Iyini i-humus? Iyini i-humus yenhlabathi: ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zomanyolo

Abantu abaningi babhekene nalomqondo, kodwa kude nomuntu wonke uyazi ukuthi i-humus iyini. Ehunyushwe ngolimi lwesiLatini, "humus" lisho "umhlaba", "inhlabathi" futhi yiyona into esemqoka equkethe izakhi ezidingekayo ezitshalweni.

Izinto ze-humus zibhekisela eqenjini elikhethekile lamakhemikhali amakhemikhali okuhambisana nesembozo somhlabathi, okungukuthi, aqondile kuphela enhlabathini. Ngokuqinisekile, iyini i-humus, manje yacaca, kodwa kusukela ekubunjweni? Kusukela ekutheni izitshalo, izilwane kanye namagciwane amakhulu ngenxa yokuxhumana nezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene zemvelo.

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali we-humus kunzima kakhulu. Ibonakala ngombala omnyama, ongekho ezitshalweni. I-Humus iqukethe i-acid ewusizo kakhulu, equkethe i-carbon eningi (cishe ngo-60%), i-oxygen (cishe i-35%), i-nitrogen (isilinganiso sama-5%), i-phosphorus, isulfure, insimbi nokunye. Ukuqhubeka okushiwo ngaphambili, enye impendulo iphakama embuzweni walokho okushiwo yi-humus. I-Humus yigama elihlanganisa i-complex eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali anezinto eziphilayo (i-humic and fulvic acid), ingxenye engavamile (izakhi zamakhemikhali ezinemvelaphi engavamile, noma ngamanye amaminerali afakiwe kwinombolo ye-humates ne-fulvates) ekubunjweni kwawo. Kodwa sizoxoxa ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe.

Ama-humus akhiwa kanjani?

Ngomqondo we-humus usuvele uhlangane, ovulekile olandelayo ngumbuzo walokho okuyi-humus yenhlabathi, futhi kanjani wakhiwa? I-humus yenhlabathi ayiyona into kodwa umkhiqizo womsebenzi obalulekile wezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi izibungu zomhlaba. Inqubo yokwakheka kwe-humus yesikhathi eside.

Imifino, imikhiqizo ye-metabolic, izinsalela zezilwane konke ukudla kokuphila okuphilayo emhlabathini. Okunye okuyingxenye yalokhu kungenzeke ekunciphiseni izinto, kanti enye inqunywe ukuchithwa kwe-biological chemicals kanye ne-oxidation (ukuhlanjululwa), lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwama-organic compounds kwenzeka khona, futhi kuhlanganiswa ama-humus. I-Humus igxila kuyo, kanye nama-acids e-humic, ekugcineni aguquke, oxidizing ngenxa yombono we- carbon dioxide namanzi. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izindlela zokuguquguquka kwe-humus - ukungasebenzi kwamaminerali noma ukuhlanjululwa - kuxhomeke ngokuqondile emhlabathini nasesimo sezulu. Ezimweni ezifudumele nezifudumele, inqubo ye-oxidation yenziwa ngokushesha kakhulu, kanti cishe zonke izimbiza zitshalo ziyimayini, okuvimbela i-humus ukuba iqoqe emhlabathini. Ezimweni ezibandayo, ukuguqulwa kwamachibi kuhamba kancane, futhi inani labo lincane, ngenxa yalokho okuqukethwe kwe-humus emhlabathini kuncane. Okusemandleni okugcoba yizimo ezilinganiselwe ngaphandle kokubheka ngaphezulu.

Ngakho, kusukela kuzo zonke ezingenhla, singathola iziphetho ezifanele:

1. Ukuze uthole isivuno esihle, lesi sitshalo sidinga nje i-carbon dioxide;
2. I-carbon dioxide emhlabathini, njengombuso, yenziwa ngenxa yokuchithwa kwesitshalo, isilwane kanye nezinsiza ezincane lapho kuhlangene nezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zemvelo (izinambuzane, izinambuzane, izibungu, isikhunta, njll);
3. Izinsalela eziphilayo ezithintekayo zezitshalo, izilwane nezinambuzane futhi zakha i-humus humus, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yenhlabathi yokuzala.

Imisebenzi ye-humus

1. Umsebenzi womzimba. Yakha isakhiwo esiqinile somhlabathi, esiqinisekisa ukugeleza okuhle kwamanzi, umoya wokushisa okudingekayo nokukhula okuhle kwezimpande emhlabathini. I-Humus iphinde ibe negalelo ekubambeni kwenhlabathi elula nokukhulula emhlabathini owomile.
2. Umsebenzi wezobuciko. Kuyindawo ehle kakhulu yezakhi zomzimba. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wezinyoni ezincane ezihlukahlukene, ama-humus ekugcineni adiliza (inqubo yokungasebenzi), okuholela ekukhululweni kwe-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium nezinye izinto eziqukethwe kuwo.
3. Umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo. I-Humus yenza izimo ezihle zokuthuthukiswa kanye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo yezinyunyana ezincane ezihlukahlukene.

Izinhlobo ze-humus

• I-Mor (humus yenhlabathi ye- podzolic). I-Humus yaloluhlobo ihlukume kakhulu, equkethe inani elikhulu le-detritus elenziwe ngomsebenzi ophansi wezinto eziphilayo endaweni yesimo sokuphendula esicacile se-medium.
• Inhlabathi (i-humus sod-podzolic inhlabathi), eyenziwe ngomsebenzi ophakathi we-biological esimweni se-asidi yokusabela okuphakathi futhi okungahambisani kahle nengxenye ye-mineral yomhlabathi.
• I-Mull (i-humus ye-chernozem), eyakhiwe emisebenzini ephezulu kakhulu yezinto eziphilayo lapho isimo sokungathathi hlangothi komphakathi, sisebenzisana ngenkuthalo nengxenye ye-mineral yomhlabathi.
• I-Anmoor (i-humus ye-sod-gley inhlabathi), eyakhelwe enhlabathini eyomile okwesikhashana.
• I-peat i-aligotrophic, okuyiyona "i-humus empofu" yamaxhaphozi aphezulu.
• Uhlobo lokugcina luyi-peat eutrophic, ebizwa ngokuthi "i-humus ecebile" yezinambuzane eziphansi.

Ukubaluleka kwama-humus enzalweni yomhlabathi

UHusus ubamba iqhaza ekusebenzeni kwenhlabathi. Unikwa indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kwephrofayili yemhlabathi. I-Humus ikhuthaza ukunamathela kwezinhlayiya zenhlabathi kuma-aggregates (lumps), idala izakhiwo eziwusizo ze-agronomic kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba ezithandekayo zenhlabathi. Iqukethe izakhi eziyinhloko zezitshalo kanye nama microelements ahlukahlukene ezenziwa zitholakale ezitshalweni ngemuva kwenqubo yokumisa kancane.

Izinto ezinomswakama ziwukudla kwamagciwane ezinhlabathi . Ukuqina kwezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali nezindawo eziphilayo ezithatha ukuqoqwa kwezidakamizwa ezidingekayo zezitshalo kuxhomeke kokuqukethwe kwama-humus enhlabathini. I-Humus iphinde inikele ekunikeni umhlabathi umbala omnyama, ngaleyo ndlela umhlaba uthatha kangcono amandla elanga.

Ukwakhiwa kanye nezakhiwo ze-humus

Lo umanyolo uyinkimbinkimbi enamandla enhlanganisela yama-organic compounds akhiwa ngesikhathi kuqubuka izinsalela ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo.

E-humus yenhlabathi, ingxenye ethile (cishe i-90%) equkethe izinto ezinomswakama ingahlukaniswa futhi ingxenye engezona (konke okunye) ehlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezingasetshenziswa. Izinto ze-humus zenhlabathi, nazo, zimelelwa ngu:

• Ama-acids e-humic - amakhemikhali e-nitrogen ane-high-molecular-containing containing a cyclic structure, engenawo emanzini nama-acids, kodwa ayenamathele ema-alkali abuthakathaka, ama-acids e-humic ahlanganisa amakhemikhali (cishe ama-50%), i-hydrogen (5%), i-oksijeni (40%), i-nitrogen (5%);
• Ukuthokoza kubumbwe ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwama-acids e-humic ngenxenye ye-mineral yomhlabathi; I-Alkali humates iyanqunywa kalula emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela yakha izixazululo ze-colloidal; I-calcium ne-magnesium iyancipha ayifumaneki ngaphakathi kwamanzi, yakha isakhiwo esingamanzi;
• I-Fulvic acid - i-nitrogen ephezulu ene-nitrogen equkethe i- acids ephilayo, i- soluble emanzini, i-acids ehlukahlukene kanye nezixazululo ze-alkali, ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakwazi ukuchithwa kwezinye izixazululo eziphilayo; Ekubunjweni kwe-fulvic acid kuhlanganisa i-carbon, i-hydrogen, i-oksijeni ne-nitrogen, ngifuna nokuphawula ukuthi la ma-acids adala ekubhujisweni okusebenzayo kwengxenye yamaminerali yomhlabathi.

Inani le-humus yezitshalo

Yonke into efanelekayo yezinto ezinomswakama ayisaziwa, ngakho-ke kuphela okuyinhloko, eqinile ngokuqinile emfundweni nasekusebenzeni, kubalwe ngezansi.

Ngakho-ke, i-humus ingumanyolo okhuthaza:

1. Ukugqugquzela ukuphefumula kwezitshalo, ngisho nokuntula okwe-oxygen okunamandla;
2. Ukuthuthukisa izinga lemikhiqizo yezolimo;
3. Thuthukisa i-photosynthesis, yenza umsebenzi we-enzyme, ohlobene ngokuqondile nama-photosynthetic;
4. Ukusheshisa kwezokuthutha kanye nokusakazwa kwezakhi zomzimba ngqo ngaphakathi kwezitshalo;
5. Ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo;
6. Ukuvuselela ukubunjwa kwezimpande nokuthuthukiswa kwezinso;
7. Ukwanda kokumelana nemiphumela emibi yangaphandle;
8. Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali aqinile nezinsimbi, ukumunwa kwe-phosphates, i-nitrate nezinye eziningi;
9. Ukwanda kwe-asidi phezu kwezingcambu;
10. Ukwandiswa kokumelana kwezitshalo ezenzweni zezinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane kanye nokubulala ukhula, ukunciphisa ukuqoqwa kwazo ekukhiqizeni kokugcina.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa emithi

Ngokomphumela wezivivinyo ezihlukahlukene zezokwelapha ezenziwa ukuze kunqume ukuthi yiziphi i-humus, amalungiselelo asekelwe ezintweni ezinomswakama manje angasetshenziswa ekwelashweni nasekudleni kwezilwane njengesidakamizwa esingenasidingo esenza ukwandisa ukumelana nomzimba emiphumeleni yezici ezihlukahlukene ezilimazayo.

Imithi yokwelashwa esekelwe kulezi zinto ezinomsoco esikhathini sethu sezivele sezikhona. Basebenzisa ngokuqinile ekwelashweni kwama-radiculitis ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene, izifo zezindlebe nekhala, i-pharyngitis, i-rhinitis, i-arthritis, i-polyarthritis, i-arthrosis nezinye izifo eziningi. Inzuzo yale mithi yukuthi ayiyona into enobuthi.

Izindwangu zemithi enomswakama

Ngakho ngaya esiphethweni sami esinengqondo mayelana nama-humus enhlabathini, ukwakheka kwawo, izindawo nemisebenzi. Into kuphela engifuna ukuyifaka amagama ambalwa mayelana nemigqomo yezinto ezinomsindo. Njengoba kuyaziwa, abanalo ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali okuhlala unomphela, abanalo inqwaba yamangqamuzana omzimba nombala owodwa ohlala njalo. Izinto ezitholakalayo zisacwaningwa ngamakhemikhali, izidakamizwa, izazi ze-hydrobiologists, odokotela, abachwepheshe bemithi ngenhloso yokuchaza zonke izimfihlakalo ezigcinwe kuzo, okubikezelwa ukuthi zixazululwe okuningi okuningi.