Isikhathi Mesozoic. Era Mesozoic. Umlando nge-Earth

Umlando Zomhlaba has emine yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane nengxenye. Le nkathi omkhulu isikhathi sehlukaniswe engenakubalwa ezine, nakho zihlukaniswe nangenkathi kanye nezikhathi. Final Eon lesine - Phanerozoic - kuhlanganisa nangenkathi ezintathu:

• Paleozoic;
• Mesozoic;
• Cenozoic.

Inkathi Mesozoic Uphawula ukwethulwa izibankwakazi, nokuzalwa uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli yesimanje kanye nezinguquko okukhulu kwendawo.

Izinkathi kwenkathi Mesozoic

Ukuphela kwenkathi Paleozoic kwaphawulwa ukuqothulwa kwezilwane. Inqubo yokuvela kokuphila zangenkathi Mesozoic libhekene ukuvela tinhlobo letinsha izidalwa. Okokuqala, kubalulekile izibankwakazi nezilwane ezincelisayo ekuseni.

Mesozoic eyathatha iminyaka eziyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha million no lalinabashumayeli izinkathi ezintathu, njenge:

• Triassic;
• Jurassic;
• Cretaceous.

isikhathi Mesozoic libhekene lapho kuqala inkathi yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Besilokhu izinguquko eziphawulekayo ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba Zomhlaba. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi supercontinent kuphela ekhona yahlukana yaba izingxenye ezimbili, okuyinto kamuva yahlukaniswa yaba amazwekazi, ezweni namuhla.

Triassic

isikhathi Triassic - lena esigabeni sokuqala kwenkathi Mesozoic. Triassic Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa phezu amathathu nanhlanu kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi. Ngemva kwale nhlekelele, okwenzeka ekupheleni le Paleozoic Emhlabeni, zikhona izimo, hhayi kuphela kunikela ukuchuma ukuphila. iphutha Tectonic kwenzeka izwekazi Pangea kwakhiwa nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo kanye kungatshalwa eziqongweni zezintaba.

Isimo sezulu efudumele futhi omile, ngokuqondene lapho iplanethi kwakhiwa ehlane nosawoti amazinga kule amadamu kwandisa kakhulu. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi kukhona onqabayo izibankwakazi lokuqala, ezincelisayo nezinyoni. Ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu kwaba nesandla ukuntuleka abahlukene esishintshashintshayo zezulu ukuba kulondolozwe izinga lokushisa iyunifomu lonke jikelele.

Nezilwane we Triassic

Inkathi Triassic we Mesozoic elinesimo kwemvelo abalulekile ezilwaneni. Kwaba esikhathini Triassic kokuba labo eziphilayo, kamuva kwakhiwa umfanekiso uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli yesimanje.

Cynodont uvele - iqembu Dinosaurs, kuyinto ngukhokho ezincelisayo kuqala. Lezi izibankwakazi zambozwa izinwele futhi waba emihlathini kakhulu athuthukile ezibasiza udle inyama eluhlaza. Cynodont wabeka amaqanda, kodwa abesifazane babo abasha fed ubisi. Esikhathini Triassic owasungula okhokho izibankwakazi, pterosaurs nezingwenya yesimanje - archosaurs.

eziphilayo abaningi bashintsha isimo sabo amanzi endaweni enabantu eyomile. Ngakho kukhona izinhlobo ezintsha Amoni, molluscs, kanye amathambo ray-finned izinhlanzi. Kodwa izakhamuzi main kolwandle ezijulile ichthyosaurs okuzingela ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo waqala sewenziwa omkhulu.

Ngu ekupheleni Triassic, ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo ayivunyelwe ugcine zonke zezilwane zavela, izinhlobo eziningi ayikwazanga ukuncintisana namanye, zinamandla futhi zinejubane. Ngakho, ekupheleni kwesikhathi kusezweni wabusa thecodonts, okhokho izibankwakazi.

Izitshalo esikhathini Triassic

I izitshalo Engxenyeni yokuqala Triassic akuyona ngokuphongoza ukuphela plant we Paleozoic inkathi. Ngo amanzi ayinala zinhlobo ezehlukene ulwelwe, umhlaba okwandile imbewu Izinhlobo kanye drevnehvoynye, futhi ezindaweni ezisogwini - lycopsids izitshalo.

Lwathi luphela ezweni Triassic wafihla ikhava izitshalo herbaceous, okuyinto lula kakhulu ukuvela ezihlukahlukene izinambuzane. Futhi, zikhona izitshalo iqembu mesophytic. Sagovnikovye ezinye izitshalo ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. It sago isundu ezikhulayo endaweni Malay Archipelago. Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ezimila ezindaweni ezisogwini iplanethi, futhi umhlaba ubuswa AmaConifers.

Jurassic

Le nkathi iyona edume kunayo yonke imibuso emlandweni ka kwenkathi Mesozoic. Jura - izintaba aseYurophu, okuyinto wanika igama sikhathi. Kulezi ezintabeni inhlabathi wangaleyo nkathi zitholakele. Isikhathi Jurassic eyathatha iminyaka eyizigidi amahlanu nanhlanu. ukubaluleka Geographic atholwe ngenxa kumiswa amazwekazi yesimanje (Melika, i-Afrika, e-Australia, i-Antarctica).

Ukwehlukanisa ezimbili ekhona kuze amazwekazi Laurasia futhi Gondwana kwaba ukubunjwa amatheku entsha nezilwandle kanye ukwenyuka kwamazinga olwandle emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kunomthelela omuhle sezulu somhlaba, okwenza kube manzi kakhulu. Amazinga air emhlabeni kwehle futhi baba zivumelana isimo sezulu sifudumele nakwezifudumele. Izinguquko ezinjalo, ngakho zezulu baye baba neqhaza elikhulu ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa ngcono yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.

Izilwane kanye nezitshalo kwesikhathi Jurassic

Jurassic isikhathi - inkathi izibankwakazi. Nakuba ezinye izinto eziphilayo futhi savela futhi zathatha amafomu amasha futhi izinhlobo. OLwandle naleso sikhathi, bagcwala ezingenamgogodla eziningi, umzimba isakhiwo esingagcina atfutfuke kakhulu kunemakhono ku Triassic. I ubiquity wathola bivalves futhi vnutrirakovinnye belemnites, ubude baso sifinyelela amamitha amathathu.

Izwe izinambuzane futhi wathola ukukhula kwemvelo. Ukuvela eziqhakazayo futhi kukho kumvusele ukuvela impova izinambuzane. Kunezinhlobo entsha cicadas, mabhungane, ojekamanzi nezinye izinambuzane eliwumhlaba.

izinguquko sezulu Jurassic kuholele kwezulu kakhulu. Lokhu, emenza ukusabalala uhlaza surface yomhlaba. Ngo ibhande enyakatho yezwe ubuswa izitshalo herbaceous paportnikovye futhi ginkgo. zone Wik babe zohlinzamfuku futhi cycads. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlaba wagcwala ezihlukahlukene AmaConifers, futhi izitshalo sagovnikovye kordaitovye.

Dawn of the Dinosaurs

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Jurassic we Mesozoic ezihuquzelayo yayina yabo kwemvelo, afikelwe inkathi izibankwakazi. Ezilwandle emhlabeni wanqoba giant ichthyosaurs futhi plesiosaurs delfinooobraznye. Uma ichthyosaurs babe izakhamuzi imvelo kuphela emanzini, lo plesiosaurs ngezikhathi ezithile kwakudingeka ichweba.

Dinosaurs ophilayo emhlabathini, bazongena esitelekeni ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo. osayizi yabo zazisuka 10 amasentimitha ukuba amathathu amamitha, walinganisa kubo izimpahla ezingamathani angu-mahlanu. Phakathi kwabo kubuswa izinyoni herbivorous, kodwa kukhona nalabo abanukubeza izingane ezinolaka. Inani elikhulu of izilwane zasendle kuye kwavusa kumiswa ezidla uhlaza tincenye letitsite Ukuvikelwa: amapuleti acute, spikes, nabanye.

Wezasemoyeni egcwele izibankwakazi Jurassic, ngubani esekwazi ukundiza. Nakuba zindiza Kwakudingeka ngidonse egqumeni. Pterodactyls nezinye pterosaurs uthole e amaphakethe futhi kuhlelwe phansi ufuna ukudla.

Cretaceous

Lapho ekhetha igama kwesikhathi elilandelayo uye waba nendima esemqoka, okuholela inzika singafi ezingenamgogodla, ngokubhala wokulinganisa. Kwabe sekuqala inkathi ebizwa ngokuthi Cretaceous kwaba lokugcina ngenkathi Mesozoic. Le nkathi eyathatha iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili.

I kwaphumela amazwekazi amasha ukuhambisa, futhi ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba Zomhlaba uya ukuthatha ifomu ajwayelekile umuntu wanamuhla. Isimo sezulu baba ukubanda kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi kwakhiwa yiqhwa enyakatho nezingongolo eningizimu. Futhi, kukhona ukuhlukana sezulu esihlukahlukene planethi. Kodwa isimo sezulu jikelele wahlala efudumele ngokwanele, bamsiza Isivuvu.

Biosphere Cretaceous

Amanzi aqhubeka aguquka futhi basakaze belemnites ne-shellfish, sea urchin zidla nazo isakhiwa futhi shellfish kuqala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadamu akhe ekuthuthukiseni tverdokostnym izinhlanzi skeleton. Kakhulu wathuthuka izinambuzane nezibungu. On izwe ke isibalo sezikhungo ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, kuhlanganise isikhundla okuholela elalihlala ezihuquzelayo nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Basuke ngenkuthalo amuncwa izimila komhlaba futhi ababhubhise nomunye. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Cretaceous kwakukhona inyoka yokuqala yaphila emanzini futhi liqhube imisebenzi yezolimo. Izinyoni baqala ukuvela e ngasekupheleni kwenkathi Jurassic, phakathi umcako ukuthuthukiswa okwandile asebenzayo.

Phakathi izitshalo amaningi asethuthukile zom. izitshalo spore ngenxa esiphelweni izici ziyafa yadedela intuthuko ngaphezulu. Ekupheleni kwaleyo nkathi, gymnosperms savela kakhulu futhi beba sithathelwe indawo angiosperms.

Ukuphela kwenkathi Mesozoic

Umlando Zomhlaba has nenhlekelele ezimbili global, eyasebenza njengodonga ukushabalala mass nezilwane nazo kulo mhlaba. Okokuqala, inhlekelele Perm kwaba ekuqaleni kwenkathi Mesozoic, kanti eyesibili imakwe isiphetho salo. izinto eziphilayo kakhulu ngenkuthalo savela ku Mesozoic. In imvelo yasemanzini lashabalala bakwa-Amoni belemnites, bivalves. Sezadlula lezo izibankwakazi kanye nezinye ezihuquzelayo eziningi. Nor was kwezinhlobo eziningi izinyoni nezinambuzane.

Kuze kube manje akukho kungase kutholakale umbono wokuthi kwaba i luhloboluni nokuqothulwa nezilwane esikhathini Cretaceous. Kukhona izinguqulo umthelela ongemuhle kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, noma ngemisebe okubangelwa kuqhuma ibhomu kakhulu ngemva cosmic. Kodwa izazi eziningi sithambekele bakholelwa ukuthi imbangela yokuqothulwa kwaba le nguzunga usayizi giant, okuyinto ngesikhathi beshaya surface eMhlabeni kuvuswe isimo eziningi izinto uvale iplanethi awo elangeni.