Izakhiwo kanye nezimiso zakwa igesi, liquid ukudla okuqinile

Zonke ndaba ze-non-eziphilayo kwakhiwa izinhlayiya oziphatha ingehluka. Sakhiwo gaseous, liquid ukudla okuqinile has izici zayo siqu. I izinhlayiya e ukudla okuqinile aphethwe ndawonye, ngoba zitholakala eduze kakhulu komunye nomunye, okubenza babe okuhlala kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakwazi ukugcina isimo esithile, njengoba izinhlayiya zazo ezincane cishe musa ukuthutha, futhi dlidliza kuphela. La ma-molecule e uketshezi basondelene kakhulu komunye nomunye, kodwa bayakwazi ukuhambahamba, ngakho ukuma bebodwa, abanayo. I izinhlayiya wamagesi ukuhambisa ngokushesha okukhulu nxazonke zabo, njengoba umthetho, okuningi isikhala, okusho ekubambeleleni kwawo kube lula.

Izakhiwo kanye neSakhiwo kwezinto eziqinile

Uyini netimphawu isakhiwo kwezinto eziqinile? Zakhiwa izinhlayiya okuyinto basondelene kakhulu nomunye. Abakwazi ukuthutha, ngakho isimo sabo iqinile. Yiziphi izindawo okuqinile? Akukona shwabanisa, kepha uma kuyindodakazi, evuthayo, umthamo yayo kuzokhulisa nge okwandisa izinga lokushisa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlayiya uqale dlidliza bese ukuhambisa, okuholela ukwehla kwabantu.

Esinye sezici kwezinto eziqinile ukuthi banayo umumo esinqunyiwe. Lapho okuqinile uyabaselwa, the velocity isilinganiso ezinyakazayo izinhlayiya kwandisa. izinhlayiya Ngokushesha ezihambayo nqwamana ngaphezulu ngamandla, okubangela kuyizinhlayiyana ngayinye ukusunduza omakhelwane babo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda lokushisa ngokuvamile ibangela i-amandla ephakeme zomzimba.

Crystal isakhiwo kwezinto eziqinile

amandla aphakathi phakathi molecule eduze kwe-eqinile okuqinile ngokwanele ukuba azigcine esimweni wokudayela. Uma lezi ezinhlayiyeni ezincane kukhona emhlanganweni ngaphambilini kakhulu, lezi zakhiwo zibizwa ngokuthi crystalline. Izinkinga ukuhleleka kuka yangaphakathi izinhlayiya (ama-athomu, ion, amangqamuzana omoya) timphawu noma kwakwakhe ukwenza isayensi ekhethekile - crystallography.

Isakhiwo amakhemikhali umzimba oqinile futhi abe nesithakazelo esikhethekile. Ngokutadisha ukuziphatha izinhlayiya, ukuthi kusebenza kanjani, osokhemisi bangachazela nokubikezela indlela izinto ezithile ngeke baziphathe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. ezinhlayiyeni ezincane komzimba okuqinile ahlelwe ngehele. Lokhu okuthiwa ilungiselelo njalo izinhlayiya, lapho ukubaluleka okukhulu udlalwa ngezibopho yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene phakathi kwawo.

Band theory isakhiwo ngendlela elukhuni umzimba sicabanga esiqinile njengenhlangano aggregate-athomu, ngamunye nakho siqukethe nucleus futhi ama-electron. Isakhiwo crystalline ka-nucleus ye-athomu ku ngehele ifindo, esibonakala by imvamisa ezithile ngekwendzawo.

Uyini isakhiwo uketshezi?

Ukwakheka kwezinto eziqinile futhi uketshezi akufane ukuthi izinhlayiya zazo zenziwe kukhona kude eduze. Umehluko wukuthi molecule okokusebenza ketshezi sebehamba ngokukhululeka besuka ezweni, njengoba amandla Luhambo phakathi kwawo mancane kakhulu kunezinye ukudla okuqinile.

Khona-ke, izakhiwo ketshezi? Okokuqala, lokhu fluidity, okwesibili, isitsha ketshezi kuzothatha ifomu lapho ibekwe. Uma uyabaselwa, ivolumu kuyokhula. Ngenxa budebuduze naleli izinhlayiyana ukuze kolunye uketshezi ngamunye ayikwazi onomfutho.

Kuyini isakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo emizimbeni gaseous?

I izinhlayiya igesi ahlelwe nomaphi, zingabantu ziqhelelene kakhulu kangangokuba phakathi kwabo akukwazi amandla ezikhangayo. Yini izakhiwo igesi nemizimba gaseous yini isakhiwo? Ngokuvamile, igesi efanayo igcwalisa esikhaleni lonke lapho yafakwa. It is onomfutho kalula. Izinga izinhlayiya gaseous ukwanda umzimba nge okwandisa izinga lokushisa. Ngakho kukhona ukwanda ingcindezi.

Sakhiwo gaseous, liquid ukudla okuqinile libhekene amabanga ehlukene phakathi izinhlayiya ngomzuzu yalezi izinto. I izinhlayiya igesi are de kakhulu ngaphandle kuka esimweni okuqinile noma uketshezi. Ngo emoyeni, isibonelo, ibanga isilinganiso phakathi izinhlayiya cishe izikhathi eziyishumi ububanzi kuyizinhlayiyana ngayinye. Ngakho, inani molecule kuthatha cishe 0.1% kuphela ingqikithi. Labo abasele abanga-99,9% isikhala esingenalutho. Ngokuphambene izinhlayiya uketshezi ugcwalise-70% umthamo isamba ketshezi.

kuyizinhlayiyana ngayinye igesi ehamba ngokukhululeka njengoba behamba endleleni rectilinear lize akusho nqwamana nomunye kuyizinhlayiyana (igesi, okuluketshezi noma okuqinile). I izinhlayiya ngokuvamile ukuhambisa fast ngokwanele, futhi ngemva bobabili kungqubuzana, bona bounce off nomunye siqhubeke nohambo abo bodwa. Lezi ukushayisana ziyashintsha isiqondiso nesivinini. Lezi izindawo uvumele igesi izinhlayiya amagesi ukwandisa ukugcwalisa yanoma iluphi ivolumu.

ushintsho isimo

Sakhiwo gaseous, liquid ukudla okuqinile zingahluka uma ithonya ethize zangaphandle bafakela kubo. Kungenzeka ukuthi liyaya ngisho ku isimo nomunye ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, isibonelo ngesikhathi amalahle noma ukupholisa.

• Ukuqeda. Ngaphansi kwethonya okushisa aphezulu kakhulu isakhiwo ihlelwe ehlala, futhi okuqinile iba ketshezi. I izinhlayiya Namanje eseduze nomunye, kodwa kukhona isikhala esithe xaxa phakathi kwazo. Ngakho, lapho Udambisa okuqinile, ngokuvamile inwebeka ugcwalise ivolumu kancane emikhulu. Lokhu ukuhamba ngenkululeko ivumela, isibonelo, ukunikeza uhlobo oluthile metal ketshezi.

• Ukuhwamuka. Ukwakheka nezakhiwo emizimbeni ketshezi ubavumele ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukuba athuthele isimo ehluke ngokuphelele ngokomzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, ngephutha wachitheka uphethiloli at imoto gas esiteshini, ungaziqhenya iphunga layo abukhali pretty masinyane. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? I izinhlayiya siyadlula uketshezi, kuphumele ingxenye ethile kubo ifinyelela ebusweni. Isiqondiso sabo ungenza la mangqamuzana ngaphandle kwamanzi esikhaleni ngenhla ketshezi, kodwa Luhambo uyodonsela ngibabone. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kuyizinhlayiyana ihamba ngokushesha kakhulu, kungase kunciphise kude nezinye buqamama ehloniphekile. Ngakho, ngokwandisa velocity we izinhlayiya, okuyinto eyenzeka ngokuvamile Ukushisa, inqubo ukuhwamuka kwenzeka, isb ukuguqulwa okusamanzi ngesisi.

Ukuziphatha zemizimba ezifundeni ezehlukene ngokomzimba

Isakhiwo amagesi, uketshezi, ukudla okuqinile ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinto ezinama-athomu, amangqamuzana omoya noma ion, kodwa ukuziphatha elandayo lalezi zinhlobo zingase zihluke kakhulu. I izinhlayiya igesi ngendlela kunezinxushunxushu esilinganayo komunye nomunye, amangqamuzana liquid eduze komunye nomunye, kodwa hhayi isandla olwakhiwe njengoba okuqinile. I izinhlayiya egesi sikazibuthe futhi ezihamba ngesivinini. Kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana molecule idlidliza ketshezi, ukuhambisa bese uslayida esidlule nomunye. izinhlayiya esiqinile umzimba ungakwazi futhi dlidliza, kodwa ukunyakaza njengoba enjalo, akuyona eyinqaba kubo.

Izici Ezihilelekile Kule Sakhiwo sangekhatsi

Ukuze uzwisise ukuziphatha ndaba, kumelwe siqale sihlole izici isakhiwo layo langaphakathi. Yiziphi umehluko yangaphakathi phakathi egwadle, amafutha omnqumo ne-helium e ibhaluni? A imodeli okulula isakhiwo kuzosiza ukuthola impendulo yalo mbuzo.

Imodeli inguqulo lula into yangempela noma izidakamizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi iqala ukwakha oqondile, abaklami wokuqala yakhelwe kangaka umsebenzi wokwakha imodeli. Le modeli lula akubalwa ukuzenzela incazelo enembile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunganikeza umbono olunzima lokho ngeke abonise eyodwa noma esinye isakhiwo.

onobuhle lula

Ngo isayensi, Nokho, amamodeli musa njalo ukukhonza lapho umzimba ufa. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule lapho kwaba nokwanda okuphawulekayo ekuqondeni womuntu zezwe ngokomzimba. Nokho, okuningi wolwazi zanqwabelana nesipiliyoni kusekelwe imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, efana zezibalo, amakhemikhali kanye namafomula ngokomzimba. Ukuze uqonde konke lokhu, udinga ukuba ngokwanele lusekelwe kahle kulezi isayensi eqondile futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ososayensi baye basungula imodeli lula ukucabanga, ukuchaza kanye ukubikezela izenzakalo ngokomzimba. Konke lokhu kube lula ngokubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ezinye izidumbu abe ukuma njalo nevolumu ezingeni lokushisa ethile, futhi abanye kungashintshwa nokunye.

Zonke ndaba sakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane. Lezi zinhlayiya ziyahamba njalo. Umthamo womgwaqo elihlobene ne lokushisa. lokushisa Ukwandiswa kubonisa ukwanda ngejubane. Sakhiwo gaseous, liquid ukudla okuqinile kuyahluka ukuhamba ngenkululeko we izinhlayiya, kanye nendlela eduze izinhlayiya bakhangane. Physical izakhiwo ketshezi incike esimweni saso ngokomzimba. Umhwamuko, namanzi futhi ice unezimiso nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali kodwa izakhiwo zabo ezingokwenyama zihluke ngokuphelele.