomnotho yadalwa.

Physiocrats wagomela ukuthi umthombo ingcebo lanoma isiphi isizwe indesheni kuba ngokuya ihogela ukukhiqizwa yezinto ezibonakalayo, hhayi kwegazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bakhuluma ngokubaluleka zomsebenzi yezolimo kuphela. Amalungu lo mbono zihlukaniswe wonke umphakathi zibe izigaba ezintathu:

- Abalimi;
- abanikazi balelo zwe;
- zonke ezinye izakhamuzi.

Owokugcina lezi zigaba ezintathu Physiocrats ngokuthi uyinyumba.

School Classical ka Umnotho Political

Igama lo mkhuba kwakuyiqiniso ngokuba ewubuciko besayensi izindlela zabo nemibono. School of Umnotho Political Yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17., Ukufinyelela Selilonke ekhulwini 18-19. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa lo mkhuba kungenziwa eyabelwe izigaba ezine. Eyokuqala yalezi wayevela ukuphela 17 isiqingatha kwekhulu le-18 yesibili. Lokhu kwaba ngenkathi ithuthuka ngokushesha emakethe umnotho futhi umcabango kwezomnotho igxile emkhakheni zokukhiqiza. Abameleli kulesi sikole, esasihlanganisa eyiNgisi Uilyam Petti kanye UmFulentshi uPierre Buagilberg wagomela ukuthi isizwe eba ngocebileyo hhayi kuphela ngenxa amatshe ayigugu. indima ebalulekile ukudlala njengoba indlu nezwe, izimpahla kanye nemikhumbi.

Ngo yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-18. esigabeni sesibili ukuthuthukiswa wezomnotho kwezombangazwe classical. Kule nkathi kwalotshwa imisebenzi u-Adam Smith - the sefilosofi saseScotland futhi Economist. Wenzé banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umnotho, oveza isiyalo njengendlela ithiyori anokuhambisana, ekutholeni ubudlelwano phakathi zonke izakhi zawo. U-Adam Smith wagomela ngokuthi ezazizozuzisa kuphela ushukumisa umuntu ukuba umsebenti wetemnotfo. Ngokusho sefilosofi, bonke abantu abafuna ingcebo futhi bathuthukise isimo sabo sezimali. Kulokhu, eyenziwa umsebenzi ngamunye kunomthelela nokuqhakaza kwayo umphakathi. Isazi sefilosofi babekholelwa ukuthi imithetho yezomnotho ezosebenza kuphela ezimweni kokuncintisana ngenkululeko futhi ukunyakaza khulula capital, izimpahla nemali.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. Isigaba sesithathu emnothweni zezombusazwe esikoleni. Lokhu kwaba yinkathi lapho iningi amazwe athuthukile igcwaliswe izinguquko kwezezimboni.

Ummeleli elivelele laleli esikoleni kwaba D. Ricardo. Ziyakwazi ukudalwa emnothweni zezombusazwe classical yaqedwa. Riccardo sokunconywa undoubted inkulumo yayo isiyalo ngendlela ngokulandelana okunengqondo futhi wayala itholakala ngesikhathi yolwazi kwezomnotho. Ososayensi washayelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela inzuzo yokuqhathanisa, eyasebenza njengodonga ubufakazi letihlomulisa ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe.

Indawo ebalulekile yezomnotho ekukhuleni komphakathi okuye kwabonakala yesine, esigabeni lokugcina esikoleni wezomnotho kwezombangazwe classical, okwaqala khona yayo engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili. Laba bameleli be-esivelele kunazo zonke kule qembu uJohn Stuart Mill futhi Marx.

Emsebenzini wabo, ososayensi baye bancika izinhlinzeko zoMthetho esikoleni classical, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wabeka phambili imibono ezintsha. Babephikisana ngokuthi isidingo isimo iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni komnotho nenhlalakahle yomphakathi, sakhuluma ngokuthi uhlelo sezenhlalo, ekuvikeleni izithakazelo isigaba sabasebenzi. Ngakho, Marx wadala imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukubhujiswa ngenakugwemeka le-capitalism kanye inhlangano engafeza konke ngaphandle endaweni yangasese, okuyinto kamuva akuzange ukuqinisekisile umkhuba.

izikole yesimanje

Lots of izitayela ezintsha kwezomnotho sesakhiwe ekuqa- nekhulu le-19 nelesi-20 leminyaka. Lezi zikole abhekwa yesimanje. Ngesikhathi lapho isayensi kwezomnotho lasetshenziswa nemvelo, bakha isiqondiso ezifana institutionalism. Igama leli gama lisho ukuthi "inkambo", kanye "siko" futhi 'imfundo'.

Izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa ezomnotho ukuze institutionalism kuyinto kokucubungula sphere ezahlukene emphakathini. Kodwa lokhu esikoleni, ngokungafani bonke abanye, kusekelwe umqondo "control social" phezu sphere kwezomnotho.

Institutionalism lidlule ngezigaba zawo ezintathu. Ukuphela ngowokuqala kubo 20-30-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu lama-20. Isigaba sesibili waqhubeka kwaze kwaba 60-70s. Kwakuwusuku inkathi Ukucabangela izinkinga ukubalwa kwabantu, isifundo wumfelandawonye wezinyunyana kanye kuwukuphikisana ekhona ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho capitalism. In esigabeni sesithathu abamele esikoleni wafunda umphumela izinqubo ezenzeka emkhakheni kwezomnotho ukuzwana nabantu.

Institutionalism has tinkhombandlela eziningana:

- nomphakathi kanye zomthetho;
- ngokwengqondo;
- ngentuba kanye kwezibalo.

Phakathi izitayela ezintsha kwezomnotho egqanyisiwe Marginalism. abameleli balo abangu ngowokuqala emlandweni wesayensi Uzame ukuhlola lo mkhuba emakethe esebenzisa izindlela zezibalo, wabeka isisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukusatshalaliswa amabutho elikhiqizayo, ukuchaza ukuziphatha abantu isifiso sabo ukukhulisa Umbuso nokunye. D.

Kukhona futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela entsha kwezomnotho, efana Keynesianism kanye neo-Keynesianism, dirigisme nangemuva Keynesianism, monetarism futhi neoliberalism.