Kuyini amabhuku ubumba? Wayekuphi umtapo odumile amabhuku ubumba?

Akumangalisi ukuthi obuyigugu kakhulu ngosuku ulwazi. Nge ulwazi olulungile, abantu bangenza noma yini abayifunayo. Sasazi ngakho futhi okhokho bethu. Kuqalwe ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule amabhuku ubumba ukufakazela ukuthi bazama ukulungisa zonke ucishe eyigugu kubo.

By the way, lokho kuyinto ubumba yencwadi? Uma ungazi impendulo yalo mbuzo, siphakamisa ukuthi ukufunda lesi sihloko. Kuyo uzothola izimpendulo zayo yonke imibuzo yabo evela endle.

Imininingwane zomlando

Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi impucuko kakhulu lasendulo womuntu, okuyinto kufinyelele iqophelo elinamandla isikhathi nenkathi yakhe, kwaba eMesophothamiya. It wayevela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu endaweni ngokuphawulekayo abakhethiwe ngempumelelo, esigodini confluence imifula omkhulu - iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. Ukuthi leli zwe lalihlala Sumerians eziyinqaba neziyimfihlakalo, ababezibiza ngokuthi i- "abantu namaqhubu."

Imininingwane ukuphumelela

Sumerians zaziwa ngokuthi izazi zezinkanyezi zasendulo. It astronomer kanye ababhula ngezinkanyezi ungaphenduki, okubenza babe izimfundiso izwe lethu lasendulo. icebo yabo isibe-cuneiform oluvelele. Lokhu hlelo lokubhala, izimpawu okuyinto owawufana nemigoqo evamile, amagejambazo. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo lwabo ngezinhlamvu lethiwa engavamile.

Kulezo eminyaka impahla itholakala kuphela nokuloba kwakungukuloba nobumba. Yiqiniso, into angase ebhaliwe esikhumbeni. Kodwa! Okokuqala, begqoke lesikhumba - ucezu hhayi ezishibhile, ngisho ngezindinganiso lanamuhla. Okwesibili, abantu base bazi ukuthi lo mqulu lesikhumba ngeke asinde umlilo, ayehlasela namagundane noma lina. ukukhathazeka Ikakhulukazi ngalesi nabathelisi, imali ababolekisi, odokotela ... Ngamafuphi, bonke labo bantu ezimsebenzi encike ngqo phezu ubuqotho ulwazi abalutholayo. Kodwa uyini obumbeni ncwadi? Yiqiniso, idatha phezu lincane kakhulu ...

ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe

Eqinisweni, yiyo kanye wadubula ezibhebheni zobumba, phezu okuyinto lisetshenzisiwe onobhala Imininingwane ngaphambi kokuba ukwelula ibe elithambile billet esithandweni. izitini Modern phezu okuyinto kukhona uphawu umenzi, eqinisweni - "Incwadi" efanayo.

I "abezindaba" yokuqala yalolu hlobo zadalwa phezu anamane amawaka iminyaka ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu. Ukuma kanye nosayizi zalezi "izincwadi" zihluke kakhulu. Lwaluyisicaba, futhi convex, okusaqanda engachemile, "incwadi" ... Abanye babo babengamasela nenkundla notebook njalo, kodwa lona omunye kwaba idayagonali mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 45 cm! Yilokho incwadi nobumba.

Kanjani ukwakha incwadi enjalo?

Ubuchwepheshe yayilula, ngisho kakhulu, umbhali wokuqala baba uzilungiselele futhi kwakhiwa workpiece ku ifemu nasezingeni kwamanzi, abese, ayehlome ngenduku iloliwe, waqala ngawakhamela out on ilebula izinhlamvu ze-cuneiform zamagama. "Ukuphatha" umbhali bakhe basendulo igcinwe cishe ngendlela efanayo namuhla sisuke ipensela. Bheka yezingane zidlala, into uzama ukubhala sandbox: Eqinisweni, basuke kuqhathaniswa amakhosi asendulo.

Ukuqinisekisa flatness futhi impindamqondo isetshenziswa izinhlamvu ubumba, ngaphambi kokuqala ipuleti ngokuvamile waphawulwa usebenzisa intambo iqine. Ngokuvamile umbhali egcwele hhayi kuphela sezinhlangothini zombili ze-ncwadi, kodwa ngisho wakwazi ukubeka ulwazi injongo yawo. Ancient "izisebenzi zasemahhovisi ezingamaphesenti" wadubula idokhumenti siphelile kuhhavini. Nokho, ngokuvamile engabalulekile "iphepha" wawoma kalula elangeni. Uma ngasizathu simbe umabhalane akazange abe nesikhathi ukuqedela umsebenzi wabo ngesikhathi esisodwa, it is zihambisana manzi indwangu workpiece.

Njengoba abantu babeqondiswa e isethi amaphilisi?

umbhalo we-cuneiform nesi umbono compact incwadi wayengekho. Ngokwemvelo, ngoba ukudalwa iqoqo ucishe olubanzi izinqumo, uhlu izimpahla noma into efana naleyo inqwaba kwesokunxele uma kungenjalo amakhulu ezibhebheni zobumba. Njengoba-ke owahlelwa "wokuqukethwe" zalezi zincwadi? Phela, i search enembile wayengekho lapho!?

Isilinganiso ncwadi nesi futhi eqinisweni kwakuba abangaba yishumi amapuleti Baked. Kusuka isikhundla nje - ngaphansi uhlamvu lokugcina ekhasini sasibeka ezijulile umngcele, futhi ngaphansi kwalo wabhala inombolo ncwadi, okuyinto liqhubeka umbhalo. Amagama ngokuvamile lizale amazwi abo kuqala. Aint it okusikhumbuza inketho ukulondoloza idokhumenti ngokuzenzakalela okufanayo-Microsoft Word?

Ngakho safunda ukuthi izincwadi nobumba. Kodwa lapho ukugcina konke lokhu ukujula zezwe lasendulo? Thanda manje, ngalezi zinhloso yayikhona umtapo. Ngakho umsebenzi waselabhulali - omunye omdala futhi abahlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni.

umtapo lasendulo

Konke lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ... Kodwa lapho izincwadi umtapo siwubumba? Lowo kwakungokokuqala ngqá emlandweni wesintu?

Ngo kakade ezikude 1841, inhloko-dolobha yeFrance washaqeka ngamthumelela umyalezo ovela Arabia: "Ngikholwa ukuthi ukutholakala yami nezakhiwo zasendulo. Mhlawumbe bangakwazi, futhi ngesizathu esihle ukuthi lalotshwa esikhathini izimbali baseNineve. " Umuntu wathumela umyalezo uPawulu-u-Emile Botta. Kuye Asiatic Society of France ethunywe bethola iNineve waseBhayibhelini. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa ekugcineni wakwazi ukubuyeka ukukwenza, futhi umtapo lokuqala lwezincwadi ubumba futhi zitholakale isintu.

Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa nje wonke amaphephandaba ezinkulu isikhathi sezigcwele ezisematheni ukuthusa etshela komkhulu imivubukulo. Futhi ngenxa hype enjalo wayenesizathu esihle: phela kodwa kuze kufike lolo suku isayensi olusemthethweni akanayo idatha okungenani kuze kufike ezinye ngabe zamhambela ngesikhathi nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe baseGibhithe lasendulo. Phakathi uyathola kwaba Botta kanye lomtapo wezincwadi nobumba. City baseNineve akushiwo kungase kutholakale kuphela ukuba ngokoqobo, kodwa futhi ukuze ikhulise abantu ulwazi oluyigugu kakhulu, eziqukethwe "Amakhasi" Izibhebhe zobumba esiyingqayizivele.

umtapo Asiriya

Ngo 1852, omunye abavubukuli kulenkhulu isikhathi sakhe, Genri Ostin Layard, futhi, wamangaza yezwe ukuvulwa esiyingqayizivele. Wakwazi bambe esigodlweni inkosi yokugcina Asiriya-Ashurbanipal, okuyinto abantu besikhathi ngenhlonipho ngokuthi "iNdlu isiqondiso neseluleko." Kwaba kukhona ukuthi kwaba obuyigugu kakhulu bokusungula ngalezo zikhathi - umtapo omkhulu wezincwadi ubumba, okuyinto amakhosi ase-Asiriya eqoqwe lonke wokubusa kwakhe.

Indida zomlando: Cishe sekungamashumi amathathu eminyaka ezikhumbuzo eyigugu kakhulu ebhaliwe eminyaka eyadlula walala baqoqene egumbini elingaphansi eBritish Museum. Kwaba ngemva izinyathelo sokuqala kwaqala ngonyaka sokuqonda emibhalweni abantu basendulo babengazi, izazi-mlando Ekugcineni ngabona kangakanani (kodwa okulapho, iyigugu elikhulu!) Igugu ungayi ndawo kubutsela uthuli kuleli vaults ... Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala sokuqonda ehlelekile zonke amabhuku atholakele.

Njengenye yentuthuko enkulu eyenziwa Ashurbanipal

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-ayizinkulungwane ezintathu ukusihlukanisa okwamanje lapho inkosi yokugcina abantu empini bizela umbhali amazwi akhe usithe kweziningi ezisekhona okusekujuleni eminyaka. Uthi aziyala kokukokoda imibhalo itshe, usebenza yobuciko tetemibhalo, abangazange wafunda noma ufunde ezazingaphambi kwayo. Inkosi sabonisa, eziqhenya ikhono lakhe ukufunda umyalo wakhe ukwehlukana umtapo ku ngodonga.

By the way, sasinjani inhlangano umtapo amabhuku ubumba? Ngomqondo onabile, akusiyo ezahlukene kakhulu kusukela namhlanje. Yiqiniso, ngohlobo division kwakungeyona, kodwa incwadi nje ukuhlunga umbhali, izwe nokunye .. Zonke imithombo angalotshwa ibekwe Racks omkhulu. Umtapo babenezinkinga yi rangers. Kulapho kwakukhona lomtapo wezincwadi ubumba, labavulekela impucuko yokuqala yesimanje.

Kufanele ukuthi izinsalela akusiyo kangaka. Iningi izincwadi ngaleso sikhathi lahlukaniswa laba shards ahlukene, ukuze emagama namanje.

umtapo omkhulu

Mangisho ukuthi igama Ashurbanipal ngamabomu ngasinda zeminyaka. Iqiniso lokuthi inkosi wazibonakalisa umhleli abanamakhono kakhulu, isazi sezombusazwe obuhlakani indoda ababenesithakazelo ngempela isiko kanye nesayensi. Kubonakala sengathi ngaleso sikhathi nzima esinye yase-Asiriya, neze bangathola isikhathi ukuqeqeshwa okunjalo.

Wafaka umzamo Herculean ngempela ukubonisa best ubumba ngenkathi izincwadi umtapo ekusimo sakhe. Emzini waseNineve laliyisikhungo angokwesayensi nolwazi hhayi kuphela e-Asiriya kodwa wonke amazwe ke ekhona. Yena wakhipha isimemezelo esikhethekile, owawuthi izwe waqala ukushayela amakhulu nababhali, ngifuna wonke amasampula yobuciko ngamazwi. Ukuthola ezinjalo, bangabakaNkulunkulu ncamashi kuphinde ethunyelwe inhlokodolobha yokugcina. Nansi indlela yokukwenza izincwadi umtapo ngalo obumbeni iNineve wathola esingenantengo incwadi iqoqo.

It got amakhophi esiqondile umbhalo, ezibhaliwe endulo eGibhithe, futhi iningi-Asiriya, iBhabhiloni kanye Akkad. Lapho umtapo kwatholakala Botta, kwakudingeka amathayili mayelana 20,000. ososayensi Modern esahlaziya idatha walondoloza, wakhononda kakhulu, cishe, wayephelele ekuqaleni ubuncane imibhalo 100,000 ku vaults ukuthi ukugcina! Maye, kodwa ngokuqinisekile elahlekile impucuko yethu kuze kube phakade. Umtapo odumile amabhuku ubumba ayibanga namandla ukuphoqelela isikhathi destructional.

Zezinhlobo ebaluleke kunayo isitoreji lasendulo

Ngokushesha kwaba sobala ukuthi abase-Asiriya nabaseBhabhiloni wayazi kahle izibalo. Kakade engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu yososayensi sakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinzima kakhulu yejeyomethri. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo edumile Gardens Ulenga yaseBhabhiloni ngaphandle izibalo ezinjengalezi ngeke zikwazi ukwakha, ukuze ososayensi kuphela ukuqinisekisile conjecture yabo.

Lapho ongowenani elikhulu usebenza ngokufundwa kwezinkanyezi nomkhathi. Abaningi babo zalotshelwa ukuba cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane nengxenye ngaphambi kwesikhathi Ashurbanipal. Inani lalezi zincwadi ukuthi kwakulula ukugcina umkhondo ukuthuthukiswa isayensi yezinkanyezi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kwatholakala ukuthi ziggurats, okuyinto basuke ezihlatshelelwa bemibono abaningi besikhathi sethu, babengabafundi bokuqala kuleli zokubuka umhlaba. Unyaka nonyaka abapristi babethole nabo, ogcina ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini, efaka ulwazi olubalulekile. Kubo kanye novalo enkulu afakwe obumbeni ncwadi, ephethe isithombe esihlokweni.

amakhalenda lasendulo

Ngokusho ulwazi ososayensi babe yezincwadi zasendulo, abantu i-Asiriya neBhabhiloni bakwazi ukubikezela ukufiphazeka kwenyanga nelanga, wayazi konke umzila wenyanga yonke mayelana nezinto zasemkhathini, okuyinto kungabonwa ngeso lenyama. Planet izinkanyezi ngalezo zinsuku nabo baye bafunda ukuhlukanisa. Kukhona amatafula eziningi nge izibalo amabanga interstellar. Kuyamangalisa, kodwa abaningi babo bangabantu olunembile ngempela. Lesi kwakungesona isikhathi eside kangaka edlule, ngisho ubhale Kazakh umbhali odumile Suleimenov. "Clay Book", umsebenzi wakhe wokugcina, indaba nje kuphela izikhathi ubudala.

Kususelwa kokuma eminyaka ubudala of the Moon kanye Sun, abapristi wenza ikhalenda yabo. Wayengumuntu emangalisayo ezibalulekile kulabo izikhathi, ngoba akuvumelekile ukwazi isikhathi sokuqala kwe- yokulima nokuvuna izitshalo. Akumangalisi ukuthi izazi zezinkanyezi Asiriya naseBhabhiloni wajabulela inhlonipho nokukhuliswa okuhle kangaka udumo ezweni lasendulo.

ulwazi Geographical yasendulo

benesithakazelo atlases lo mlando zasendulo 'womhlaba, "futhi ezitholakala kwezingu-uyasinda. Nakuba amakhadi zazinzima bakudala, ngoba kwakungeyona ngempela angakwazi yini ukwazi lamatshwayo ezweni laseGibhithe ukuze URARTU. Abase-Asiriya babeyisizwe ngisho iziqondiso sangempela geography, okhombisa amagama amazwe izihloko zazo, amagama emifuleni kanye nezindawo ezinkulu kwendawo. Nokho, idivayisi zomhlaba ezizungezile, babazi okuncane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uholwe eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma kumnandi.

Ngakho, ubumba izincwadi zokuqala isimo sendawo ezweni lethu ibhekwa njengevela maphakathi zonke izinto. Nokho, cishe imicabango efanayo ezaziphathelene ososayensi KweNkathi Ephakathi, ngakho ayikho into isimanga.

umkhakha Medical

Ngisho kangcono, kwaba obonakalayo kusukela azibhala yezokwelapha balondolozwa. Impucuko aseBhabhiloni Asiriya namanje babekholelwa ukuthi izifo zibangelwa kuphela mimoya emimbi. Le ncwadi iqukethe eziningi magic ukushayela lakamuva. Izazimlando ziye wathola ngisho umbono eliyigunya umelaphi ngalezo zikhathi, owabhala ngokufuna isidingo uyihlanganise umfanekiso ubumba yidemoni ohlupha umzimba wesiguli. Ngemva kwalokhu unodoli akhuthaza ukubhubhisa.

Okumangazayo ukuthi, kodwa ezimweni ezinjalo, ifinyelele athusayo eziphakeme ukuhlinzwa. Ngakho, izincwadi zezokwelapha ezibhebheni zobumba aphathe nzima kakhulu ngisho (kuhlanganise ngezindinganiso zanamuhla) ukuhlinzwa kwamathumbu. Nokho, lezi Asiriya safinyelela eziphakeme akubona bonke: isibonelo, umsebenzi inhliziyo wezokwelapha kwesikhathi kubhekwe njengendlela "onalo umphefumulo," kanye nendima edlalwa yi-zobuchopho kubantu jikelele akazange usola lutho.