Ezigqulweni: Ukucaciswa jikelele, ukubunjwa, isicelo, GOST

Ukuze sphere amasevisi isakhiwo esivamile futhi ajwayelekile umqondo ezifana izigqulo. GOST 28013 (kuvunyelwa ayifake amandla yi-stroykomiteta State №7 eU.SSR ngo-1989;. Kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo Standard esifanayo, evunywe State Construction Committee of Russia №30 1998 wangena force kusuka July 1999) uhumusha njengoba iqoqo imigomo "ukuxuba nosimende", "nosimende ezomile", "isixazululo" futhi inquma izidingo indinganiso Ukucaciswa ezivamile mayelana nokulungiselela, izinto zokuhamba nezikhungo irisidi nekhwalithi izinkomba zabo.

Njengoba inothi uhlangothi: lamazinga azisebenzi ukushisa namakhemikhali izigqulo ukumelana.

Kuyini nosimende?

Ukwakheka ikhambi ukuqamba uhlanganise kahle kuze izingxenye bushelelezi: isibopho, aggregate esihle futhi kuhlangana. Uma kudingeka, kungase izithasiselo ekhethekile ukungezwa ikhambi. Evamile yokuhlanganisa, enikeza isixazululo of kuyaqina, uba usimende, Gypsum noma lime. Filler uqobo isihlabathi, kuhlangana - amanzi.

Akudingi elapha, ukulungele ngokugcwele ukusetshenziswa ngemva kokuxhuma izakhi ezidingekayo is nosimende nosimende ezaziwayo. ukuxuba nosimende kungase kuhilele izithako ezomile, kuxutshwe efektri. Lokhu okuthiwa nosimende ezomile. Yena ivale amanzi ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.

Ungqimba lukhuni efana itshe yokufakelwa, lapho isibopho sibopha ndawonye ngangezinhlayiya zesihlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe friction, ubizwa ngokuthi isixazululo.

ezigqulweni: Ukucaciswa Jikelele

Ezigqulweni ihlukaniswa kanje.

Kuye isibopho lichaza ekwakheni zihlukaniswa:

1. Simple olulodwa ingxenye - usimende, lime noma Gypsum. Njengomthetho, okhonjiswe isilinganiso 1: 2, 1: 3, lapho 1 - ingxenye (ingxenyenamba) we isibopho, inombolo yesibili - ukuthi izingcezu eziningi yamathebhu ingezwe ku ingxenye isibopho.

2. Complex, exubile, multi-ngxenye. Lokhu, isibonelo, usimende, limestone, limestone, Gypsum, ubumba kanye notshani, umcako, umlotha, kanye nabanye. Kuboniswe izibalo ezintathu: isibopho esiyinhloko, isibopho wanezela, a yamathebhu.

On the Ingxenye isibopho nesihlabathi okuningi kuncike. Kube izigqulo:

1. Jwayelekile. Libhekene i isilinganiso kahle isibopho kanye yamathebhu.

2. Fatty. Libhekene ngokweqile isibopho ukunikeza ukuncipha okukhulu phakathi nokufaka uqhekeke (nge aminyene ungqimba sebethule). Kunqunywa ngibhapathiza induku isixazululo - ingxube amafutha encapsulating ke ngenhloso ungqimba obukhulu.

3. Lean. Kuhambisana nokuntuleka, inani elincane isibopho, cishe akukho ukuncipha, eliphezulu ulwelwesi. Ingabe ichazwa kanje: ngu ngibhapathiza induku ibe ingxube isixazululo awunamatheli ke.

Ngu property izigqulo binders zihlukaniswe zibe:

- emoyeni - solidification yabo kwenzeka ukuba baveze izimo ezomile (Gypsum);

- wokubacindezela - solidification izinqubo uqale futhi uqhubeke emoyeni endaweni zinomswakama isb, emanzini (usimende).

Kuye isihlabathi lisetshenziswe kanjani, kungaba ezivamile zemvelo, entabeni, umfula, noma engasindi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe (enwetshiwe ubumba, ilula, tuff), kukhona esindayo (kusukela ngo-1500 kg / M3 kwabantu isimo ezomile) nokukhanya (kufika ku 1500 kg / M3) izigqulo. Quality aggregate kunomthelela oqonde ngqo nokwenyuka kwamandla umkhiqizo wokugcina. Ngakho, uma iqhathaniswa naso slag, ukuxuba isibopho ne ukwakhiwa isihlabathi ngaphandle ukungcola (nosawoti wamaminerali, ubumba idwala inclusions) kwandisa amandla yekhambi 40%.

Isilinganiso ambalwa of amanzi nakho kufeza indima ebalulekile ukulungiswa izixazululo: ukuntuleka isixazululo yayo libhekene rigidity, ngokweqile - delamination, lapho qualitative amandla izici ziyancipha.

Ukuqinisekiswa yokuthi nosimende (GOST 28013-98) ziphekwe ngendlela efanele ngokuhambisana namazinga izinga kanye isilinganiso lesifanele yezingxenye efiswayo ingumuthi workability yayo. Ezithathekayo, Ukwakheka plastic uyakwazi ukugcwalisa zonke izikhala, kahle ohlangene, ohlangene, akusho sidilike, hhayi ngigezwe, engenzi ehamba ngasezindongeni. Nge ongaphakeme kuhlangana nokungeza ikhambi isibopho iba ductile ngaphezulu, kodwa lokhu kuholela ukuncipha okusezingeni eliphezulu ngesikhathi solidification ngeziningi zezinto zokwakha, ngaleyo ndlela kumiswa imifantu.

Gxila izici lobuchwepheshe sikakhonkolo Izingxube kanye nezixazululo, yonke nemingcele zilawulwa namazinga zamanje.

izici qualitative sikakhonkolo

Okubalulekile izinga nemingcele nosimende aphume ashone ukuminyana Ngokwesilinganiso, nekhono ukubamba amanzi, ukuhamba futhi peelability. I kancane isibopho ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi nezidingo onikezwe ingxube, ngcono. Uma ingxube iye kwadingeka isikhathi yiphathe noma unfreeze, ke akuvumelekile ukwengeza kuhlangana. Ukuze kuzuzwe izakhiwo oyifunayo Kubalulekile ukulungiselela kahle ukuxuba esigqulweni, ikhiphe, ulungise izinto kuzo. Kufanele kube labathaki bamafutha cyclical (uhlobo okuqhubekayo), amandla adonsela phansi (amandla) senzo. Kulesi iphutha kuvunyelwe afika ku-2% uma kuqhathaniswa ukuze yokubopha izimvu, kuhlangana, izithasiselo ezomile, kuze 2.5 - mayelana yamathebhu. Ukuze ezimweni zasebusika, izinga lokushisa isixazululo ungakwazi ukukwenza kufanele kulingane noma enkulu kuno-5 ° C. I elikhulu lokushisa lamanzi gauging - 80 ° C.

Kuye imithetho ukuhamba lakhomba inani lemikhiqizo sikakhonkolo:

1. PC4 - libhekene ukuhamba ejwayelekile 1-4 cm lisetshenziswa dlidliza imfucumfucu ..

2. Pk8 - ukuhlukahlukana ipulaki ukuhamba lisuselwe uhla 4 kuya kwezingu-8 cm letibalulekile imfucumfucu abavamile (itshe elingenalutho kanye isitini) wokwakha, amathayela, ukufakwa izindonga (elikhulu-block, ezinkulu-panel) ..

3. Pk12 -. Mobility engaphezu kuka-8 no-kufika ku-12 cm isetshenziselwa laying ngezitini ezivamile, abaluphahleka, udonga isembozo, ukugcwalisa voids.

Ikhono sikakhonkolo asanda walungisa ukuba agcine amanzi - Ungomunye izinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu. Isikolo ekhwalithi ngaphandle kwesibeletho ukhonza uphawu 90% ebusika, lo 95% - ehlobo. At the site zokukhiqiza kufanele idlule 75% lamanzi eliyifa umthamo njengoba kunqunywa idatha laboratory. Kukhula ukuminyana, ayanda ukumelana namanzi. Ukuze ifektri nosimende ezomile Ihlangana eyamukelekayo umswakama okuqukethwe 0.1% ngesisindo.

Ngokuphathelene peelability kanye kwabantu naphakathi, lahlobene indices kungenzeka enembile ngaphakathi 10%, hhayi ngaphezulu. Uma ingxube nosimende ingezwe izithasiselo emoyeni-entraining, isihlobo isilinganiso ukuminyana izinga lehla 6% okwenza lo msebenzi esibekiwe.

Amazinga Quality amakhambi

I kwabantu Ngokwesilinganiso, ukumelana frost, amandla compressive - izinga izinkomba eziyisisekelo izixazululo. Ngakho, kukhona brand eziningana ukuthi unqume ngamandla kokucindezelwa Axial: M4, i-M10, M25, i-M50, i-M75, M100, M150, M200.

F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100 - uphawu esibonisa isixazululo inkomba frost okuyinto wazibeka yanjalo zeqhwa - defrosting. inkomba Frost enye libaluleke for ukhonkolo, amatshe aqinile, usimende, esimweni olukhonkiwe yangaphandle. Zonke izixazululo brand tiyacaphelwa.

Ubuningi izigqulo (GOST 28013) ihlukaniswe ngeziphambeko ezinkulu nezincane nokukhiqiza ekuphambukeni ekusebenzeni ayikwazi ukuba ngaphezulu kuka-10% iphrojekthi ecacisiwe. Okunzima kakhulu kubhekwa the mix ukhonkolo. Isetshenziselwa lapho ebeka izisekelo, ukwakhiwa elisezansi. Ayanda ukuminyana, namandla, isixazululo firmer.

Quality Amazinga izinto kufakwe izixazululo

Njengoba Izinto ezazisetshenziswa ukulungiswa izixazululo, isicelo usimende, umcako, Gypsum isihlabathi eluhlaza, kuhlanganise namandla ezishisayo kusukela slags, ngokufutha komoya esithandweni slag. Zonke lezi zingxenye, kanye amanzi ezigqulweni, kumelwe ahlangabezane nezimfuneko ezithile ezifana idatha GOST 28013 namazinga izinga esebenza ingxenye ngayinye.

yamathebhu

Ukuze nosimende ngamunye kuncike ukusetshenziswa okuhloswe kudinga yamathebhu ezithile nomswakama edingekayo. Ngakho, kufanelekile kokuqeda nosimende isihlabathi nokusanhlamvu usayizi kuze kube 1.25 mm, Emhlabathini - 2.5 mm, abaluphahleka isihlabathi okusanhlamvu bengase bazikhandlele 1-2 mm, saqeda abaluphahleka ungqimba - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-1.25 mm (kungenzeka ukuphambuka 0.5% ngesisindo, kodwa ikhambi akufanele ibe ngaphezulu kuka-2.5 mm isihlabathi okusanhlamvu). Uma isihlabathi isetshenziswa ne umlotha, isisindo akufanele kube ice, izigaxa eqandisiwe. Ngo isimo ashisayo lokushisa isakhiwo isihlabathi singadluli 60 ° C. nosimende Esilula ehilela ukuxuba yokuhlanganisa nge isihlabathi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe (shungite, vermiculite, ubumba zandiswa Perlite, slag ilula, aglonirit, fly umlotha nabanye). Okuhlobisa mytyh izixazululo wenza kusuka asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi, imvuthu idwala nokusanhlamvu usayizi kuze kufinyelele 2.5 mm (egwadle, imifekethiso, ngobumba, carbon, plastic). Umbala abaluphahleka mbumbulu kuhilela ukusetshenziswa 2-5 mm egwadle, ingilazi, ngobumba, amalahle, oluthambile, imvuthuluka plastic. Coloured usimende-nosimende abaluphahleka Kwenziwa ngokungeza nokubunjwa ezinemibala usimende isixazululo, zombala zemvelo noma zokwenziwa kumigomo efanele.

amakhemikhali izithasiselo

Ulungiselela nosimende ngokuvamile kuhilela ngokungeza ekuqambeni izingoma zabo ezahlukene sithuthuka lomkhiqizo amakhemikhali izithasiselo esikuvimbela delamination, laba kanjani nesandla ukuhamba okukhulu, amandla, ngcono ukumelana frost ingxube. Lokhu okuthiwa Superplasticizing, plasticizers, stabilizers amanzi emvula emoyeni-entraining, kuyashesha ukuqina, retarding, emelana nokubanda enhlanzini yasezindaweni, gaskets, gidrofobiliziruyuschie, amagciwane, uthule izinhlelo. I last amane ukusetshenziswa ezimweni ezikhethekile.

Lemali edingekayo izithasiselo chemical kunqunywa amaqoqwana egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Ikhishwa ngokuhambisana namazinga, abazi zibangele ukubhujiswa izinto, imiphumela ezonakalisayo phezu izakhiwo eziqhutshwa nezakhiwo. Oluthathwa by uhlobo, ukwenza, zonke zibe nganekwane, kanye namagama ejwayelekile futhi Ukucaciswa. Ngakho, ukuqina kuyashesha izithasiselo zihlanganisa sodium sulfate (CH GOST 6318, TU 38-10742) ukuze emelana nokubanda enhlanzini yasezindaweni - urea (carbamide) (M GOST 2081) encwadini yakhe ethi The egcina amanzi - cellulose carboxymethyl (CMC TU 6-05-386) . Uhla oluphelele lolwazi izithasiselo elicacisiwe isithasiselo 28013. Standard usimende nosimende ekhiqizwa ne ukwengeza organic (mikropenoobrazovateli) kanye wezinto ezingaphili (Clays, umcako, usimende kuhhonela uthuli, fly umlotha, njll) plasticizers.

isilawuli Technical izinga

Enterprise ekhiqiza esigqulweni, impoqo control lobuchwepheshe wenziwa tekukhipha yezingxenye edingekayo kanye nokulungiselela kahle nodaka. Control Kwenziwa kanye shift ngalinye. ingxube nosimende sokuqanjwa babebhala shift ngalinye, kuyakuba amaqembu. Esikhathini ukulawula amasampula ithunyelwa laboratory (ekhethiwe ngokuvumelana GOST 5802) ukunquma zonke izici lobuchwepheshe.

Uma abathengi banikwa ngaphandle kwalawo e-IEC 28013 nokusebenza, izinga kwemikhiqizo odinga ukuphathwa ngokwesivumelwano phakathi nomkhiqizi kanye umthengi.

ezigqulweni Test olwenziwa kwizimo zamalabhorekthi ngumkhiqizi, lapho umthengi angacela amasampula ukulawula nasekwenzeni nodaka. ukuxuba nosimende ikhishwe by volume, nosimende ezomile - isisindo.

Ngokuphathelene izici ikhono nosimende ukuze delamination namanzi kugcinwe, futsi isixazululo - yisithwathwa, it is bangenile ukukhethwa noma ushintsho lokuqamba noma izici yezingxenye isixazululo. imikhiqizo ephakeme kukhonjelwa ekubuyekezweni njalo ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Uma kwenzeka sokungalandeli umthetho amasheke azobonisa endinganisweni wamanje, yonke eziningi sinqatshelwe.

Yini okufanele eziqukethwe imibhalo izimpahla?

Imibhalo ukuthi ukukhonza njengobufakazi bokuthi izinga imikhiqizo kanye ummeleli ogunyaziwe we umenzi nesibopho sokuphatha lobuchwepheshe, ulwazi olulandelayo kufanele lelipelwe:

- igama nekheli umenzi, usuku oluqondile kanye nesikhathi sokulungiselela ingxube;

- umkhiqizo we isixazululo;

- uhlobo yokuhlanganisa;

- inani izimpahla ukuhamba;

- igama kanye nenani izithasiselo chemical;

- kutjhiwo ejwayelekile, ukuthi isiqinisekiso ukuhambisana umkhiqizo idatha ngomumo-kuya-sidle lobuchwepheshe.

Uma esetshenziswa lokubolekwa ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, eminye oluyonqunywa ukuminyana isilinganiso esimweni ezomile. Ukuze ingxube dry kuhlangana ebekiwe lemali, ukuze ingxube usezuze ukuhamba oyifunayo. Futhi imibhalo kufanele icinisekise ukuphila eshalofini ingxube esimweni ezomile, okuyinto eyenza ibalwa kusukela ngosuku ukulungiselela ngaphambi kokuphela kwezinyanga eziyisithupha.

Ethutha Izingxube nosimende

Lapho ethutha nosimende kubalulekile ukugwema ukulahlekelwa ubisi usimende. ezokuthutha izimpahla OKUVUMELEKILE ngomgwaqo, kanye amabhakede (hoppers) imishini futhi amapulatifomu kajantshi. Kulokhu izinga lokushisa kufanele ihlolwe nosimende ithuthwe, okuyinto omiswe ngibhapathiza thermometer lwezobuchwepheshe 5 cm ukujula.

I ezomile nosimende Izingxube kuthiwa uyiswa usimende iloli, isitsha noma Oluphakhejiwe ukuba 40 kg (evala iphepha)-8 kg (plastic nokupakisha). Esikhathini iphepha ethutha izikhwama eyenziwa on Pallets ngokhuni, e polyethylene - by emakhiyubhi izikhwama nenye izigubhu efanelekayo. Isitolo ingxube izikhwama uvunyelwe ezingeni lokushisa 5 ° C egumbini avaliwe ezomile. Ngemva ethutha ingxube nosimende kukhishelwa endlini mixer noma ezinye izikebhe.

Ukusetshenziswa ezigqulweni

Ububanzi izigqulo ezihlukahlukene. Concretes Ukwakhiwa kanye izigqulo ngoba usimende isibopho njengendlela material kwesakhiwo ezidume kakhulu kuleli yangasese kanye embonini yezokwakha ekwakhiweni okuqinile yenethiwekhi lezisekelo, enezingqimba, ikhangele, izakhiwo enalokho kuthambekela, ezakhiwe, ukugqagqana, lapho overhauling, ukulungisa, kabusha nokubuyisela .

Kukholakala ukuthi ukwakhiwa itshe ageleze izigqulo ifinyelela ingxenye yesine ka umthamo isamba isakhiwo. Abaningi phakathi kwethu owake uthenge lime, Gypsum, izigqulo elixutshiwe abaluphahleka izindonga emafulethini noma emakhaya (okuthiwa izingoma kokuqeda). Futhi, babecela othile ukuba bathenge amatshe aqinile izixazululo inhlangano umsebenzi, ambozwe, itshe wokwakha, refractory. Manje ungathola emakethe ukwakhiwa nosimende (GOST 28013), ifa aphakeme ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo, ukumuncwa umsindo, ukushisa kanye ukumelana umlilo.