Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: Biography, travel nokuthola

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) akuyona kuphela itilosi ziyaphawuleka, undunankulu, ilungu zokuhlonipha we Petersburg Academy of Sciences, kodwa futhi wake waphila eliyingqayizivele futhi omunye wabasunguli be-Russian Oceanology. Lo muntu kwakufanele nomthelela kukho kokubili umlando ezifuywayo zasolwandle mikhankaso, futhi ngokuvamile i-bonke kaseyili jikelele. Ababaningi ukwazi ukuthi umbhali wokuqala "Atlas South Sea" kwaba ngokunembile Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Umlando Omfushane itilosi Russian ungaphakathi yizincwadi nendawo yawo kuzo zonke izikole ezikhethekile, njengoba yigama zonke umuntu ofundile eyaziwa, njalo nje elihlobene ne-Oceanography isiRashiya, geography nokunye. D.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: Biography emfushane

Lokhu amatilosi Russian ngubani ngesikhathi sokuzalwa u-Adamu ioann, wayevela Russified German Ostsee umndeni ezicukuthwaneni, ogama umsunguli kwaba ukhokho wakhe - filipp Kruzius. Wazalwa Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, ogama biography kuhlobene eduze kolwandle, ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili Novemba 1770 e-Estonia, izindlu Hagudis. Uyise wayengumGreki yijaji. Kusukela zisencane, undunankulu esizayo wafuna ukuhambahamba olwandle wonke. Nakuba ukuphila kwakhe kwadluliselwa njalo exhumene kolwandle, ukuthi iphupho lakhe lalingakafiki Ngokushesha uyaqaphela.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern ngemva Revel Church School, lapho afundela khona iminyaka emithathu kusukela engu-nambili, ngokushesha wangena kuphela ngesikhathi esikoleni Kronstadt, okuyinto oqeqeshiwe nezikhonzi imikhumbi - the Marine Corps. Lo mkhankaso lokuqala midshipman abasha emanzini expanses imizimba 1787 by oLwandle iBaltic. Ngokushesha impi Russian-Swedish. Njengabaningi abanye, Ivan Kruzenshtern, anginaso isikhathi ukuqeda ibanga, ngaphambi kwesikhathi ebesibekiwe ngabuthelwa le midshipmen kwi komugqa 74-isibhamu umkhumbi "Mstislav". Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1788. Zihlukaniswa ngokwabo e Battle of Hogland ngawo lowo nyaka, i-Ivan abasha kwaphawulwa umyalo. Futhi wenziwe uLieutenant amasevisi lakhe ulwandle izimpi e Vyborg echwebeni Krasnaya Gorka futhi Revel e 1790.

abazinikela ngokuzithandela isikhathi e-UK

Ngo 1793, nambili izikhulu standouts ukuze sithuthukise izindaba zasolwandle bathunyelwa England. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka no-Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Biography of esizayo Admiral kusukela kulesi sikhathi uqala kakhulu zikhule. Esehambile kuleyo Russian Empire, isikhathi eside ayeya phezu frigate Thetis off ogwini olusenyakatho lwalesi Melika, lapho izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa nengxenye belwa imikhumbi French wavakashela Suriname, Barbados, Bermuda. Ukuze ukufunda amanzi Indian East, wangena eBay of Bengal. Yasungulelwa ukusungula umzila for yezohwebo Russian esifundeni.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, eseneminyaka webutho Order of St George efunda ibanga lesine, kakhulu nesithakazelo ukuhweba noboya eRussia kanye China, eyaqala ngo-umzila onqamula ezweni osuka Okhotsk ku Kyakhta. Ukuba Canton yena, waba nethuba ukubona izinzuzo, okungase uthole neRussia ngo yokuthengisa eqondile of uboya ababelibangise eChina olwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba intsha isihlobo, Ngokuzayo Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern wazama ukwakha ubuhlobo ngqo Russian muzi Holdings elise ensimini ka Melika, ukuze bakwazi ukunikeza kubo konke okudingekile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lapho kwase kuqalile ukuba icabangisise ke umsuka phambi Swedish impi amaqhawe circumnavigation iphrojekthi, injongo eyinhloko kungaba yokuthuthukisa Navy Russian njengoba imizila elikude, kanye nokuthuthukiswa ukuhweba wamakoloni. Ngakho-ke, ebhukuda inkonzo emanzini Indian, yePacific Atlantic Oceans, itilosi ukuhlola zonke izindlela.

Amazing

Abanolwazi futhi aqine, e 1799 Ivan iminyaka eyisithupha kamuva ebuyela eRussia. Petersburg, wazama ukwethula imiklamo yabo kanye nemibono lasemanzini, kodwa akawatholanga ukuqonda.

Nokho, lapho 1802 isiphakamiso efanayo kwaba ukwenza ibhodi eyinhloko Ministry Russian of Commerce, uMbusi u-Alexander I sivunyiwe, futhi kwanqunywa, kulandela ukuhlomisa bomkhankaso emhlabeni. Ngaso nje kulesi sikhathi futhi ngakhumbula Kruzenshtern, ebamema ukuba inkosi.

I circumnavigation lokuqala

The Emperor, waphefumulela kakhulu nephrojekthi, evunyiwe ke futhi sanikeza ithuba siqu Kruzenshtern ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Uhambo waqokwa ezimbili ezincane ngomkhumbi sloop "Ethembeni" nesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angu-450 umkhumbi kancane alula kakhulu "iNeva". Ukuze yala umkhankaso nayo umkhumbi main Kruzenshtern kwaba Ivan, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo kamuva yehle emlandweni navigation Russian njengenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu. A umyalo sloop "iNeva" azinikwa umngane wakhe omkhulu, uLieutenant Commander Yu Lisyansky.

uhambo Glorious waqala ekuqaleni Agasti 1803. Bobabili imikhumbi kanyekanye aphume itheku Kronstadt ukuya ibanga elide futhi kunzima kakhulu. Umsebenzi main okuyinto wabekwa phambi uhambo - Ukutadisha soMfula Amur ukuthola izindlela ezintsha. It bezilokhu ezithandwayo zezingoma umgomo Russian Pacific Fleet, ukuqaphela ukuthi eside omethembayo abangani ofunda - Kruzenshtern futhi Lisyansky. Kwabe sekudingeka ukuba Bona ukudabula eziningi nobunzima.
Inkantolo okwakumelwe bafake ifulege lempi. Ngaphandle yezitolo zinhloso, lezi sloop "Ethembeni" kwadingeka bayiswe Japan, inxusa Russian - Chamberlain Rezanov, owayebizwa ubophekile ukuhlela ubudlelwane ukuhweba neJapane. Futhi ngenjongo ucwaningo lwesayensi kusukela Russian Academy of Sciences uhambo bathunyelwa semvelo Langsdorf nge Tilesius nesezinkanyezi Horner.

Nenkabazwe Wik

Ephuma nge kokuseshwa Kronstadt, iNkantolo ukubhukuda ethekwini Copenhagen, e Falmouth, waya esiqhingini Tenerife, futhi kakade nane kukaNovemba, ngokuchofoza yenkabazwe okokuqala alethwe Russian impi ifulege e Nenkabazwe oseningizimu. Phakathi nayo yonke yalolu hambo ukulungiswa amabalazwe, ukucinga iziqhingi entsha ezizungezile ogwini ngokudubula ngokunembile wahlanganyela Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich. Owavula ngalesi circumnavigation of the explorer omkhulu, ke empeleni iyokwaziwa ngisho eminyakeni embalwa, lapho kushicilelwa amanothi yakhe kulolu hambo, ethula umphakathi ukuhlanganisa indaba eningi ezithakazelisayo mayelana konke azibona phakathi nohambo bomkhankaso.

Ukufinyelela Brazilian Santa Catarina, abahloli bathola ukuthi "iNeva" kwakudinga ukushintsha kwalezi zakhiwo ezimbili ezinde, ngakho kwadingeka ukuba enze yokupaka encane. Lapho usuqedile ukulungisa imikhumbi waqhubeka ukuwela yenkabazwe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kanye Lisyansky Kruzenshtern kakade ingase ibe kahle uyaziqhenya amasevisi abo ukuze lizwe. Phela, ifulegi Russian uqala Nenkabazwe eningizimu, ngaleso sikhathi kwaba igxathu wamavukelambuso ngempela.

Ngo-February 1804 ngowokuqala round ngoxhaxha emhlabeni, ukuqoqa eCape Horn, lahlukaniswa. Isizathu zesimo sezulu esibi. Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli Kruzenshtern wakwazi ukuya eMarquesas Islands, lapho abahambi babuyelana: ethekwini-Anna Maria, kamuva ababeyoba eyaziwa ngokuthi Nukuhiva, "iNeva" nge "ithemba" abahlangane naye.

Ukudlulisa iziqhingi Vashingtonovyh, Russian circumnavigation uhambo lokuqala waqhubeka ngasenyakatho. Kodwa "iNeva" nge "ithemba" waphinde waphumela ngoMeyi eduze zaseHawaii. Omkhulu womkhumbi wokuqala samuka bebheke Alaska kanye nezinye ayinalutho ogwini zaseKamchatka Japan. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Ingalik Eskimo Island, elingelakwaJuda-United States, lalimisa wetha lesi siqhingi ngokuthi Krusenstern.

Japanese ingxenye ukuvakasha

Omabini anamithandathu ngo-September 1804 lo sloop "Nadezhda" efika e Nagasaki. EJapane, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern ngakho kwadingeka ukuba ngilaliswe kuze kube unyaka ozayo. Japanese Mistrustful futhi kakhulu slow wenqaba ukwamukela inxusa Russian. Ekugcineni, ngo-Ephreli, i-inkinga isixazululiwe.

Buyisela ne Rezanov eKamchatka Kruzenshtern isinqumo ngokusebenzisa Sea of Japan, ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ngokuphelele amatilosi yayingaziwa nhlobo. Endleleni wakwazi ukuhlola ukwenza ugu olusentshonalanga ye Nipon futhi Matsmaya, kanye eningizimu kanye nengxenye esempumalanga yalesi siqhingi ka Sakhalin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Ivan likhombe kanye nesikhundla kwezinye iziqhingi eziningi.

umsebenzi Ukugcwaliswa

Nqamula ku uPetru noPawulu port, lawela inxusa ukubuyiselwa Kruzenshtern kuya ogwini Sakhalin, eqeda izifundo zakhe, bese ukuqoqa ke kuyo inyakatho, engena Amur esizalweni somfula, lapho yesibili ka Agasti wabuya eKamchatka, lapho, libuyisele amanzi amasheya ukudla, "Ethembeni" ithunyelwa Kronstadt. yaphela ngomkhumbi edume emhlabeni wonke Ngakho Kruzenshtern, okuyinto esokuqala olotshwe umlando navigation Russian. It is ngempela nezaba atlanyiweko kuyoba hhayi kuphela inkathi entsha, kodwa futhi ukuze ikhulise geography natural sciences ukwaziswa okuwusizo mayelana amazwe elaziwayo elincane. UMbusi ngesandla esivulekile kakhulu umvuzo Kruzenshtern futhi Lisiansky, kanye wonke amanye amalungu bomkhankaso. Ukuze kugujwe lesi senzakalo esibalulekile u-Alexander I baze bayala ngendondo ekhethekile knock.

Efingqa

Ngo 1811, u-Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, ogama izithombe kungabonakala iyiphi yephuzu izikole zasolwandle nezinye izikole ezikhethekile, waqokwa umhloli amakilasi e Sea ubusosha Corps. Nokho, singakwazi ukuhlakulela isifo iso hhayi ngokuphelele ophumelelayo ubuhlobo lasebukhosini isikhonzi zasolwandle amyisa ucele ikhefu emsebenzini, futhi ngo-December 1815 ngabokuqala ikhefu nanini.

Cishe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wayelokhu basungula imiyalelo enemininingwane senzelwe uhambo emhlabeni, ezenzeka kusukela ngo 1815 kuya ku 1818 ngaphansi kobuholi Kotzebue - Isikhulu junior nohambo lwasolwandle sasekhaya. Kruzenshtern ngisho Ngaya eNgilandi, lapho Wayala kudingekile travel amathuluzi. Futhi ebuya, wathola ikhefu nanini, zaqala ukudalwa yakhe "Atlas South Sea", okumele ziye ephelezelwa amanothi lokuhlola amanzi kanye nokuhlaziywa abasebenzi izyasneniem. Ivan ukumsiza Ochwepheshe iphathwe futhi wadala incazelo omkhulu wokufundisa uhambo nge eziningi amabalazwe nemidwebo. Lo msebenzi, eyanyatheliswa ngo-Russian futhi isiJalimane, liye lahunyushelwa isiFulentshi, futhi kamuva nabo bonke abantu ngothi lwabo izilimi zaseYurophu. Yena waklonyeliswa Demidov Prize.

Manual Marine Corps

Ngo 1827 Kruzenshtern baba umqondisi we Marine Corps. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, waba ilungu Admiralty Board. eyishumi nesithuha oshayelayo iphawuleka ngoshintsho ayisisekelo sikhungo wamabutho: Ivan kwethulwa izifundo ezintsha yokufundisa umtapo abasizakali futhi Museum izinzuzo eziningi. izinguquko ezinkulu abathintekayo hhayi kuphela ezingeni zokuziphatha futhi ezemfundo. Admiral esungulwe isigaba isikhulu, ehhovisi ngokomzimba futhi Observatory.

Ngu isicelo esikhethekile umzimba ka-Ivan ngo-1827 waba Naval Academy.

kwezesayensi yenhlangano

Ekuqaleni Second World, 1812, Kruzenshtern ungumuntu ocebile, umhlatshelo abezempi zabantu -third ingcebo yakhe. Ngalezo zinsuku kwaba imali eningi - ayinkulungwane ruble. Ngawo lowo nyaka wanyathelisa emithathu ivolumu "uhambo lokuzungeza umhlaba ..." yakhe, futhi 1813th wakhethwa ilungu emiphakathini eminingi yesayensi ngisho izinhlangano zezifundiswa eNgilandi nase Denmark, Germany neFrance.

Kuze 1836 Kruzenshtern eshicilelwe yakhe "Atlas South Sea", okuyinto kwadingeka izinhlaka ezinemininingwane ethé lokuhlola amanzi. Kusukela 1827 th futhi 1842 th, kancane kancane ekuphumeni ngokusebenzisa kwababusi, Wafika Admiral. abahambi eziningi kakhulu abavelele bamazwe bafuna ukwesekwa noma iseluleko Ivan. Wayengumuntu umhleli bomkhankaso eholwa Otto Kotzebue, hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi Vavileva futhi Shishmareva, Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev, Stanyukovicha futhi Litke.

ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba

Ngokusho besikhathi, Kruzenshtern elavelela imvelo yabo, ezingafani yabasubathi ehlombe ngebhande webele nobuqhawe wayevelele bomkhankaso. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukuthatha uhambo, naphezu ozakwabo edidayo, yathumba naye malanga onkhe zisindo esasisebenza nawo. umsebenzi yathe ayeyithanda kwakungu push cindezela.

Ikhumbule

Petersburg ngo 1874 by umakhi futhi umqophi Monighetti Schroeder phambi Marine Corps wasungula isikhumbuzo Krusenstern. Yena Yakhiwa izimali ngasese, nakuba imali encane yatholakala futhi kusukela wombuso.

Igama omkhulu wamazwe okuthiwa strait, izixhobo zamakhorali kanye namagxolo. Futhi ngo-1993, Russian Bank ekhishwe zemali esiyisikhumbuzo "Eyokuqala round Russian uhambo emhlabeni" chungechunge.

Buried omkhulu Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern e Tallinn Dome Church.