Izhevsk isithuthuthu ifektri: imikhiqizo, izithombe, oxhumana nabo

Usuku isithuthuthu lokuzalwa - 29 Agasti. Ngalolusuku ngo-1885 unjiniyela German futhi ohlakaniphile, Gottlieb Daymer, uye ihlolwe wakhe wokusungula yenjini likaphethiloli. Umklamo, okuyinto ifakiwe injini prototype kuyinto ezimbili ezinamasondo futhi zayiswa behamba. Ngakho yasungulwa ngesithuthuthu.

ERussia, inkathi izithuthuthu waqala kamuva. Izhevsk isithuthuthu ifektri bekulokhu umholi umkhakha yayo. Legendary onobuhle izithuthuthu kanye zingatholakala kuwo wonke umuzi kanye emzaneni yezwe. uhla enkulu, ikhono ukulungisa ngokoqobo "phezu kwedolo" akunoma yiluphi igalaji, ukusebenza high, eziphansi - abalandeli izithuthuthu brand IZ kungase nostalgically uhlu izinzuzo futhi uthole izizathu omusha ukuvuselelwa ukukhiqizwa.

Isampula lokuqala

Imizamo ukwakha isithuthuthu ngokwezifiso eRussia okwaqala ngaphambi inguquko, eminyakeni 1913-14. Bahlele ukuyisa ukuqoqa ukukhanya okuvela imodeli Swiss izingxenye ngesisekelo "Dux" kwemboni (eMoscow). It Uhlela ukubhubhisa kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi ngemva 1917. Umzamo esilandelayo, baphumelela kakhudlwana, senziwe 1924 ngaphansi kokulawula Design Bureau PN Lviv. Onjiniyela bakwazi ukuklama futhi ukukhiqiza ngo-1925 imodeli isithuthuthu engasindi, awubiza ngokuthi "Union."

Wawunodonga lesichubekako, ngesikhathi umklamo, inzuzo enkulu of okuhlinza Lokufuduka 500 cubic metres yasentwasahlobo ukumiswa leli sondo labaqaphi elingemuva. ekukhiqizweni asilandelwanga, sibonelo isidlulile kuvivinywa futhi kulokhu iphelile, ngoba iphrofayili "Dux" kushintshiwe isitshalo. Ukuklama futhi uqalise ukukhiqizwa izithuthuthu brand ezifuywayo kuphumelele ngo-1928. Isisekelo ukufakwa amandla baba Izhstalzavod. Thina bahlakulele isithuthuthu lokuqala e-Ofisini acatshangelwe ngokukhethekile isithuthuthu, kubona kukhona nonjiniyela omkhulu kanye nenhloko owawungumnyaka umklami edume uPetru Mozharov.

Thoma emihlanu phezulu

P. Mozharov wayemthanda izithuthuthu kanye Izhevsk bomdabu wathutha e swatch izithuthuthu German. Akhe submission kuze Izhstalzavode workshop wavulwa, futhi ngonyaka owodwa vó idaliwe 5 Isivivinyo izithuthuthu IL. Bonke baye ihlolwe ngalungiselela run olubaluleke Zonke-Union. Eyokuqala isithuthuthu Soviet IL-1 wabona ngo-September 17 ngo-1929, kuhlaziywe amakhilogremu angu-300. Khombisa izici thokozani futhi we izithuthuthu lokuqala:

• IL-1 kanye IL-2. It yadalwa sidlule imigwaqo nzima yasemaphandleni. Esikhathini imishini - okusemgqeni injini ne amasilinda ezimbili, Uhlaka lwensimbi, enokwethenjelwa, manual transmission ngesivinini izingxenye olubunjiwe wadala odnobrusnaya Uhlaka yangaphandle, a plus elikhulu kwakuwukukhanya egqamile futhi anezinye ezintsha. IL-2 imodeli - a yesimanje IL-1. Kodwa ekupheleni isithuthuthu lokuqala kwaba elinye inzuzo, kubalulekile ezweni lapho ezokuthutha yangasese kwaba yinkinga. On IL-1 akahambe abagibeli abane, ababili abebehamba ngesithuthuthu kanye ezimbili stroller.
• IL-3. Inzuzo enkulu yale imodeli kwaba "Umzuli" brand injini kabani crankshaft kuyinto transversely. -Drive motion ezingemuva isondo (chain) wafakwa ebiyelwe uphawu egcwele uwoyela.
• IL-4. Lase sikuhlomele nge injini ezimbili-unhlangothi nge isilinda uphawu olulodwa "ekunqandeni" lamasondo angemuva baqhutshwa kushaft. Le modeli kwaba elula ku emihlanu phezulu.
• IL-5, noma "Ukwakheka." Umklamo esetshenziswa isithuthuthu amayunithi uphawu "Neander" wayiqhubekisa ngaphambili ekuphambukeni, uzimele-prototype lashintsha.

Kuhlolwa ithrekhi

Ukuziletha senzeka isithuthuthu Motocross Union ngo-1929. Umncintiswano owawuse okwesibili emlandweni walo. IL izithuthuthu unqobe ngempumelelo ithrekhi 3300 amakhilomitha, futhi sakwazi ukuhamba ngemoto usuka Izhevsk eMoscow. Ukulandela imiphumela mncintiswano, imodeli IL-4 Kuye kwanconywa e ekukhiqizweni. Kodwa, "Izhstalzavod" ngenxa umsebenzi ayikwazanga ukuqala ukukhiqizwa serial. Mozharov ndawonye neqembu Abaklami wathutha yiLeningrad, lapho eqala umsebenzi ukwakhiwa ukukhanya ngesithuthuthu brand L-300.

Eyandulela impi ukukhiqizwa serial

Kuze namathathu banesifo esibi zokukhiqiza isithuthuthu mass eU.SSR kwakungeyona, kodwa umbuzo ithebhu Inkampani kubhekwe. Ukuze izithuthuthu serial ukukhiqizwa Bekulindeleke izitshalo inhlangano hhayi kuphela nefektri lapho ekhiqizwa zonke izingxenye, amathuluzi, lapho kukhona ikhono abasebenzi ukuze bakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga kuwo wonke amazinga. Uthe lesi sinqumo senziwa esivuna Izhevsk, lapho isibhamu ifektri Berezina, wabe waba isisekelo sezinguqulo inkampani entsha sasikhona. Izhevsk isithuthuthu ifektri ekuqaleni ngokuthi abanolwazi isithuthuthu izimboni.

Ekuqaleni kuhlelwe ukukhulula "NATI - A-750" (inguqulo esindayo). ukusebenza kwalo sasitholakala injini V emise ne amasilinda ezimbili, injini 747 cubes TDP kwaba 15 hp Labo babusi abane amasampula yokuqala yale imodeli zavezwa for the holiday May Day 1933. Ngo parallel esindayo isithuthuthu imodeli ekhiqizwa amasampula eziningana wamaphaphu IL-7. Ngenxa yalokho, serial ukukhiqizwa isithuthuthu wavunyelwa imodeli lula, kodwa nezinguquko eziphawulekayo ukuthi bayadingeka wokulwela "ukunciphisa zomsebenzi." I version yokugcina model of IL-7 ilahlekelwa amabhodi ibhuthi, amehlo ukulawula mpintsha itsetfwe a cuff rotatable ezenziwe lula nabanye.

Ngo-1933, Izhevsk isithuthuthu ifektri ekhiqizwa izimoto 111. Amanani yokukhululwa zandile ngesikhathi esifanayo zazingumsebenzi umklamo bureau, lapho onobuhle ezintsha kuye kwakhiwa futhi olwesimanje akhona vele. Ngo-1938, kwaqala ukukhiqizwa isithuthuthu IL-8 injini nge 300 cubic metres. imishini Power lande laba ngu-8 amahhashi.

Ngo-1940, Izhevsk ukukhiqizwa isithuthuthu isitshalo waqala ukukhiqizwa imodeli IL-9. Umthamo ezisebenza umshini kwaba kakade 9 amahhashi. Ngo parallel, kwaqala umsebenzi ukuqaliswa kwe-imodeli IL-12, wanikeza inkulumo eyayisekelwe ku model of the A-8, akhiwa Leningrad Design Bureau. Bahlele ukuqala ekukhiqizweni ngo-1941, kodwa kwaba nempi.

I post-yimpi ukuphumelela

Phakathi ubutha Izhevsk isithuthuthu imboni iye igxile endabeni izibhamu kanye izingalo ezincane. Ukuvuselelwa Kwama isithuthuthu waqala cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva kokunqoba ngo-1946. Ngokomthetho ku yokulungisa umonakalo kusuka e-Germany zilethwe Izhevsk imidwebo imishini izimboni isiJalimane, okwakunginika yisisusa esinamandla ekuthuthukiseni. I ibhizinisi idale ehhovisi esisha, futhi waqala Amalungiselelo ukukhiqizwa model entsha isithuthuthu IL-350, esekelwe design sabekwa isampula German le DKW 350.

I sibonelo embonini German yaguqulwa izimfuno kweSoviet futhi amathuba co-productions. Ukubuthanela isithuthuthu IL kuqalile i-izingalo endaweni yokukhanda. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke lo Izhevsk isithuthuthu ifektri eSoviet Union kwaba umholi ukukhiqizwa izithuthuthu.

Okungabizi futhi izinga

Kuze kube sekupheleni 60s, ukuze wandise ivolumu zokukhiqiza, ukugcizelela main wabekwa ukuklanywa ukukhiqizwa imishini ezemidlalo onobuhle, yabeka Izhevsk isithuthuthu endaweni yokukhanda. Imikhiqizo, okuyinto bephumile elihambayo, ubekade ukudleka kokubili emakethe yasekhaya futhi phesheya. Ngo-1946, inkampani ithuthukiswe le post-yimpi imodeli wokuqala isithuthuthu. Olwesimanje yisikhathi isampula elahlekile parallelogram ekuphambukeni, wayeklanyelwe esikhundleni telescopic. amandla Engine lakhuphuka lafika ku-14 hp, ke uye washintsha abalulekile ekumisweni. Design Its entsha wanika nesifo sohlangothi esingesibi kakhulu futhi amortization ngesikhathi ezinyakazayo.

Ngesikhathi le zamashumi amahlanu saya ku ukukhiqizwa ezine onobuhle ezintsha isithuthuthu. Eyokuqala ochungechungeni wadedelwa IL-49 ngesithuthuthu. Imodeli kwaba ifakwe injini olulodwa cylinder nge ezimbili Ukupholisa uhlelo futhi ukukhipha, ithuthukiswe ukumiswa kwaleli sondo misa, ekuphambukeni telescopic. Speed Transmission kwadingeka izikhundla ezintathu. I ibhayisikili wayephelele abanqobayo off-road emaphandleni. Nazo zakhululwa IL-50, 54 no 55. Amandla izithuthuthu wasukuma ukuze 18-19 amahhashi.

Isikhathi izimbali yokujama tsi

Kusukela 1966, saqala ukukhiqiza onobuhle ezintsha emabhayisikili umgwaqo phezu Izhevsk Motor Plant. Ngaphezu izici ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, amagama amasha manje baba edume :. "IZH Planet" futhi "IZ Jupiter" Motorcycle "IZH Planet" yakhishwa ngesisekelo amamodeli we IL-56. Ukuze umndeni entsha isithuthuthu fuel ithangi iye kabusha, ukushintshwa esihlalweni design, the enezinto (phambili, ngemuva), i-okokunciphisa umsindo.

"IL-Jupiter" futhi sidalwe esekelwe IL-56 ngesithuthuthu. Ukuze uchungechunge entsha lwakhiwe injini entsha ngokuphelele-cylinder amabili, izinhlu ezimbili-unhlangothi nge ezimbili afuthwe ngomoya Ukupholisa uhlelo. Ingxube ukusebenza yalungiswa ku carburetor yenjini, ibangelwa i inhlansi kagesi e uMbhalo. Kwathiwa wenza enye inombolo enkulu emisha.

Kusukela ngo-1971 1975 zazivela ibhizinisi elihambayo izithuthuthu umgwaqo onobuhle 'IZH Planeta-3 "," i-Jupiter IL-3 "," IZH Planeta Ezemidlalo "," IZ Jupiter 3k. " Kuleli qophelo, imishini ukukhiqizwa bekulokhu ezingeni eliphezulu futhi amakhono ibhizinisi zanda kakhulu. Ehhovisi design abasebenza onobuhle ezintsha, ukuthuthuka kwezindlela zendabuko "izhey" iphutha ngokushesha, kuthinta isipiliyoni kanye amakhono embonini enkulu. Abanye onobuhle izithuthuthu waklonyeliswa uphawu izinga kuka uyaziqhenya Izhevsk isithuthuthu endaweni yokukhanda. izingxenye ezisele for wonke amamodeli we imishini ezazikhona kuyo yonke indawo ezweni lonke.

Motorcycle "IZH Jupiter" has onobuhle ezinhlanu nge amasethi ezahlukene izimfanelo, inombolo enkulu zokuguqulwa ithole isithuthuthu "IZH Jupiter - 5", kwakukhona amagama 22. "IZH Planeta" imodeli kwadingeka ezinhlanu ongakhetha, imodeli ethandwa kakhulu kwaba isithuthuthu "IZH Planeta Ezemidlalo".

Kuze kowezi-2000,

Ngu 80s ekuseni inkampani wasungula entsha ezenzakalelayo kakhulu ukukhiqizwa luhlobo. Kulinganiselwa ukukhululwa umthamo kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe amathani ayinkulungwane 450. Izithuthuthu ngonyaka. Phakathi 1981-82. Lesi sitshalo ukhiqiza izithuthuthu onobuhle 'IZH Jupiter - 4 "futhi" IL Planet -4 ". Ngo-1985, ukukhiqizwa waqala ngazo emthandazweni 'IZH Jupiter - 5 ", futhi ngo-1987 wanyathelisa isithuthuthu" IZH Planet - 5 ". Ngenxa yalesi imodeli yasungulwa kabusha ukubukeka injini nomthamo 22 l e. a. Ngokushesha ukubukeka yesimanje yaba phezu kwayo yonke izithuthuthu ekhiqizwa IL.

Kuze 90 zokuqala Design Bureau yakhelwe ukuthuthukiswa imodeli isithuthuthu omusha osekelwe walala injini Japanese HT-550. Nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "i-Orion", "Marathon", "umsubathi" onobuhle isici izici ezithuthukile lobuchwepheshe, nomklamo stylish futhi wathembisa amathemba enkulu e ekwenziweni kwamaphrojekthi.

Kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-1996 ngesikhathi Izhevsk ifektri izithuthuthu ukwenza ukuthuthukiswa eyingqayizivele - IZ wezimpahla module 9,604 futhi ohlangothini GH IL-trailer 9,204. amamojulu ayehloselwe ukufakwa yimuphi imodeli of ngesithuthuthu "Jupiter" futhi "Planet". Ukusetha module wezimpahla edingekayo ukususa isondo langemuva isithuthuthu futhi evikelekile isitoreji egumbini ngaleyo ndlela etholwe amathathu wezimpahla uya khona.

Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu (1995-1998 GG.) Ngaphezu ifektri athuthukile izinjini ezintsha futhi self-priming futha centrifugal. Ngo-1997 ibhayisikili lwenzelwe ukuthuthwa nemililo imishini IL 6,92001 futhi imodeli wezimpahla IZ 6,920 GR. Ngonyaka ka-2000 inkampani yamemezela ukuthuthukiswa isithuthuthu isakhiwo esisha e isitayela chopper (IZH 6.113-05), isihloko kuyasebenza - "Junker".

izinguquko

Engakabi yayo, Izhevsk Motor Ngaphezu ukukhululwa izithuthuthu obandakanyekile ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo wezempi, futhi kuze 1988 ekusithekeni wayelele ibhizinisi. Hunting ngezibhamu ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi Izhevsk isithuthuthu kwemboni, eyaziwa njengoba 1948, baye esungulwe ekukhiqizweni ngemva kokuphela kwempi. Lokuhlela Kabusha kakhulu kuthonywa iphrofayli zokukhiqiza, inkampani iqanjwe kabusha ngo-1992 ibe inkampani isitokwe ngokuhlanganyela "Axion".

ifektri IZhmoto, wahlanganyela zokukhiqiza izithuthuthu waya yimali ngo-2008 futhi lalimisa mothballed unomphela. Muva nje, abezindaba kwaqala ukuvela mayelana ukushicilelwa osomabhizinisi Chinese avuselele inzalo Izhevsk isithuthuthu endaweni yokukhanda. ukuthuthukiswa Photo, abazuzanga ikhiqizwe ngokugcwele, imodeli komlando izimoto zokuqala, futhi namuhla kwenza indaba ibhaleke omkhulu.

ngethemba

Namuhla, esitolo, lapho ngaphambilini eyakhishwa izithuthuthu, awunalutho. Ngokusho abantu bakwazi ukubuka base ukukhiqizwa inkampani uye wahlala endaweni ebiyelwe, lapho kwake kwaba Izhevsk isithuthuthu endaweni yokukhanda. Othintana nabo: Udmurdskaya Republic, Izhevsk, ul. Telegin, Isakhiwo 30.

Ngokolwazi olusemthethweni, Ltd. Izhevsk isithuthuthu kwemboni (Izhevsk) wahlanganyela emsebenzini wokukhiqiza izithuthuthu, mopeds, ukungcola emabhayisikili strollers. Ngo-2014 kwafika kushicilelwe kungenzeka ukuphindukuzalwa IL izithuthuthu. Le phrojekthi unesithakazelo China, sekube yeziphakamiso China azolibeka Udmurtia ukukhiqizwa siqu izithuthuthu wafike wakhuluma lokuveza isithuthuthu IL-7 ochungechungeni, kodwa indlela izinto namuhla, akwaziwa.