Laz-695: Ukucaciswa nezithombe. Umumo laseLviv Bus Plant

Lviv Bus Plant (Laz) yasungulwa ngo-May 1945. Kungakapheli neminyaka eyishumi, inkampani ukhiphe Cranes kanye imoto trailer. Khona-ke ukutshala amandla ukukhiqizwa inwetshiwe. Ngo-1956 iphuma emshinini ngowokuqala ibhasi brand Laz-695, isithombe okuyinto ethulwa ekhasini. Wabhekisa amabombo uhlu olude amamodeli we esikhathini esizayo. ukuguqulwa ngasinye esisha lithuthukile nemingcele lobuchwepheshe bese kuba ukhululekile ezingaphezu kuka owedlule.

"Magirus" futhi "Mercedes"

Njengoba i-prototype ukwakhiwa Laz-695 wathenga esetshenziswa phesheya German "Magirus". Umshini ibilokhu wafunda ngesikhathi 1955 umklamo walo kubhekwa kusukela umbono kwezicelo zobuchwepheshe emhlanganweni elihambayo e amandla elilinganiselwe eSoviet "imoto umkhakha". Lapho kulungiselelwa Laz-695 ibhasi ukukhiqizwa serial yangaphandle futhi yonke idatha yangaphandle abangu lathathwa "Magirus 'futhi chassis, chassis namandla isitshalo ne yokudlulisela othathwa ibhasi German" Mercedes-Benz 321 ". izimoto German abiza uhulumeni wamaSoviet engabizi ngoba entshonalanga izimoto ukwesulwa ekuseni kakhulu, ukushintsha entsha. "Magirus", "Neoplan" futhi "Mercedes-Benz" kwathengwa yesithathu yentengo, kanye nazo zonke amabhasi babe zisesimweni esikahle.

Qala zokukhiqiza

Laz-695 Ukucaciswa eyayibonakala njengomuntu onokwethenjelwa ngokwanele, ekhiqizwa iminyaka emibili, kusukela ngo-1956 kuya ku-1958. imoto lokuqala elalisetshenziswa ku imizila emadolobheni, kodwa kungakabiphi kwaba sobala ukuthi elingaphakathi yayo akusho nezidingo obunamandla umgibeli womgwaqo, wezangaphakathi lalicinene futhi ungakhululekile. Laz-695 waqala sihamba emizileni zwe, wafakazela yenethiwekhi njengoba ukhululekile futhi fast. idatha yayo lobuchwepheshe ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele izinjongo wokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhasi ubumnandi aqashiwe iqembu izivakashi, imoto eyayihamba ngobumnene, umkhiqizo Zil-124 injini Ngasebenza cishe buthule. Kamuva Laz-695 Ukucaciswa ukuthi akudingeki ukuba ngcono wakhonza Cosmonaut Training Center Baikonur.

izidingo Technical ibhasi ezazithe ethize. I izazi zezinkanyezi ukuba zisuke module komunye, kulandela uhlelo kwangaphambi kwendiza ukuqeqeshwa, ngakho wezangaphakathi uhhafu ikhululwe ekuhlanganyeleni izihlalo njalo, futhi esikhundleni sabo zafakwa izihlalo uhlobo izindiza lapho kwakunokwenzeka ukuba aqambe amanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingaphakathi ibhasi kalula aguqulwa ukuba izidingo abezemisebenzi yosizo oluphuthumayo. It wamiswa amadivayisi ukuqapha isimo jikelele nomzimba womuntu: electrocardiographs, tonometer ukukala imishini ingcindezi ukuba igazi isivivinyo esilula nokuningi. izimoto ezinjalo isevisi ithimba lodokotela esuka kubantu abathathu (imodeli umshini evamile ezisemadolobheni).

Nenkathi yamaSoviet

Lviv Bus Plant baqhubeka ukukhiqiza imodeli ezinguqulweni ezihlukahlukene kuze 2006. Umshini iye njalo ngcono, futhi ukufunwa kucatshangwa ezingeni eliphezulu. Bus amanani esikhathini Soviet babe njalo, futhi kuhambisana abathengi. Ngaphambi 1991, ama-oda ukuze okuthiwa, Kuye kwasakazwa e-USSR, ayetholakala ezindaweni izimoto liphakathi, okubalwa amabhasi. ubuchwepheshe Inkokhelo eyenziwe EFT, kanye nokusebenza okwalandela, ukugcinwa kanye ukukhanda ngenxa amabhizinisi yezimoto.

Umnotho kuhlelwe -USSR bacabanga nokuthuthukiswa ngeengaba embonini yezimoto, futhi amabhasi edolobheni ngaleso sikhathi baba abokuqala ohlwini funa umnotho. amathemba ethile yayimiswe ngokwaphezulu iphinwe imodeli Lviv. Nokho, imoto nge ukudluliswa ezinhlanu-ijubane futhi imigqa okuqhubekayo lezihlalo musa angena imodi ashukumisayo traffic. City amabhasi badinga wahlomisa ngokukhethekile gumbi namandla iyunithi, ingashintshwa ukuze unyathela amabhuleki njalo futhi kokusebenza. injini Ezivamile, ngokuvamile overheat. Ukuphakama imodeli okukhipha futhi awuhambisani ngokuphelele nalo ukunyakaza amazinga emzini.

imizamo nokwakha kabusha

amabhasi okusha uyeza off ifektri umhlangano line Lviv, imingcele okuphindiwe imodeli oluyisisekelo, izinguquko design olukhulu babe akunakwenzeka. Design Bureau Laz wenze imizamo eminingana ukushintsha elingaphakathi, kodwa kwaba lula ukwakha umshini "kusukela ekuqaleni", kunalokho ukushintsha ezibekiweko imodeli ekhona. Ngakho, bonke amabhasi amasha, akhiwe eLvov, iqondiswe ikakhulu suburban imigqa inkonzo. Futhi imizila emadolobheni bamhlohla trolleybuses, eyayibonakala esikhishwe ngesikhathi Lviv Automobile Plant ngo-1963 (ngesisekelo umzimba ibhasi).

Ukuguqulwa lokuqala

Ngo-December 1957, ukukhiqizwa wethulwa ibhasi Laz-695B, inguqulo ethuthukisiwe imodeli odlule. Okokuqala efakwe emshinini esikhundleni actuation mechanical womoya (ukuvulwa umnyango). Isibalo ohlangothini emoyeni Ukupholisa injini, elitholakala ngemva wakuqeda nya. Central air eyanele efomini yebheli ibekwe phezu kophahla. Ngakho, ukusebenza kahle ukupholisa luyanda, nothuli ukuwela gumbi injini, kungcono kakhulu ukubuyeka. Izinguquko kwathinta yangaphandle futhi phambi isikhala phakathi izibani waba zanamuhla. Ngaphakathi, ngcono cab ukwahlukanisa, lwaso lwaphakanyiswa ophahleni, kwakukhona umnyango ukufinyelela wezangaphakathi. ukukhiqizwa Series kwalesi imodeli eyathatha kuya ku-1964. Ubude 16 718 izimoto zavezwa.

Kanyekanye ukukhululwa 695B ukuguqulwa kwaba ukuthuthukiswa model entsha 695E cylinder ayisishiyagalombili injini Zil-130. imishini eziningana zokuhlola eqoqwe ngo-1961, kodwa uchungechunge ibhasi saya ngo-1963, amakhophi 394 kuphela zavezwa. Kusukela ngo-April 1964 elihambayo wathola e nagokungenamkhawulo kuze kube sekupheleni ngowokuqala 1969 babuthana 38 415 695E amabhasi, zazo 1346 bathunyelwa emazweni angaphandle.

izinguquko yangaphakathi okufushane 695E wathinta nemengamo isondo, okuyinto ngiye ngazuza umumo oyindilinga. Kusukela ibhasi Zil-158 abangu lathathwa ihabhu we oluvala amasondo front futhi bakhulise nge ukubopha izigubhu. On imodeli 695E lokuqala asetshenziswa elektropnevmatiku yokulawula umnyango. Ngesisekelo version ekhiqizwa 695E ibhasi Laz "The izivakashi". Lo mshini ekahle uhambo olude.

isingeniso zokuhlolwa othomathikhi

Ngo-1963, Laz isitshalo bukhicite nangenye ukuguqulwa - 695ZH. Umsebenzi lwenziwe ngokubambisana nathi, okungukuthi, isikhungo locwaningo omoya othomathikhi. Ngawo lowo nyaka ke wethulwa ukukhiqizwa amabhasi nge automatic transmission. Nokho, eminyakeni emibili eyalandela, sakwazi ukuqoqa ingqikithi 40 amayunithi ezinjalo Laz-695, kulandele ukukhululwa kwe imodeli zokuhlola inqanyuliwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-automatic transmission kamuva wusizo amabhasi ezisemadolobheni, LiAZ ekhiqizwa esifundeni Likino-Dulyovo eMoscow.

Yesimanje onobuhle ezikhona

Creation zokuguqulwa entsha amabhasi Lviv Automobile baqhubeka, futhi ngo-1969 iphuma emshinini i-Laz-695M. Imoto sasihlukile onobuhle yangaphambili ifomu yesimanje amafasitela kanye nesitayela. Izingilazi abangu usufakwa ukuvulwa iwindi ngaphandle Lesisemkhatsini aluminium ozimele. Uyekwa yenkampani air eyanele ophahleni, esikhundleni injini gumbi ezindongeni ohlangothini babe izimbotshana mpo. Kusukela ngo-1973, ngemva kokuba ibhasi eyayibekwe nezinsimbi ethuthukisiwe ukucushwa engasindi. Izinguquko abathintekayo ohlelweni qeda - amabili zenziwe okokunciphisa umsindo owodwa. ibhasi umzimba mufushane ngu 100 mm kanye nesisindo lomgwaqo anda.

ukukhiqizwa serial Laz-695M eyathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi it wadedelwa ezingaphezu kuka-52 eziyinkulungwane amabhasi, 164 zazo athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

"Umbhishobhi omkhulu" kuleli Laz ekhaya nge minyaka amathathu nakho

A ukuguqulwa obengeziwe imodeli eziyisisekelo onenkomba baba ibhasi 695N, okuyinto has a somoya ububanzi nesihlangu engenhla esihlanganisiwe ngokuphelele front futhi bakhulise iminyango, futhi Ideshibhodi entsha nge umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane nezinzwa ezihlangene. I prototypes banikezwe ngo-1969, kodwa ekukhiqizweni lokhu imodeli usephendukele kuphela ngo-1976. Mina akhiqiza amabhasi iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, kuze 2006.

izinguqulo kwesikhathi 695N zehluke isethi ngaphambili yokukhanyisa, izibani, vula amasignali, stopsignalami namanye amadivayisi ukukhanya. Imodeli kwaba ifakwe dweba esikhulu ngaphambili emzimbeni, esimweni ukugqugquzela lempi amabhasi ukuze sisetshenziswe njengesigungu sokufaka ambulensi. In parallel version 695N udedelwe inombolo encane amabhasi 695R, libhekene induduzo okusezingeni eliphezulu, izihlalo ethambile futhi buthule izicabha.

okufushane igesi

Ngo-1985, Lviv Bus Plant Ukulungiswa Laz-695NG, okuyisona ku igesi yemvelo wadedelwa. Metal amasilinda, umelane nezingcindezi kuze kube izikhathi eziphindwe 200, ibekwe ilandelana phezu kophahla, ezingemuva ingxenye. Le gesi engena reducer, ekunciphiseni ingcindezi ke exutshwe emoyeni kanye ingxube ukusivumela injini. Amabhasi ngaphansi 695NG uphawu yatha- eminyakeni 90, lapho isimo esibucayi uwoyela Kwagqashuka endaweni ezwe elaliyi-USSR. Kusukela yokuntuleka fuel abathintekayo kanye Laz isitshalo. Ukraine sisonke futhi uzizwe ukuntuleka fuel, izinkampani eziningi kangaka ezokuthutha kuleli zwe adluliselwe amabhasi abo phezu igesi, owawungumnyaka ishibhile kuka uphethiloli.

Laz futhi EChernobyl

Entwasahlobo ka-1986, ngemva yingozi yaseChernobyl, e-workshop laseLviv Automobile ngokuphuthuma spetsavtobus Laz-692 yadalwa inani amakhophi amaningana kweshumi. Umshini esetshenziswa kuphunywe abantu abavela endaweni ukutheleleka kanye nokuhanjiswa Ochwepheshe. Leli bhasi evikelwe umthofu amashidi emhlabeni azungezwe, okubili kokuthathu ewindini, futhi, ivaliwe phambili. I spetslyuki ophahleni babenzelwa emoyeni ukuhlanzwa. Ngemva kwalokho, wonke izimoto iqhaza ekucwileni ezikweletini ingozi ngesikhathi isitshalo futhi bachithe njengoba babenjalo engafanele ukusetshenziswa ezimweni ezivamile ngenxa ukungcoliswa ngemisebe.

diesel

Ngo-1993, ngesikhathi Lviv ifektri e ukuhlolwa sazama usethe ibhasi Laz-695 udizili D-6112 kusukela amandla-elihlale isibungu ugandaganda T-150. Imiphumela ngokuvamile ezinhle, kodwa ekahle injini esebenza udizili, ubelokhu eqashelwa SMD-2307 (laseKharkov isitshalo "Hammer Sickle"). Nokho ucwaningo baqhubeka, futhi ngo-1995 ekukhiqizeni serial wethulwa ibhasi Laz-695D ifakwe udizili D-245 Minsk Motor Plant.

Dnipro isitshalo

Ngemva konyaka, le phrojekthi ngokuphelele kabusha, futhi ngenxa yalokho kwaba khona 695D11 inguqulo, ngokuthi "UTanya".

Ukuguqulwa ekhiqizwa ngamaqoqo amancane kuze 2002, futhi kusukela ngo-2003 wayiswa ibhasi inhlangano sitshalo Dneprodzerzhinsk. Ukukhiqizwa ngokushesha ukusungula endaweni entsha kwakungenakwenzeka, njengoba izinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko, Uma unganakile, ukukhiqizwa kakhulu ezahlukene. umzimba okukhulu Laz amabhasi musa njalo angena kohlaka Dneprovtsa welders ' "futhi lokhu wadala ubunzima obuthile. Senzeka ngisho ezinye ezibizayo brand Laz amabhasi, okuyinto zathathwa e Dneprodzerzhinsk, nakuba izinga Yakha kwaba ezimweni eziningi ephelele. Ngenxa yalokho, ibhalansi intengo nekhwalithi esehlelembe off, nokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi imishini baqala athole umfutho.

Ukufuna amakhambi jikelele

Design Office Lviv Automobile wafuna okukhethwa kukho ezintsha. Ngokuhamba yonke inkathi ukukhiqizwa ngesikhathi Lviv Bus Plant ezama izikhathi eziningana ukuze udale Laz jikelele, inqubo eyayingase isetshenziswe kokubili emzini futhi imizila ngamazwe. Nokho, imininingwane umgibeli traffic azivunyelwe ukwenza lokhu. Ngo eside hola izindiza abantu sidinge induduzo kanye nomkhathi ekhethekile opholile e ibhasi. On imizila emadolobheni, abagibeli faka futhi ushiye, ngosuku imoto wavakashela ambalwa abantu. Ngakho-ke, ukuletha ndawonye imodi ezimbili okuphambene operation kwakungenakwenzeka, nesitshalo baqhubeka ukukhiqiza ukulungiswa eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Laz namuhla

Ngaleso sikhathi samanje emigwaqweni ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union ukwazi ukuhlangabezana Lviv ibhasi isitshalo utholakala cishe kuwo wonke ukushintshwa. Okuhle ukulungisa izindawo phakathi nayo yonke inkathi ukukhiqizwa, kusukela ngo-1955, kuye kwangisiza ukuba ngigxilise eziningi izimoto zisesimweni esifanele. Abanye onobuhle Laz akusebenzi futhi asetshenziswa njengoba izimoto asizayo kulezo zimboni.

emizimbeni Abaningi zezikhali intandane - ukususa injini kanye chassis agugile. Kubiza embonini yezimoto of nenkathi yamaSoviet, lapho mabutho ibhasi zalotshwa, futhi isiphetho sabo akekho wayenesithakazelo. Umnotho emakethe lisibeka imithetho, imishini ebhaliwe-off, maningi amathuba okuba ukuwela ezandleni zabanikazi yangasese, futhi uthole ukuphila yesibili. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi umthombo izimoto ezikhiqizwa e-USSR, Sekube isikhathi eside ngokwanele, lokhu "ukuphila yesibili" lingahunyushwa nangokuthi isikhathi eside.

Lviv Bus Plant uyahamba ebhekene nezikhathi ezinzima, elihambayo main kuqedwa ngo-2013, ezingaphansi eziningi kanye nezinkampani ehlobene othola ucabanga ekuqhutshweni. Kusukela imiphumela kuzoncika khona Inkampani Laz. Amathemba isinqumo evumayo lesi simo esinzima ngempela engenathemba. Kumqoka kakhulu yimpumelelo yokusiza umuntu ukuba aphefumule amabhizinisi Nokho babe isimo sezombusazwe esitebeleni Ukraine, ukuthi akukho ukuzinza.