Uchungechunge lwe-phylogenetic wamahhashi - "isithonjana" senqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Esinye sezibonakaliso ezidume kakhulu futhi ezicwaningwa kakhulu zezintambo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo yilolu chungechunge lwe-phylogenetic lwezingqungquthela zanamuhla ezinamakhompiyutha. Ukutholakala kwama-paleontological amaningi kanye namafomu okuguqulwa okwakhiwa okudala isisekelo sobufakazi besayensi kulolu chungechunge. Njengoba kuchazwa isazi sezinto eziphilayo zaseRussia uVladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky kusukela ngo-1873, uchungechunge lwe-phylogenetic yehhashi namanje luhlala "uphawu" lwe-paleontology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi neminyaka

Ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, uchungechunge lwe-phylogenetic yizifomu ezilandelanayo ezilandelanayo eziholela ekubunjweni kwezinhlobo zanamuhla. Inombolo yezixhumanisi kungenzeka iphelele noma iyingxenye, kodwa ukuba khona kwamafomu okushintshana okulandelanayo kuyimfuneko ebalulekile yencazelo yabo.

Uchungechunge lwe-phylogenetic yehhashi luchazwe ngokufakazela ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuqondile ngenxa yokutholakala kwamafomu afanayo alandelanayo. Ukuphindaphindeka kokutholakala kwe-paleontological kunikeza izinga eliphezulu lokuqiniseka.

Izibonelo zesichungechunge se-phylogenetic

Amahhashi amaningi ayenawo kuphela phakathi kwezibonelo ezichazwe. Uchungechunge olwenziwe kahle nolunokwethenjelwa kakhulu lwe-phylogenetic yamagquma nezinyoni. Ukuphikisana emibuthanweni yesayense kanye neyetshenziselwa ukuchazwa kwabantu abahlukahlukene kuyisichungechunge se-phylogenetic sezinkukhu zanamuhla nabantu. Izingxabano ngezixhumanisi eziphakathi ezilahlekile azihambisani nemvelo yesayensi. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangaki amaphuzu okubuka, lo muntu ongenakuphikwa uhlala ebalulekile ukubaluleka kochungechunge lwe-phylogenetic njengobungqina bokuguquguquka kwezinto eziphilayo ukushintsha isimo semvelo.

Ubudlelwane bokuziphendukela kwamahhashi nemvelo

Ucwaningo oluningi lwabahlengikazi be-paleontologists luqinisekisile inkolelo ye-OV Kovalevsky mayelana nobuhlobo obuseduze bezinguquko emasendeni okhokho bamahhashi abanezinguquko zemvelo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwaholela ekunciphiseni kwezindawo zehlathi, futhi okhokho bama-modern-fingered ungulates abanjwe nezimo zokuphila ema-steppes. Isidingo sokunyakaza okusheshayo kukhishwe ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kanye nenani leminwe emilenzeni, ushintsho emasakeni naseminyo.

Isixhumanisi sokuqala ku-chain

Ekuqaleni kwe-Eocene, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-65 ezedlule, ihhashi lesimanje lokuqala lehhashi lanamuhla lahlala. Le "horse ephansi" noma u-Eohippus, owawuyizinja (kuze kube ngu-30 cm), waphumula kuwo wonke unyawo lwesilungu, esinezinhlamvu ezine (zangaphambili) nezintathu (zangemuva) ezinamahlumela amancane. Yidla i-oogippus ihlumela namaqabunga futhi iqukethe amazinyo. Umbala we-bulan nezinwele ezingavamile emsila ongenakunyuka - unjalo ukhokho osekude wamahhashi namadube emhlabeni.

Izixhumanisi eziphakathi

Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-25 edlule, isimo sezulu eseplanethi sashintsha, futhi amahlathi ashintshwa yi-expanses yama-steppe. KuMiocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-20 edlule) i-mesohypus ne-parahhipus ibonakala, efana namahhashi anamuhla. Futhi ukhokho wokuqala we-herbivorous ochungechungeni lwe-phylogenetic yamahhashi kubhekwa njengenkosikazi ye-merikhippus ne-pliogippus, engena enkundleni yokuphila eminyakeni emibili edlule. I-Hipparion - isixhumanisi sokugcina ezintathu esinama-toed

Lo ukhokho wayehlala eMiocene nasePliocene emathafeni aseNyakatho Melika, e-Asia nase-Afrika. Leli hhashi elimithathu, elikhumbuza iphephe, lalingakaze libe nezinselo, kodwa likwazi ukugijima ngokushesha, idle utshani futhi lithatha izindawo ezinkulu.

Ihhashi elilodwa elinamaphiko - i-pliogippus

Laba abameleli abanezinkampani ezingabodwa babonakala eminyakeni emihlanu edlule kulezi zindawo njengamaphekula. Izimo zezemvelo ziyashintsha - ziba zime, futhi ama-stepp akhula kakhulu. Lapha futhi kwakukhona uphawu olulodwa olubaluleke kakhulu lokusinda. Lawa mahhashi ayefinyelela ku-1.2 metres high lapho ebunzima, enezinhlangothi ezingu-19 zezimbambo nemisipha yomlenze onamandla. Amazinyo abo athola imiqhele emide nemifula ye-koqweqwe lwawo nge-layer yamatemu ethuthukile.

Ihhashi esazi

Ihhashi lesimanje njengengxenye yokugcina yochungechunge lwe-phylogenetic yabonakala ngasekugcineni kwe-Neogene, futhi ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokugcina se-glacial (cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 edlule) izigidi zamahhashi asendle sezivele zidlalwa eYurophu nase-Asia. Nakuba imizamo yabazingeli bokuqala nokunciphisa amadlelo kwenza ihhashi lasendle lingenabuqhathaniswa kakade eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine edlule. Kodwa ama-subspecies amabili - i-tarpan eRussia nehhashi likaPrzewalski eMongolia - lakwazi ukugcina isikhathi eside kunabo bonke abanye.

Amahhashi asendle

Namuhla, cishe akunamahhashi wangempela angasendle. I-tarpan yaseRussia ibhekwa njengezinhlobo eziphelile, futhi ihhashi likaPrzhevalsky alikho emibhalweni yemvelo. Izinkomo zamahhashi ezidla ngokukhululekile ziyizilwane zasendle, ezifuywayo. Amahhashi anjalo, nakuba abuyele emuva emhlane, kepha ahluke emahhashi angempela.

Zinezinsizi ezincane nemisindo, futhi zihlukile. Amahhashi asePrzewalski aqoshwe ngokukhethekile, ama-tarpans amantombazane, njengokungathi, azinqanda amabhomu, ama-manes nemisindo.

EMelika Ephakathi naseNyakatho, amahhashi asendle aqothulwa ngokuphelele amaNdiya futhi wavela lapho kuphela ngemva kokufika kwabaseYurophu ngekhulu le-15. Inzalo yasendle yamahhashi wabanqotshwa yizinqola yanikeza izinkomo eziningi ze-Mustangs, okuzo izinombolo zazo ezilawulwa ngokudubula.

Ngaphezu kwama-Mustang eNyakatho Melika, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezilwandle zasendle zasendle - eziqhingini zase-Assatig naseSable. Izinkomo ezinamaphiko ezinamahhashi ama-camargue zitholakala eningizimu yeFrance. Ezintabeni nasezikhungweni zaseBrithani, ungaphinde uhlangane namanye ama-ponies angasendle.

Ihhashi Lezintandokazi

Le ndoda yahlanza ihhashi futhi yanikeza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-300 zaso. Ukusuka ezigayini kuya kuma-ponies amancane nama-horsehorses amahle. ERussia, cishe ama-50 amahhashi ayalwa. Okudumile kunazo zonke yi-Oryol trotter. Isambatho esimhlophe esimhlophe, i-lynx enhle kakhulu nokushesha - lezi zimfanelo zaziswa kakhulu yi-Count Orlov, obhekwa njengumsunguli walo mhlobo.