Indlela okunomqondo cwaningo: igxathu negxathu Umhlahlandlela

Kususelwa amafomu nemithetho yokucabanga, ndlela enengqondo kuhlanganisa izindlela kanye esebenzisa uphenyo futhi incazelo. Ingasetshenziselwa futhi isetshenziswa ekutadisheni ezihlukahlukene eyala. indlela kusecophelweni dialectics kuvumelana izinto e -mbono yokuziphendukela ulwazi, futhi esisemthethweni, isibonelo, indlela ekhethekile ukuthuthukiswa ngokoqobo zomthetho, nakweminye imikhakha eminingi yolwazi.

kwesokudla

Ngenxa izici zayo ezikhethekile namakhono, phansi lomthetho elihle kakhulu isicelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kohlelo. Ngoba lapha kukhona ngokomthetho kuchazwa, uhlelo okungaguquki ngokuqinile esinqunyiwe, okuhlanganisa eziningi izincazelo plan zomthetho, elihambisana imithetho ekusunguleni imigomo (ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lwe eliseduze, zilwane, umehluko, ukuzimisela zofuzo, ngokusebenzisa incazelo ka imiyalelo nokunye), indlela enengqondo emkhakheni umthetho ngokwawo manifest ngokugcwele uqobo. Njalo umthetho logic - futhi kuwukuphikisana ungubani, unesizathu esizwakalayo, ayifakiwe yesithathu - ibonisa izici eziyinhloko le ndlela. izinqubo Key futhi izinqubo (ngokuyinhloko komthetho futhi izinqubo umthetho wokwenza) zakhelwe ngokuqinile ngokusho izinhlobo ukucabanga - imithetho yokusebenza okucatshangwayo, ukwahlulelwa, imiqondo.

Indlela okunengqondo isetshenziswa at the stage of izincazelo main: kuyinsakavukela zomthetho - esahlulelweni elihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo lokwahlulela bebonke, futhi isicelo yomthetho isimo noma umuntu othile - a syllogism, okungukuthi, ukucabanga deductive, lapho umthetho - kwesisekelo main, kuhlolwe kunjalo - ngokuthumela ezincane kanye isinqumo secala kuphothulwe. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kukhona ku arsenal of umthetho Isifaniso, izindlela zokuhlola ubufakazi kanye logic imisebenzi. Sebenzisa indlela okunengqondo yokufunda isifundo incazelo kokubusa kuyadingeka. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokugwema kuwukuziphikisa isakhiwo zomthetho kuze uhlelo oluyimpumelelo umthetho, lapho omuhle (ekhona) umthetho wavumelana zonke izidingo ze-yemvelo, kanye bakwazi kahle bezisebenzisa izindinganiso zomthetho.

izindlela ezivamile okunengqondo: ukuhlaziya

Kube zamagama, ukuhlaziywa, idealization, Abstraction, ukususa, nje okungaqondile, isifaniso, lokungeniswa, yokumodela, futhi extrapolation hypothesis phakathi izindlela okunomqondo ulwazi izinqubo kanye izenzakalo, izwe umgomo lezinto.

Ucala indlela okunomqondo ucwaningo (ulwazi) ne ukuhlaziywa, okungukuthi, nesimiso, ukuhlaziywa, asike izidumbu zabantu into wafunda. Le nqubo ibizwa ebiyelwe engqondo nobe kwenta lokudlulisa Ukwakheka izakhi - izici, izakhiwo, izingxenye zesakhiwo, ngemva kwalokho element ngayinye kumele kube isifundo ahlukene njengengxenye lonke. Ukuhlaziywa has izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kuye into ethize okuyinto ngaphansi ukufunda. Isayensi yanamuhla uyakucabangela ukuhlaziywa sevisi yesistimu - indlela into ngaphansi cwaningo njengoba uhlelo ehlelekile, lapho makhemikhali bangahlukani futhi organically kuyasebenzisana futhi kuthinte nomunye.

izindlela okunengqondo ukuhlaziywa zihlanganisa indlela methodological ukuze izithelo umsebenzi engqondweni yethu, okungukuthi, ukutadisha ulwazi zabantu, bonke buyisiphi nezinhlobo, ngolwazi wazwakalisa ngolimi lwemvelo kanye ngemishini, ngokusekelwe imithetho enengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokutadisha umphakathi njengoba lonke uhlelo, ukuhlaziya ehlelekile sehlukaniswe izici zezombangazwe, ezomnotho, zokuziphatha, zomthetho, nokunye okunjalo, lapho zonke izici khona kwezenhlalo kanye ukwazi amaphoyisa ayaphenya ngalolo daba ngokwehlukile. Indlela okunomqondo ulwazi ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa wembula timphawu tesakhiwo - izinhlobo, izinhlobo, amazinga olwazi yakhelwe umbhalo othize. Okulandelayo setha nobuhlobo babo, iqiniso noma falsity izitatimende, icacisa apharathasi lomqondo nokobana ulwazi, wasungula kwemukeleka, ukungaguquguquki nobuqiniso ulwazi.

zamagama

Synthesis - iyingxenye ebalulekile ucwaningo, ngaphandle eningeke indlela kwesakhiwo okunengqondo. Through the zamagama walo lonke ulwazi etholakalayo is kuhlangene ku iyonke. Kukhona regularities zomthetho kanye nemithetho washayelwa ngesisekelo ucwaningo siqu, zonke postulates inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela jikelele isimo kanye nomthetho, kanye kweminyango akhethekile theory zomthetho zomnyango.

Ngempela umuntu ecabanga ngaso sonke isikhathi usebenzisa izindlela okunengqondo, nokuhlaziya kanye zamagama zihlale kuhlobene. Kungase kuqashelwe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngendlela kohlaziyo and zokwenziwa yokucabanga ummeli ezinhle - Ummeli, ummeli, umahluleli, umphenyi. umsebenzi Professional, isibonelo, abahluleli ngokuqinisekile unikeza ngokusobala ukuhlaziya zonke izinto ngaso sethulwa phambi kwenkantolo, bese ngesisekelo izifundo ukuthi ufundile futhi walalela, yahlanganiswa isithombe ngqondo ephelele icala. Ngakho nawubuka ukuhlaziywa kanye zamagama kusiza ukuziphatha olunembile nokungakhethi kwesivivinyo.

Abstraction

Jikelele amasu logic yesayensi kungenziwa kulekelelwa Abstraction (Abstraction), okuyinto inqubo ngokungabi yisiphazamiso engqondo kusukela izakhiwo ezithile jikelele noma ethize, ubudlelwano, izimfanelo lale ndaba akhuluma cwaningo, njengoba okwamanje ukumela isithakazelo esikhethekile. Aristotle - umsunguli we umqondo Abstraction -traktoval njengoba nqubo yokuzihlukanisa yazo zonke ngephutha futhi yesibili Imininingwane induna. Manje ukusetshenziswa gama ngobubanzi okuningi. Lokhu Indlela yesayensi futhi enengqondo e nsuku zonke e ulwazi lwesayensi, futhi lapho algorithm, futhi i-oda inqubo ngokuvumelana nemithetho ka Abstraction kokuthikamezeka, kuyinto ukwakhiwa lezinto abstract e ulwazi lwesayensi. Ingqikithi le ndlela elula njengokuthi kubonakala cha. Okokuqala kubalulekile, waphinda, ucwaningo eningiliziwe into yangempela, mkhuba noma inqubo, Ebala kulo ezihlukahlukene izimfanelo, izibaluli, izakhiwo, bese ishanelwe eceleni zonke yesibili.

Lena inqubo yokufunda futhi umphumela. Okungukuthi, inqubo yocwaningo - isifundo imihlola kanye izinto, futhi umgomo ukukhomba izici ezithile. I umphumela uyefana - lwati lolutfolakele izigaba, imiqondo, imibono, imicabango yabantu, imibono, imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, yikuphi ukuhlakanipha bangase bangakunaki izici ezingabalulekile kangako ngabanye lapho sitadisha indlela yokucabanga ngabanye, futhi jikelele evamile kuzo zonke izifundo, uyakucabangela. Ummeli, isibonelo, ukucabanga kulawulwa kwezinkambiso zomthetho, ngakho ubizwa adonswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokubonisa elala umphakathi, kodwa uhlola ngokuyinhloko zomthetho, t. E. kuphela lokho igunyaziwe futhi kulawulwa umthetho.

idealization

Lolu hlobo Abstraction kuyasiza ukwakha izinto ekahle. Umqondo into ephelele yengxoxo kuyehluka kuneminye imiqondo kanye real izici into baziwa nalabo okuyizinto kude izindawo langempela futhi ifomu abahlanzekile abahlolwayo benza neze okwamanje. idealization indlela wesayensi wesimanje kukhona izinto theory ezisiza ukwakha ukucabanga netiphetfo eziphathelene izihloko empeleni ekhona. Leligama lisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili - njengoba inqubo futhi ngenxa yalokho, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kufana kakhulu indlela sokuhlaziya. Inani lokuqala siqondwa njengoba idealization engqondo into ephelele yengxoxo wadala lapho ukwakha ezizathwini ephelele yengxoxo, lingachazwa isb izimo ngaphansi kwazo futhi zachazwa amaKristu into empeleni ukhona.

Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo kukhona imiqondo ephelele yengxoxo nemithetho, ababiziweyo kwaqanjwa okunengqondo. Njengoba isibonelo into ephelele yengxoxo kungaholela nomqondo umthetho. Umqondo khona, kodwa ngomthetho ngesimo lapho elivame ukuqondwa ngayo, ayikabi bikho okwamanje. Nokho, abameli usebenzisa lo mqondo ukwakha agumenti futhi sifinyelele eziphethweni ngokuphathelene imisebenzi izinhlangano ezithile bomhlaba wangempela, ezifana uthi, ngezizathu ukuthi umthetho umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya: kwamalungelo wobuntu eyisiqalo ngokomthetho futhi ngokomthetho, imithetho owandile isimo futhi ukuphila komphakathi, ubuntu avikelwe ngokomthetho, kanjalonjalo.

Nje okungaqondile, lokungeniswa futhi ebanjwayo

Kungenxa inqubo nje okungaqondile kwakhiwa elihambisana imicabango, imibono kanye imiqondo. Le ndlela kuba khona ulwazi lomthetho khona ngesimo ngokuvamile esekelwe ukuhlaziywa isipiliyoni lochwepheshe ezimweni ezithile, ngesimo ukudala theory zomthetho nge nje okungaqondile ezincwadini ukwakhiwa esisebenzayo kanye nokuqaliswa umsebenzi wezomthetho, ngesimo ngokuvamile umkhakha theory enokwehla komthetho.

Lokungeniswa futhi Imali ebanjwayo izindlela ulwazi okunengqondo elisetshenziswa yokusesha eziphethweni idatha input. Bobabili izindlela Yebo ukuxhunywa: Imali ebanjwayo kusiza ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho kusukela theory imibono, imithetho, izimiso, njengoba ehlangene ukuqondanisa into ephelele yengxoxo, kanye lokungeniswa ifingqa regularities enokwehla. Ulwazi ngazo akhiqizwa lokungeniswa, kuphela imfuneko ukuvela ulwazi olusha - tekukhomba, osuvele abe ukulungisiswa ezicatshangelwayo zezinkolelo-amaqiniso esinqunyiwe.

Isifaniso, extrapolation

Analogy - eyodwa yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu nqubo ephawulekayo. Ngosizo okwatholwa enkulu kwezesayensi zenziwe. Ingqikithi ke ukuthi izakhiwo ezithile futhi izici zidluliselwa kusukela into eyodwa kuya kwenye cwaningo ngendlela efanayo ubuhlobo kokudluliswa futhi uxhumano phakathi nenye amasethi lezinto.

Extrapolation - uhlobo lokungeniswa, nje okungaqondile kanye Isifaniso, le ndlela is kabanzi cishe yonke imikhakha yesayensi. izici qualitative asakaze kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye into, kusukela esikhathini esidlule kuze kube ngokuzayo ukukhuluma ngokwamanje wakhuluma esizayo, izici ambalwa zidluliselwa ngendlela efanayo, abanye endaweni ubuchwepheshe equalized namanye afana zezibalo lokungeniswa indlela isibonelo. Ezimweni eziningi, extrapolation indlela isetshenziswa ukuze sezulu ukulungisiswa ulwazi ukudluliswa e tifundvo. Abameli babe isifaniso komthetho futhi Isifaniso komthetho.

Awokuzenzisa Hypothesis

Modeling e isayensi yanamuhla isetshenziswa kakhulu ngenkuthalo ukuthola izindlela zokuthola imiphumela yakamuva zesayensi. Ingqikithi le ndlela ekwakhiweni model ukuthi etadisha izinto nomphakathi noma ezingokwemvelo. Ngaphansi imodeli samukelwa ukuqonda okuningi, kungaba: indlela analog, uhlobo uhlelo, ithiyori, umbono abanawo emhlabeni wonke, incazelo algorithm nokunye okuningi. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukufunda ngqo into, imodeli khulumela esikhundleni ukulingiswa original. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okuphenya.

A hypothesis (hypothesis), njengoba indlela esetshenziswe incazelo nolwazi okuyinkinga noma umqondo ukuhlanganisa iqoqo ulwazi phakathi ohlelweni lwabo. izinyathelo zomthetho isebenzisa hypothesis zonke nezincazelo zawo: eyakhelwe Ukuqagela njengobufakazi bokuthi othile into, mkhuba noma inqubo, mayelana nezimbangela ze-izinkinga futhi isibikezelo esizayo. Idatha efanayo kungaba material for eziningi imicabango, inguqulo okuthiwa. Sebenzisa le ndlela ukuze kuphenywe forensic.

indlela loluhlelekile-okunengqondo

Ulwazi amaqiniso okukhipha ihlolwe kuyasiza ukuthola imithetho logic esisemthethweni. amaqiniso esungulwe Ngaphambili, okuyizinto ngesisekelo okutholakele, akudingi ukufinyelela isipiliyoni ngayinye icala elithile, njengoba ulwazi etholwe isicelo imithetho yokucabanga. izindlela kusecophelweni ucwaningo zihlanganisa kokubili logic bendabuko kanye zezibalo.

Okokuqala ukuthola amaqiniso abasanda isebenzisa ukuhlaziywa, zamagama, lokungeniswa, ukususa, Abstraction, incazelo, nokumadanisa Isifaniso. A zezibalo, obizwa nangokuthi logic ongokomfanekiso kusebenza esisemthethweni izinkinga logic izindlela zamandla ngaphezulu wasebenzisa izibalo. ulimi ifomula Special kungaba ngokwanele ukuchaza ubufakazi ngekulandzelana lwesakhiwo futhi ukwakha ithiyori kanzima eqondile, ngokusebenzisa incazelo izahlulelo waba ukwanda kwabo - incazelo yokucabanga.

indlela zomlando

izindlela okuhluke kakhulu ucwaningo asetshenziselwa ukwakha ulwazi ezincwadini abasafufusa kanye eziyinkimbinkimbi izinto ayikwazi ukudlalwa ngenxa yalesi senzakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, yonke. Kanjani ukubona lasungulwa, umsuka zinhlobo futhi ukuvela indoda? Lapha ukusiza izindlela zomlando okunomqondo cognition. Indlela zomlando yokucabanga ukuze ukungena indaba zangempela ne ezihlukahlukene imininingwane yayo, ukukhomba amaqiniso omlando kanye ngokwengqondo kabusha inqubo zomlando, okwembula iphethini okunengqondo yentuthuko.

logic efanayo ikhomba amaphethini nganoma iyiphi enye indlela. Akadingi ukuba ngqo uhlole intuthuko yomlando wangempela, wambula ngokoqobo inhloso ekuhloleni inqubo zomlando ngesikhathi izigaba eliphakeme yentuthuko, lapho onomfutho eveza isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwemvelo zomlando izici eziyisisekelo kakhulu. Le ndlela muhle emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, okuyinto iyaphindwa ontogeny ka phylogeny. Futhi izindlela zomlando okunengqondo zikhona nezindlela ekwakheni ulwazi luyingxenye theory.