Isikhathi esibekelwe - Yini leyo? Incazelo. "Okusha Kwezikhathi" Fomenko futhi G. Nosovskiy

Umlando wesintu uye njalo abanesifiso kweswela wakhe. Omdala othile Eqinisweni, kulapho incazelo yakhe nokuqagela nezinto ezinganembile. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wanezela isici womuntu nezithakazelo ababusi.

Kuyinto phezu kwephuzu abavumelana ngalo okunjalo futhi ukwakha "Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi entsha". Yini ekhethekile ngale nkolelo-mbono, bayaluzisa omningi walo izifundiswa?

Kuyini kwezikhathi?

Ngaphambi sikhuluma legatsha non-bendabuko kwezesayensi zomlando, kuyinto ukuze sinqume ukuthi ngabe sengithi ngomqondo zakudala.

Ngakho kwezikhathi - isayensi asizayo okhuluma izinto eziningana.

Okokuqala, inquma uma kukhona umcimbi.

Okwesibili, kulandela ukulandelana nesikhundla kwesigameko ngesilinganiso komugqa iminyaka.

It ihlukaniswe yaba iminyango eminingana - yezinkanyezi, Geological futhi kwezikhathi.

Ngayinye yalezi iminyango has awayo Izindlela zokutholakala kwezinsuku zezenzakalo nocwaningo. Lezi zihlanganisa i-ratio amakhalenda namasiko ehlukene, Radiocarbon Dating, indlela thermoluminescent, obsidian hydration dating, stratigraphy, dendrochronology, nabanye.

Okusho ukuthi, ngabe sengithi classical yakha ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngesisekelo a Ucwaningo olunzulu. Uyalandisa imiphumela umsebenzi ososayensi ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi kuphela uma cross-sokuqinisekisa amaqiniso kwenza sinqumo sokugcina.

Ake sibheke kabanzi ngezinye izimpikiswano ezaphakanyiswa ekuqaleni. Ngobani Fomenko, Nosovskiĭ? "Uma kubalwa izikhathi kusuke okusha" - a mbumbulu isayensi noma igama elisha e ukutadisha umlando womuntu?

Umlando Lokudabuka

Ngokuvamile, le nkolelo-mbono, abalobi okuyizinto Fomenko, Nosovskiĭ ( "okusha Kwezikhathi"), ngokusekelwe ucwaningo izibalo, N. A. tvoix rukax. Lesi sakamuva, ngokuba ejele Petersburg, wenza ekubalweni izikhundla izinkanyezi, okukhulunywe ngaye Apocalypse. Ngokusho kwakhe kwakubonakala sengathi le ncwadi okulotshwe wesine AD leminyaka. Hhayi kancane namahloni, washo ukukhwabanisa emlandweni wezwe.

Abalobi "okusha Kwezikhathi" ababengaphambi tvoix rukax bakholwe Garduena ongumJesuit futhi physics Isaaka Nyutona, owazama ukuba uhlaziye futhi recalculate emlandweni wesintu.

Okokuqala, ngokusekelwe olwazini nasekuqondeni philological, ngazama ukufakazela ukuthi zonke izincwadi sasendulo sasibhalwa e Ephakathi. Newton futhi zakhonza komlando wasendulo. Yena iminyaka yabalwa wokubusa oFaro ohlwini Manetho. Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka ngemiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe, umlando wezwe iye yancipha zeminyaka ezingaphezu kwezintathu.

Ukuze "izinto" enjalo kungabuye kuchasiselwe Edvina Dzhonsona noRobert Baldauf owayephikisa ngokuthi isintu akuyona ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu.

Ngakho Morozov kuthatha izibalo ngokuphelele kumnandi ayengasekela kubo nokulandelana kwezikhathi zenzakalo zawo. Kuyini iminyaka eyinkulungwane yomlando? Inganekwane! Stone Age - lokhu AD I ekhulwini, ekhulwini lesibili - kwenkathi ethusi, eyesithathu - ukuthoma ngesiKhathi seSimbi. Beningazi yini ukuthi? Phela, izincwadi zomlando ezazinama- e ezikhathini zanamuhla!

Ake sihlolisise ngalesi theory engavamile futhi sibheke indaba ecatshangwe yayo.

eziyisisekelo

Ngokusho Fomenko, "okusha Kwezikhathi" kuhlukile bendabuko e ukuthi akakhwabanisi nesiphambeko. Ukudla kwalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa postulates ezinhlanu kuphela.

Okokuqala, ucishe angabhekwa imithombo esemthethweni ngemuva ebhaliwe kuphela kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nanye imisebenzi kumele aphathwe ngokuqapha. Futhi kuze kwekhulu leshumi, abantu wayengazi ukuthi ukubhala.

Yonke idatha bemivubukulo lingahunyushwa ngalezi zindlela umcwaningi ufuna sobala kangako zomlando eziligugu, bona ningathwali.

Okwesibili, ikhalenda European kuphela uvele ngekhulu nanhlanu. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, isizwe ngasinye sasinothisha ikhalenda ayo futhi iphuzu lendabuko. Kusukela ekudalweni kwemhlaba kuzamcolo, kusukela ekuzalweni noma wenyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi umbusi ...
kuphakama Lesi sitatimende kusuka kule mqondo.

Okwesithathu, ukwaziswa okungokomlando emakhasini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla, azibhala nezinye imisebenzi ukugqagqana ongamesabiyo uNkulunkuluj. Ngakho, ngabe sengithi Nosovskiy uveza ukuthi iningi zenzakalo zenzeka emlandweni ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi noma kamuva lasendulo. Kodwa ngenxa ukungafani amakhalenda bakuphi kule nguqulo, ulwazi hhayi ziphathwe kahle nomlando udrevnyalas.

Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi Traditional okungalungile abaneminyaka impucuko zaseMpumalanga kanye iphuzu reference emlandweni wesintu. Ukwahlulela nge postulate langaphambilini, iChina neNdiya awukwazi ukubala ngaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane umlando.

Ilungiselelo wesibili e-isici womuntu kanye nokuzinikela Uhulumeni ukuze bagunyaze ngokwabo. Fomenko, ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo ebhaliwe igunya ngayinye ngaphansi kwakhe Ethi, futhi idatha ubudala kusulwe noma ubhujiswe. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuba baqonde ngokugcwele umlando. Okuwukuphela kwento kungathenjelwa kuye, iwukuba "ngephutha elahlekile noma izingxenyana balondolozwa." Lezi zihlanganisa amabalazwe, emakhasini zemihla ezahlukene kanye namanye amaphepha emvume, eqinisekisa theory.

I-agumenti esekelwe emibhalweni

Ubufakazi esemqoka kule ndawo "uyimbudane" ngomfanekiso nangenkathi ezine umlando nezenzakalo emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke repeatability.

isikhathi Ukhiye iminyaka 330, 1050 kanye 1800. Lokho, uma uthatha kude izenzakalo medieval inombolo iminyaka sihlangabezana ukuhambisana izigameko egcwele.

Kule isuselwe nokuthuka kuqondana ezahlukene emlandweni, okuyinto, ngokusho theory Fomenko sika, ungomunye kanye nomuntu ofanayo.

Ngaphansi iziphetho ezinjalo kushintshwe kwezikhathi Ukraine, eRussia nase-Europe. imithombo eziphikisa Iningi indiva noma njengoba kumemezela manga.

indlela yezinkanyezi

Lapho kuphakama izingxabano eyala ezithile, ezama ukudonsa okutholakele kwezesayensi ahlobene.

Ngokusho Fomenko, "okusha Kwezikhathi" isheke kakhulu futhi afakazele postulates yayo ngokusebenzisa amabalazwe lasendulo yezinkanyezi. Ngokutadisha le mibhalo, it is wacasulwa kusukela ukusitheka (kwelanga nokwenyanga), kukhulunywa lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, futhi eqinisweni, isithombe ezinkanyezi.

Umthombo oyinhloko, okuyinto lusekelwe ebufakazini, iyona "Almagest". Lokhu indatshana, owawungumnyaka Aleksandriya Klavdiy Ptolemey phakathi yesibili AD leminyaka. Kodwa Fomenko, ngemva kokutadisha dokhumenti, sihlehlela yona iminyaka engamakhulu amane kamuva, okungenani ngekhulu lesithupha.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-ukuze afakazele mbono "Almagest" sathathwa izinkanyezi eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela (nakuba idokhumenti eqoshiwe ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane). Kuphela la kwathiwa "kwesokudla", kanti bonke abanye - "kokuzihlanganisa".

Ubufakazi main kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kusukela umbono wokusitheka ukhonza Libya indzaba mayelana Peloponnesian War. Kukhona ahlelwe imiphumela emithathu: ezimbili elanga futhi omunye kwenyanga.

Le catch wukuthi Tit Livy ubhala izenzakalo lonke nhlonhlo, futhi wathi "usuku wayengase abone izinkanyezi." Okungukuthi, kwase kuphelile ukusitheka kwelanga ngokuphelele. Ukwahlulela evela kweminye imithombo, e-Athens ngaleso sikhathi waphawula ukusitheka kwelanga esinqunyiwe.

Kususelwa kule AMANGA, Fomenko uthi kutfotjelwa idatha Libya kwaba kuphela nanye AD leminyaka. Ngenxa yalokhu, ivese idlulisela wonke umlando wasendulo kanye zeminyaka isigamu ukuza.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi nemilaza yezinkanyezi idatha kuvumelana "zendabuko" indaba, ogxile kwezikhathi yezwe, awavumelekile. Zonke lezi imithombo kuthiwa ukuba "Oshintshiwe" Ephakathi.

Ubufakazi obuvela neminye imikhakha yesayensi

Ingabe ukumangalela umuntu okungenasisekelo ngokumelene isikali dendrological Novgorod, lapho kwaqinisekiswa ku izinkulungwane izibonelo. Iqembu Fomenko ukholelwa lezi idatha bamba ngaphansi umlando oqanjiwe.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyahlaselwa Radiocarbon ukuhlaziywa. Kodwa izitatimende ayethule sobuntu sokuhlalisana ngokuthula. Le ndlela wonke yokuphambuka izikhathi kwalokho, lapho ihlolwe yobudala Indwangu eTurin. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho yonke into "kwenziwe ngokunembile futhi ngokholo okuhle."

On lokho "Ukungabaza" ngokusekelwe "okusha Kwezikhathi"

Ake sibone, ukuthi yini izimbungulu enye Fomenko iqembu isayensi bendabuko. Ukuhlaselwa eziyinhloko izindlela zomlando ucwaningo. Futhi ngokuvamile atholakala mqondo "ombaxambili." Endabeni isayensi yemfundo noma ukuthi indlela kuthiwa falsification phakathi abalandeli ngokuthi "okusha Kwezikhathi" Nguye kuphela elungile.

Ukungabaza lokuqala owabeka Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo izincwadi. Kususelwa emibhalweni yezazi-mlando, zemihla nezimiso izikhulu Fomenko futhi Morozov ukudala bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Kodwa izigidi zamakhasi ezincwadi elula, amadokhumenti ibhizinisi kanye nezinye okufakiwe "ethandwa" indiva.

"Scaliger" ukuphola ezaqedwa ngenxa ukusetshenziswa ukubhula ngezinkanyezi, futhi lonke abacwaningi akazange acabangele.

amadokhumenti amaningi kuthiwa inkohliso. isahlulelo okunjalo kusekelwe yokuthi neze ukuhlukanisa umthombo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kusukela lasendulo. Ngokusekelwe falsifications eyaziwa livela mqondo mayelana kungathembeki kuzo zonke izincwadi, "okuthiwa wadala yeminyaka maphakathi no-kuqala."

Kodwa lo main ubufakazi base ayengasekela kubo "okusha Kwezikhathi" Fomenko Nosovskiĭ nokwakhela ukusondela yamasiko Antiquity futhi Yempucuko.

Imicimbi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, lapho bekhohlakele khona iningi ulwazi lasendulo, kuthiwa umbhedo nasezindabeni eziqanjiwe. Iqembu Fomenko uthi kukhona abanye ubufakazi ukungahluzeki okutholakala of a imodeli enjalo.

Okokuqala, akunakwenzeka "ukhohlwe" bese nje "khumbula" izindawo yonke ulwazi lwesayensi.

Okwesibili, kusho ukuthini "ukubuyisela" namakhulu eminyaka yocwaningo idatha edlule? Ukuze silondoloze ulwazi kumele kube izikole yesayensi, lapho ulwazi sisuka uthisha ukuba umfundi.

Kulezi zinto kuphothulwe ngokuthi wonke umlando zasendulo - ke nje eyayenziwe ancientizing izenzakalo ephakathi.

nentshisekelo kwezikhathi iqembu Fomenko Russian Ikakhulukazi. Kusukela ibonisa idatha yayo ulwazi mayelana kusolakala ekhona medieval umbuso "khans Russian", okuyinto ayehlanganisa yonke Eurasia.

ukugxekwa jikelele yesayensi

Baningi ososayensi bengavumelani ne postulates ukubeka phambili yi-"okusha Kwezikhathi". Kuyini, isibonelo, "uphonsa eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma okungalungile yesayensi"? It kuvela ukuthi kuphela Fomenko, esekelwe amanothi Morozov ungumnikazi "lweqiniso".

Empeleni, kukhona izinto ezintathu kakhulu bedidwe yimuphi umuntu Sane.

Okokuqala, silahle kwezikhathi bendabuko, iqembu Fomenko ngaleyo ndlela effaces zonke neSayensi jikelele, okuyinto ngokungaqondile kuqinisekiswa idatha zezemfundo. Lokho, izazi zolimi, abavubukuli, numismatists, izazi zokuma komhlaba, izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu kanye nezinye izazi ngokuphelele abangenacala abaqondi, kodwa umane ukwakha umbono wabo, esekelwe agumenti eyiphutha.

Ludzaba lwesibili ukungqubuzana sobala ezindaweni eziningi. Sikhuluma yobudala efanayo, ukuqinisekisa ibalazwe isibhakabhaka isikhathi ohluke ngokuphelele. Ngakho, wonke amaqiniso kuyalungiswa uzimele oyifunayo.

Futhi zibandakanya lokungafani okuthiwa "okuphindayo" emlandweni. Ngokwesibonelo, uSolomoni kuKhesari - lokho kukunye nokuthi umuntu ofanayo, ngokuvumelana "okusha Kwezikhathi". Uyini iminyaka engamashumi amane okuqala amane ngokumelene sesibili ongelutho? Ingabe akufani? Ngakho, ekhulwini weshumi nesishiyagalombili oqanjiwe!

Isizathu sokugcina, unikezwa lo mbono njengoba isayensi-mbumbulu, kanje. Ngokusekelwe "izilungiso" eziningi, kubonakala sengathi kukhona uzungu emhlabeni wonke, 'futhi lokho kucace-of-umphakathi ", okungase ubhale indlela imfihlo emlandweni wesintu. Futhi wenziwa Ephakathi futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla, lapho kwakukhona kumiswa uthi futhi mayelana phi gwamanda futhi sokuhlanganiswa wayengeyena mbuzo.

Into yokugcina ngokungagwegwesi yavusa iningi lososayensi, kwakukhona ukuhlaselwa esicacile efaneleyo zezemfundo. Uma ukubala umbono 'okusha Kwezikhathi "kweqiniso, kubonakala sengathi bonke ososayensi adlala nje ku Sandbox futhi akaqondi izinto ngisho eziyisisekelo. Ingasaphathwa ingqondo.

izazi zezinkanyezi Kungani abathukuthele

The main isikhubekiso kwaba "Almagest". Uma thina ulahle labo izinkanyezi, ogxile imfundiso yokuziphendukela Fomenko (abakwazi sangomhla ngomunye), uthole isithombe, eqondana ngokugcwele bendabuko.

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo lwamashumi amabili nanye kulandzisa lokulula ekhulwini ukunyakaza yokukhanya senziwa ngosizo amasu zakamuva kanye nama-computer. Yonke idatha lukaPtolemy futhi Hipparchus kubo kwaqinisekiswa.

Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi okubangelwa ukucasula ukuhlaselwa okungenasisekelo ku bomsebenzi wabo nayizimfundamakhwela ephelele.

Phendula mlando, izazi zolimi futhi abavubukuli

Emkhakheni ithonya lalaba eyala ukufuthelana mpikiswano. Kokuthoma, wamelela dendrochronology futhi Radiocarbon ukuhlaziywa. Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka izitatimende Fomenko, yena izibalo for 1960. Sekuyisikhathi eside Lezi wesayensi wasondela. Izindlela ezazisebenzisa ukusekela nomlando owamukelekayo futhi kuqinisekiswa izindlela ahlobene. Lezi zihlanganisa ibhande ubumba, izindlela paleomagnetic kanye potassium-argon, nokunye.

kungavelani esingayilindele babe birchbark. Ukwahlulela iqiniso lokuthi lichaza "Uma kubalwa izikhathi kusuke okusha", umlando Russian kuphambene ulwazi ezisuka kule mithombo. Lesi sakamuva, ngenhlanhla waqinisekisa hhayi kuphela dendrochronology, kodwa futhi neminye imininingo eziningi ezivela ezimpikweni ahlobene.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi nandaba ephelele Arab, Armenia, isi-Chinese, nezinye izincwadi ezilotshiwe, okuyinto uqinisekise nomlando owamukelekayo yeYurophu. Iphawula izinhlobo kuphela lawo maqiniso ukuthi uqinisekise le mfundiso.

Ukugcizelelwa imithombo lelandzisako ubeka abalandeli "okusha Kwezikhathi" esimweni esiyinkinga. agumenti zabo izicucu by amarekhodi ezivamile zokuphatha kanye nezomnotho.

Uma ubheka ubufakazi ngokolimi Fomenko ke, ngokuvumelana Zaliznyaka A. A., "kuyinto amateurism bodwa ezingeni iphutha etafuleni ukubuyabuyelela." Ngokwesibonelo, Latin limenyezelwe ozalweni-Old Church futhi "Samara" ngesikhathi sokufunda reverse iba "lwesigodi izwi pronunciation Rome".

Izinsuku kanye namagama ezinhlamvini zemali, izindondo, amagugu ukuqinisekisa ngokugcwele idatha zezemfundo. Ikakhulukazi inani le nto nje ukuvala amathuba manga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezikhathi ezimpini abalobi okuqondene namasiko ehlukene, kuvumelana ikhalenda ngokuletha zifana. Kukhona ngisho idatha Ephakathi babemane akwaziwa, wavula kuphela kumbiwa ngo kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

Isiphetho ososayensi "Uma kubalwa izikhathi kusuke okusha"

Okokuqala, namuhla neningi elalela imisebenzi Scaliger njengoba khulu njengoba they ziqinisekiswa ucwaningo lwakamuva.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, endaweni Nosovskaya Fomenko emisebenzini iqukethe ukuhlaselwa kuphela kuleli isazi ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Kodwa akukho yaphansi noma izinkomba umthombo izingcaphuno noma inkomba ecacile iphutha.

Okwesibili, bambalala okuphelele amarekhodi kwezomnotho. Zonke base ubufakazi lusekelwe zemihla akhethiwe kanye namanye amaphepha emvume, okuyizinto kuphela eyodwa emaceleni show izenzakalo. Ukuswela umuntu Ucwaningo olunzulu.

Okwesithathu, lo okuthiwa "ngonya umbuthano ukuphola" ubalekela ngokwalo. Okungukuthi, abasekeli "okusha Kwezikhathi" ngizama ukubakhumbuza ukuthi, ngokusekelwe emagcekeni ekuqaleni zamanga, iningi izindlela umane uphindaphinde iphutha. Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zabo, ngokuvamile kwamehlisa futhi akunasisekelo.

Futhi okokugcina. "Isiqephu sezinhlanzi" esibi kakhulu. Yakha wonke ubufakazi, kepha uma usondela ekuboneni komqondo ozwakalayo, khona-ke izingxabano zinyuka njengezindlu zamakhadi.

Kungenzeka yini ukuqoqa zonke izincwadi, izinqumo, izincwadi ngendlela eyimfihlo, zibhale kabusha ngendlela entsha bese uzibuyisela ezindaweni zazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala okuningi kwezinto ezivubukulwayo akunakwenzeka ngempela. Futhi, imiqondo yendlela yokulala yamasiko, i-stratigraphy kanye nezinye izikhathi ezivamile zokuvubukula aziwa ngokuphelele kuma-theorists eNew Chronology.