Isiko nempucuko. Ifilosofi ubuhlobo babo futhi umlando

Igama elithi "isiko" livela eside lesiLatini elisho ukuthi ukutshala umhlaba, kanye imfundo nentuthuko. Ekuqaleni kwakuhlangene indlela yasemakhaya wokuphila kanye nokuxhumana nemvelo. Ngokusekelwe kulo mqondo, ngemcondvo wemasiko ifilosofi kunjengesipho imodi othize yenhlangano kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuphila komuntu, emelelwa imikhiqizo zomsebenzi impahla nangokwengqondo futhi uhlelo yamazinga ezithile esakhiwe emphakathini nezindinganiso ezingokomoya. Isiko futhi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iqoqo lekutsatfwa ngayo imvelo, umphakathi kanye ngokwabo. Ukuze kube lula izinhlobo isiko lihlukaniswe kuncike izigaba zomlando yentuthuko - ngokwesibonelo, Antique, Renaissance nokunye, evela emaqenjini noma imiphakathi - ubuzwe, indabuko noma multi-yobuhlanga, izwe, isiko ngabanye ...

Igama elithi "nempucuko" livela Latin, kakhulu, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo akuyona olwalusikisela nezokulima kanye nokutholakala ezisemadolobheni, futhi lihlotshaniswa imiqondo ezifana yisakhamuzi futhi isimo. Isiko nempucuko ifilosofi kungenzeka kuseduze incazelo - ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "nempucuko" livame ukusetshenziswa lapho bekhuluma isiko. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, ngomqondo eqinile of izwi impucuko libizwa ngezinga yentuthuko umphakathi, elandela "ubuqaba" futhi ihlukaniswe yaba isigaba zomlando yentuthuko (lasendulo, medieval ...). Singasho ukuthi le miqondo emibili kuyizinto ezimbili ubuso wonke efanayo.

Nokho, kuze kube ngekhulu XVIII iningi lososayensi empeleni wahlala ngaphandle imigomo "isiko" futhi "emphakathini." Philosophy usanda kwethula lento nabo isichazamazwi kunalokho sekwephuzile, futhi ekuqaleni babebhekwa omqondofana. Nokho, ukumelwa, efana le miqondo linencazelo, baye osekunesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-China, basuke ngokuvamile yi- elithi "ren" (Confucius), eGreece yasendulo - "Paideia" (Imikhuba emihle), futhi eRoma yasendulo, ngisho ihlukaniswe magama amabili: "Civitas" (okuphambene ubuqaba, impucuko), futhi "ka humanitas" ( imfundo). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuyi Ephakathi ezingaphezu kuka baziswa nomqondo Civitas, kanye Renaissance - humanitas. Kusukela ngekhulu XVIII, isiko uya ukubizwa izimiso Yokukhanyiselwa emkhakheni okungokomoya nezombangazwe - amafomu ezinengqondo futhi evumelanayo uhulumeni, isayensi, ubuciko kanye inkolo. Lakho, uVoltaire, Turgot futhi Condorcet umdlalo ekwahluleleni ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwanoma yiliphi isiko oluhambisana ukuthuthukiswa isizathu kanye rationality.

Ingabe ngaso sonke isikhathi omuhle ziqondakala ongqondongqondo isiko nempucuko? Ifilosofi Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Yokukhanyiselwa wesimanje, linikeza impendulo ezimbi kulo mbuzo. Wabathola bengabantu ngaphezulu umuntu asuka nemvelo, ezincane injabulo yangempela futhi kuvumelana ngokwemvelo. Lokhu ukugxekwa is lasetshenziswa nefilosofi isiJalimane, zabuna okuyinto baye bazama ukwenza umqondo ngalokho. Kant ukubeka phambili umqondo wokuthi inkinga isiko noma okubi noma okuhle nempucuko, zingaxazululwa ngosizo "zokuziphatha zezwe", German Romantics Schelling futhi Genderlin wazama ukwenza lokhu nge umuzwa yobuhle Hegel ayekholelwa ukuthi zonke solvable kohlaka ifilosofi ukwazi Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke uMoya. Umalusi ayekholelwa ukuthi zonke kuwukuphikisana isici umlando namasiko, njengoba eba ngohlobo (empumalanga, Antique, European), ngalinye elikwazi ifinyelela isiqongo sayo, edlulisa impumelelo elandelayo. Humboldt uveza ukuthi esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu esikweni lesizwe ulimi esakha umoya kazwelonke.

Nokho, ifilosofi classical isiJalimane Ibhekwa ukuthuthukiswa isiko njengoba inqubo olulodwa yomugqa, ngakho isikhundla salo awubhekene zonke ezihlukahlukene esinika isiko emhlabeni nempucuko. Ifilosofi kwekhulu XIX (ikakhulukazi lapho sibhekene neo-Kantian Rickert futhi Weber, kanye nabamele "ifilosofi yokuphila") wawuhlaba lo isikhundla. Kantians neyaziwayo main okushiwo isiko emhlabeni bamanani ukubiza umuntu ubulungisa futhi kuthonye ukuziphatha yayo. Nietzsche waqhathanisa Apollonian futhi Dionysian uhlobo isiko, futhi Dilthey - lenhlangotsimbili futhi enembile, ebiza lokuqala "kuncibilike intelligence uketshezi." Marxism khonga ngaphakathi the isiko nempucuko isisekelo impahla kanye neqembu yezenhlalakahle (isigaba) uhlamvu.

Kusukela ekupheleni kwelikhulu lesi-XIX futhi waqala ukutadisha isiko ngokombono anthropology futhi ethnography (Taylor), ke wadalwa ukuhlaziya okuhlelekile isiko njengendlela isimiso amagugu, semiotics futhi yezilimi kwesakhiwo (Levi-Strauss). Ukuze zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili elinesimo isiqondiso ezifana ifilosofi isiko, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto yayimelelwe izimpawu (Cassirer), umuzwa (Bergson), noma archetypes (Jung). Philosophy of isiko, kanye nabamele existentialists futhi hermeneutics zefilosofi, kubonakala ngamunye yesiko lendawo, kunencazelo jikelele, okuyinto phendla lapho ehumusha izimpawu zayo. Nakuba kukhona isikhundla yokuthi uyayilahla into ezifana isiko jikelele nempucuko. Ifilosofi Spengler futhi Toynbee ukholelwa polycentrism izitshalo ubufakazi ukungabi e impucuko ezahlukene nemithetho ezivamile jikelele.