Izimoto, Lorries
Abacekeli: Ukucaciswa. abachithi ekilasini Izehlo nezinhlobo zabo
Umlando mabutho lempi imibuso emikhulu futhi ezibalulekile ulwandle izimpi ngekhulu XIX is atehlukaniseki kubabulali. Namuhla le ayisekho yibo ngamandla isivinini nezikebhe ukuhamba ezincane, isibonelo esiphawulekayo okuyinto "Zamvolt" uhlobo abachithi US, ekupheleni 2015 olukhishwe zezilingo ulwandle.
Yiziphi kubabulali
Destroyer, futhi ngamafuphi, umchithi - isigaba yempi. Multi-speed imikhumbi ezikwazi babedalelwe nokunciphisa kanye ukubhubhisa imikhumbi isitha ngezibhamu ezingontuluntulu, kuyilapho evikela a isigaba ezisindayo imikhumbi ezihamba kancane. By ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, injongo eyinhloko kubabulali - torpedo ukuhlasela imikhumbi isitha emikhulu. Impi wandisa uhla imisebenzi abachithi, bajwayele for anti-ngwenya anti-izindiza wezokuvikela, ukuhlasela. Yaqala ukwandisa value abo ngoxhaxha, kakhulu anda ukufuduka kanye firepower.
Namuhla, bakhonza futhi ukulwa ne-ngwenya, imikhumbi nezindiza (izindiza nezikhali ezijikijelwayo) isitha.
Abacekeli zivuliwe ngigade, angasetshenziswa ukuze kwesimo endaweni, ukunikeza wezikhali ukwesekwa ngesikhathi indiza ukubeka minefields.
Kwaqale kwafika isigaba izimoto ukukhanya, seaworthiness yabo wawuphansi, ngokuzimela abakwazi ukwenza. izikhali zabo eziyinhloko baba ngabami. Ukuze nazo mabutho eziningi eziye zavela okuthiwa fighters - izitsha ezincane ngesivinini esikhulu, okuyiwona Torpedoes ekuqaleni eyingozi XX leminyaka wacabanga. Kamuva, le mikhumbi abizwa ngumbhubhisi.
Destroyer - ngoba torpedo phambi inguquko nabizelwa ezimayini Russian self ezinezinjini. Isigaba - ngoba esiqashwe a isigaba futhi wenza ingxenye yabo zone zasolwandle kanye wasolwandle.
Isizinda kubabulali ekilasini
Torpedoes ehlome wempi waseBrithani kwathi ikota yokugcina yekhulu XIX. Futhi kubabulali wokuqala ezakhiwa ngo-1877 abachithi "Umbani" (UK) kanye "Bang" (Russia). Small ngesivinini futhi ezishibhile ukukhiqiza, bangakwazi ukucwila omkhulu umkhumbi komugqa.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-ngoxhaxha British Yakhiwa nanye abachithi qinile France - nambili, ukuba-Austria-Hungary naseDenmark - ngamunye ngamunye.
Kuphumelele isinyathelo okwami izikebhe Russian phakathi nempi Russian-Turkish ka 1877-1878. kanye nokuthuthukiswa torpedoes kwaholela ekusungulweni minonosnogo imikhumbi umqondo ukuthi ukuvikela emanzini angasogwini akudingeki enkulu armadillos ezibizayo, le nkinga ongaxazulula eziningi ezincane izikebhe ngesivinini minonosnyh nge ukuhamba encane. Eighties kwekhulu XIX yaqala real "minonosny" boom. Kuphela okuholela amandla zasolwandle - Britain, iFrance neRussia - kwadingeka e mabutho zabo, 325 kubabulali. Agcwaliswa makhotho okunjalo futhi US Navy,-Austria-Hungary, eJalimane, e-Italy nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.
Lezo zizwe ezincikene nolwandle ezizungeze esifanayo waqhamuka ukudalwa imikhumbi ukubhubhisa torpedo izikebhe nolwami. Lezi "fighters abachithi" kwakufanele kufane Greyhound, ngaphandle torpedoes, babe njengengxenye izikhali kanye wezikhali banamandla reserve efanayo, kanye nezinye imikhumbi emikhulu imikhumbi main.
Lokufuduka "fighter" bekulokhu mkhulu kakhulu kunalelo kubabulali.
Prototypes abachithi ngokuvumelana British torpedo inqama "Polifemus" eyakhelwe 1892, ukuntuleka okuyinto wezikhali ababuthakathaka izikhali, Cruisers "Archer" futhi "ayohlola", gunboats izinhlobo "Dryad" ( "Halcyon") futhi "Sharpshuter" "Jason" ( " alamu "), waba umbhubhisi esikhulu" Swift "elakhiwa ngo-1894 ne izikhali nezilandiso, okubhidliza kubabulali isitha.
AmaNgisi futhi engilakhele Japanese ngumbhubhisi armored we lokuqala ekilasini "Kotak" displacement esikhulu esinamandla amandla plant ebizayo, kodwa seaworthiness abanelisi futhi emva kuye emkhunjini ukulwa kubabulali "destructor" ethunywe Spain, lapho labizwa ngokuthi gunboat torpedo .
abachithi lokuqala
Esikhathini ngxabano kwaphakade British British nesiFulentshi asolwandle lokuqala elakhiwa lwemikhumbi eziyisithupha, okuyinto kuyohlukahluka ngokubukeka, kodwa kwadingeka efanayo handling izici nezingalo esikhiphekayo ukuze ujike ukuxazulula izinkinga torpedo abachithi noma fighter. ukufuduka yabo kwaba mayelana 270 m, ijubane - 26 ifindo. Ehlome ngamathuluzi okuthola wale mikhumbi eyodwa 76mm, 57mm ezintathu izibhamu torpedo amashubhu ezintathu. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ngisho ukufakwa ngesikhathi esisodwa zonke izikhali asithinti maneuverability nesivinini. Umnsalo bomkhumbi laligcwele Karalas ( "ufudu shell"), owalwela umbhoshongo conning futhi efakwe ke isiteji komlilo main. Ezicijile, ezivimba ezinhlangothini endlwaneni eyakhiwe ivikela lonke isibhamu.
Destroyer French lokuqala yakhiwa kuleli ngonyaka odlule we XIX, US - ekuqaleni Ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo. E-US, 16 abachithi ezakhiwa iminyaka emine.
ERussia, phezu kwekhulu lama ezakhiwa akazange zinamagama, ngakho ngokuthi ilayisensi kubabulali. Lapho ukufuduka amathani 90-150 befinyelela ijubane 25 ifindo, esinye siphethe ayethe njo, torpedo ezimbili nezinqe isibhamu ukukhanya.
Independent ekilasini abachithi yathoma khona ngemva kwempi 1904-1905 GG neJapane.
Abacekeli ekuqaleni XX leminyaka
On the kwekhulunyaka ekwakhiweni samanzi amandla plant umusi abachithi ukuza. Ushintsho olunjalo kungayandisa kakhulu ijubane emkhunjini. Umsuka ngumbhubhisi ne powerplant entsha ukuhlolwa ukwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini kwamafindo 36.
Khona-England wakhela abachithi ezisebenza uwoyela, hhayi amalahle. Ukulandela fuel wakhe ketshezi baqala ukuthutha mabutho nalamanye emave. ERussia, kwaba iphrojekthi "Novik", elakhiwa ngo-1910.
impi Russian-Japanese we evikela abantu ePort Arthur kanye Battle of Tsushima owavela ndawonye ayisishiyagalolunye Russian amabili nanye ngumbhubhisi Japanese, yabonisa ukushiyeka lolu hlobo imikhumbi nobuthakathaka izingalo zabo.
Ngo-1914, i-displacement abachithi lakhuphuka lafika ku-1000 wamathani. Hulls zabo ezenziwe ngensimbi mncane, fixed kanye mobile olulodwa-tube torpedo amashubhu indawo multi-ijabulise on a yesikhulumi ujikelezisa nge fixed nalokho nokuzwa optical. Torpedo yazikhulisa, isivinini babo yanda kakhulu futhi ububanzi.
izimo Kushintshwe amatilosi lonke futhi abachithi nezisebenzi izikhulu. Isiphathamandla wathola indlu ehlukene okokuqala ku umchithi "River" British ngo-1902.
Phakathi kubabulali impi nge displacement elilodwa kanye amathani ayinkulungwane nengxenye, ngesivinini 37 ifindo umusi boilers ne Imibhobho esemzimbeni uwoyela, ezine kathathu tube torpedo iziqhumane nezibhamu eziyisihlanu osezingeni 88 mm noma 102 iqhaza ukuphathwa zahlasela imisebenzi, ukubeka minefields, amabutho zithutha. Empini ngobukhulu asolwandle we impi - impi ka Jutland - ubuhanjelwe ezingaphezu kuka-80 British kanye 60 abachithi German.
Kule mpi, kubabulali baqala ukudlalela elinye umsebenzi - ukuvikela imikhumbi ekuhlaselweni ngwenya, ehlasela nabo ezingontuluntulu noma ziyalungiswa. Lokhu kuye kwaholela anda housings abachithi, imishini hydrophone ngenxa ukuthola ngwenya nokujula amacala. Isikhathi sokuqala ngwenya ukuthi wethuka kakhulu nge ukujula amacala ngumbhubhisi "Llewellyn" ngo-December 1916.
Britain wadala phakathi nempi, okuwuphiko entsha - "umholi we abachithi," izici ezinhle futhi izikhali kuka ngumbhubhisi. Yayihloselwe ukuletha ekuhlaseleni abachithi yayo, ukulwa nesitha, amaqembu ukulawula abachithi futhi kwesimo endaweni isigaba at.
Abachithi esikhathini interwar
Okwenzeka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala selukhombisile ukuthi torpedoes enganele abachithi ukulwa. Ukuze kwandiswe isibalo Ukuvutha e isakhiwo amadivayisi abayisithupha efakwe amapayipi.
A esigabeni esisha ekwakhiweni kwalesi uhlobo lwemikhumbi angabhekwa Japanese abachithi uhlobo "Fubuki". ukwakhiwa kwezikhali yabo yayihlanganisa eziyisithupha enamandla nanhlanu intshi izibhamu nge engela enkulu kwendawo, angasetshenziswa njengoba anti-aircraft futhi ezintathu kathathu tube torpedo amashubhu yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa torpedoes uthayiphe 93 "Long Lens". Okulandelayo Japanese torpedo abachithi esikhundleni amadivayisi ngokushesha lingatshajwa waqala ukubeka superstructure emphemeni.
US abachithi, "Porter" amaphrojekthi "Mahan" futhi "Gridley 'zazifakelwe umshini nanhlanu intshi izibhamu ayiwele naye, bese senyusa linani torpedo amashubhu 12 nengu-16 ngokulandelana.
abachithi isiFulentshi, "Jaguar" uhlobo kakade waba displacement anamabini amawaka. M 130 mm inganono.
Ngokuhambisana nohlelo rearmament kaHitler ukwakha abachithi kakhudlwana futhi eJalimane, ezifana imikhumbi ngo-1934 saba displacement 3 ayizinkulungwane. T, kodwa inkonzo abampofu. Abacekeli uhlobo 1936 iye behlome ngemibese 150-mm izibhamu esindayo.
AmaJalimane abachithi elisetshenziswa ukufakwa umusi ophephela nge high-ingcindezi umusi. An isixazululo innovative, kodwa zaholela kwezinye izinkinga ezinkulu Mechanics.
Ngokuphambene, izinhlelo Japanese futhi German ukwakhiwa abachithi esikhulu, i-British nabaseMelika eqala ukudala ukukhanya, kodwa imikhumbi eminingi ngaphezulu. British ngumbhubhisi izinhlobo A, B, C, D, E, F, G kanye H nge displacement ayizinkulungwane 1.4. T babe eziyisishiyagalombili torpedo amashubhu futhi ezine 120 mm ubukhulu izibhamu. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo zazakhiwe ezifana "Tribal" ngumbhubhisi nge displacement ezingaphezu kuka 1.8 ayizinkulungwane. Amathani nge isibhamu yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili ezine, lapho eziyisishiyagalombili twin-gauge-4.7 intshi izibhamu ukukhwezwa.
Bese kuba khona abangu bentanta abachithi J uhlobo ne eziyishumi torpedo amashubhu nemibhoshongo ezintathu ngamathuluzi eziyisithupha abhanqiwe, kanye no-L, eyayibonakala lishone abhanqiwe izibhamu eziyisithupha ezintsha jikelele nesishiyagalombili torpedo amashubhu.
US abachithi uhlobo "Benson," displacement 1.6 ayizinkulungwane. T, abayishumi ahlomile torpedo amashubhu kanye 127-mm (5 amayintshi) amathuluzi ezinhlanu.
Kubabulali eSoviet Union ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II eyakhelwe iphrojekthi nokuqedelela 7U 7, lapho ilungiselelo Echelon zalesi sihlahla amandla lithuthukile le survivability lwemikhumbi. Lasungula ijubane 38 ifindo ngesikhathi ukuhamba lezingalo eziyizinkulungwane 1.9. T.
1/38 I-iphrojekthi Yakhiwa abaholi eziyisithupha abachithi (Shona - "Leningrad"). Nge ukuhamba lezingalo eziyizinkulungwane 3 amathani, ngesivinini 43 ifindo kanye nohlobo Cruising obuyizinkulungwane 2.1 amamayela ..
E-Italy, i-Black imikhumbi yayakhiwe umholi ngumbhubhisi "Tashkent" emathanini ayizinkulungwane nge displacement 4.2, nge ngesivinini esiphezulu 44 ifindo nebanga sihamba mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 5 izinkulungwane. Miles ngesivinini 25 ifindo.
Okwenzeka seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, wathatha esebenzayo ingxenye zezindiza, kuhlanganise empini imisebenzi olwandle. On kubabulali waqala ngokushesha ukusungula izibhamu anti-aircraft kanye radars. Ngo ekulweni ngwenya kakade okuthuthukile baqala ukusebenzisa izigqulo.
Abacekeli kukhona mabutho "consumable" wonke amazwe yizilwi. Ziyakwazi imikhumbi omkhulu kakhulu, iqhaza kuzo zonke izimpi e wonke amatiyetha we ezempi olwandle. abachithi German naleso sikhathi kwadingeka kuphela ikamelo side.
Maphakathi nekhulu XX, abanye abachithi phakathi nempi, hhayi ukwakha imikhumbi entsha kanokusho, ziye ithuthukiswe ngqo anti-ngwenya impi.
Futhi yayakhiwe eziningi ezinkulu, bebehlome ngezibhamu ngokuzenzekelayo umlilo main, ezigqulweni, radar, sonar imikhumbi: - ". Forrest Sherman" abachithi Soviet kuphrojekthi 30-bis futhi 56, i-English "Njengoba benamagangangozi" futhi American
Era missile kubabulali
Njengoba sixties kwekhulu elidlule nge obhekwe micibisholo "phansi-phansi" futhi "phansi-to-air" imibuso emikhulu zasolwandle wakhela abachithi nge ezicitshwayo nguThishela (isifinyezo Russian - uro, English - DDG). Kwakuwusuku imikhumbi Soviet yephrojekthi 61, English - ezifana "County" American - ". Charles F. Adams" uhlobo
Ngu ekupheleni imingcele esilufifi XX ngekhulu phakathi Eqinisweni abachithi, frigates ayehlome eyizingovolo futhi Cruisers.
Ngo iSoviet Union ngo-1981 waqala ukwakha baphangi iphrojekthi 956 (uhlobo "Buzzard" noma "yesimanje"). Lawa imikhumbi kuphela laseSoviet ekuqaleni labizwa ngokuthi kubabulali. Bakhandwa okuhlose ukubhekana ebusweni amabutho kanye ukusekela lokubikezela, bese i-anti-ngwenya futhi anti-aircraft ukuzivikela.
956 yephrojekthi kanye eyakhelwe umchithi "Ukuqhubeka", Flagship samanje Baltic Fleet. It wethulwa ngo-January 1991.
Destroyer iziqhumane ahlomile anti-ship micibisholo "omiyane" (ezimbili isikwele), anti-aircraft missile eziyinkimbinkimbi "ezolile '(amayunithi 2), izigqulo sextuple RBU-1000 (amayunithi 2), isibhamu ezimbili abhanqiwe Babhokile 130 mm, sextuple AK-630 (4 ukufakwa), emibili twin torpedo amashubhu osezingeni 533 mm. Emkhunjini iyona Ka-27.
Of kakade wakha zakamuva kwakungamadodana baphangi Indian Navy kuze kube muva nje. Ihamba like "Delhi" bebehlome nge anti-umkhumbi ezicitshwayo lahlukene lesion 130 km, SAM "ezolile '(Russia) namavidiyo uBharaki (Israyeli) ukuvikela, Russian rocket anti-ngwenya bombometnye ukufakwa RBU-6000 ASW nanhlanu torpedo khaphi torpedoes osezingeni 533 mm. Helipad yakhelwe izindiza ezimbili Sea King. Kulindeleke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ukuze esikhundleni wale mikhumbi abachithi we "Kolkata".
Namuhla ngumbhubhisi DDG-1000 Zumwalt US Navy abamba entendeni.
Abacekeli ngekhulu xxi
Zonke mabutho ezinkulu uchazele ikhomishana ngokutshalwa Amathrendi jikelele ukwakhiwa abachithi entsha. Lowo oyinhloko ukusetshenziswa umyalo nokulawula izinhlelo efana US "Aegis» (Aegis), okuyinto ehlose ukuwubhubhisa hhayi kuphela izindiza, kodwa futhi micibisholo "umkhumbi i-umkhumbi" futhi "emoyeni i-umkhumbi."
Lapho edala imikhumbi entsha kumele zisetshenziswe Stealth ubuchwepheshe: zisebenzisa ngemisebe-umswakama impahla, yakhelwe ukuma ekhethekile weJiyomethri, Nokho, isibonelo, ezahlukene uhlobo ngumbhubhisi USS Zumwalt.
Kubabulali entsha ukuba lenyuke futhi ijubane, kanjalo kwandiswe habitability futhi seaworthiness.
Ngo imikhumbi yesimanje ezingeni lelisetulu ezishintshayo, kodwa kumele lenyuke, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kudingeka sikhule yisabelo asizayo amandla amayunithi.
Kuyacaca ukuthi bonke laba izinqubo eziholela ukunyuka kwezinga izindleko ekwakheni imikhumbi, ngakho ngcono qualitative wekhono abo kumelwe kube ngenxa ukudiliza.
I baphangi ekhulwini entsha kumele udlule ngobukhulu futhi ukufuduka zonke atholakale usuku imikhumbi yalolu hlobo. Nomchithi entsha DDG-1000 Zumwalt kubhekwa irekhodi ukuze ukufuduka, kuba ayizinkulungwane 14. Amathani. Imikhumbi lolu hlobo kuhlelwa ukuba singene US Navy kudala njengoba 2016, owokuqala babo kakade ziye zaqala nokulingwa ulwandle.
By the way, kubabulali Russian Project 23560, okuyinto, njengoba kwakuthenjisiwe iyokwakhiwa ngo-2020, ngeke abe displacement ayizinkulungwane 18. Tonnes.
I-Russian okusalungiswa waba umbhubhisi entsha
Ngokusho iphrojekthi 23560, okuyinto, ngokwemibiko yabezindaba, ungaphakathi esiteji design lomqondo, sihlelwe ukwakha imikhumbi 12. Destroyer "umholi" ubude 200 m kanye ububanzi 23 kufanele abe angenamkhawulo Cruising ebangeni, navigation ezizimele ukuba izinsuku ezingu-90 ukufinyelela ijubane travel esiphezulu kwamafindo 32. Kusolwa kusakhiwo zakudala umkhumbi usebenzisa Stealth ubuchwepheshe.
ngumbhubhisi Ukuthembisa we "uMholi" (ngaphandle imikhumbi zone wasolwandle) izokwakhiwa, okungenzeka kakhulu nge isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi, futhi kumele yente 60 noma 70 cruise ezicitshwayo elisekela kufihlwe. Kufanele engabe ukufihla ezimayini kanye ebusweni-to-air nangomcibisholo, okufanele 128 nje, kuhlanganise SAM "Poliment-redoubt." Antisubmarine kwezikhali kufanele libe 16-24-tank ezicitshwayo nguThishela (Plourac'h). Abacekeli ukuthola jikelele osezingeni wezikhali izinhlelo 130 mm A-192 "Armat" futhi yesikhulumi embarkation ngoba izindiza ezimbili esisetshenziselwa.
Yonke idatha zisekhona eqinisekile futhi singase silungiswe esikhathini esizayo.
Navy izikhulu zikholelwa ukuthi "uMholi" uhlobo Abacekeli kukhona multi-purpose vehicle, silokhu sikhonza njengamaphayona esikhathi abachithi langempela, anti-ngwenya lwemikhumbi; mhlawumbe missile Cruisers "Orlan".
Destroyer "Zamvolt"
Uhlobo abachithi Zumwalt - liyisici esiyinhloko Uhlelo US Navy sika surface yempi ka ngekhulu xxi (Surface SC-21 kwesosha).
ngumbhubhisi Russian we "uMholi" - lo mbuzo kungenzeka, hhayi kude, kodwa esikhathini esizayo.
Futhi nangu Uhlobo lokuqala elisha ngumbhubhisi DDG-1000 Zumwalt kakade umkhankaso, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-December 2015 waqala ukuhlolwa yayo ukukhiqizwa. Ukuma engavamile ngumbhubhisi ngokuthi igcwele, sikebhe futhi superstructure yayo cishe ezintathu amasentimitha e ukujiya camera nge izinto ezijabulisayo (1 intshi), inani lama-antenna ophumile kuyehla kube okungenani.
Abacekeli uhlobo "Zamvolt" ubude 183 m, ukuhamba afika ku eziyinkulungwane 15. T ne amandla ahlangene amandla main isitshalo ayizinkulungwane 106. L. a. ongafinyelela ngesivinini 30 ifindo. Banezinhliziyo radar amakhono enamandla futhi bayakwazi ukuthola at amabanga amade akuyona ezicitshwayo ongaphakeme-flying kuphela, kodwa futhi izikebhe zamaphekula.
Zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali abachithi sakhiwa 20 iziqhumane mpo MK 57 VLS, ibalwa 80 rocket "Tomahawk», ASROC noma ESSM, amabili okusheshayo-zenith Mk 110 isibhamu nge ubukhulu 57 mm elibiyelwe, ezimbili 155-mm izibhamu AGS lahlukene 370 km, ezimbili ijabulise 324-mm torpedo amashubhu.
Imikhumbi kungase kusekelwe 2 SH-60 indiza Sea Hawk noma 3 UAVs MQ-8 Umlilo ayohlola.
"Zamvolt" - uhlobo abachithi, umsebenzi kabani main ukubhubhisa ogwini izindawo wesitha. Futhi, lolu hlobo lwemikhumbi ungakwazi ukubhekana ngempumelelo nge ebusweni, okuhloswe kwamanzi nomoya kanye isitha wezikhali ukwesekwa umlilo amabutho.
"Zamvolt" ubeqhakambisa ubuchwepheshe bamuva, yilona elisanda usuku Yethulwe ngumbhubhisi. Projects India kanye eRussia akukenziwa, futhi lolu hlobo umkhumbi, kubonakala, ongakabi icekela.
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