"Inkululeko, welibhola letinyawo, Ukulingana!" - izoba isiqubulo sezwe lase-French Republic

The French Republic - ingenye emazweni wokuqala eYurophu, okuyinto eye waqeda ngendlela evamile monarchical kahulumeni, futhi ngaleyo ndlela emenza izinguquko ezinkulu ukwazi komphakathi zabantu emazweni amaningi.

isizinda Economic we French Revolution

Ngu ukubonakala French Republic alethwe inguqula-mbuso, okwaqala ngo-1789 iminyaka engu-1794. Izimbangela inguquko kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha esibucayi ojulile yomphakathi kanye nomnotho ishayé France okwamanje. Izwe predominated ohlanga eliphelele, futhi akakwazanga ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga, ukuvikela kuphela izithakazelo elite elibusisekile umphakathi. History of the state French bekulokhu umlando uhulumeni yasebukhosini, kodwa ngo-1789 kwaba sobala ukuthi ngaphezulu ayikwazi ukuqhubeka. Elikhulu lawela Izicukuthwane leliya lizwe, kwakukhona isibalo enkulu abalimi, kukhona abuke izinduna. Phakathi naleso sikhathi waqala ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza ezimbonini, abasebenzi okwakudingeka izitshalo. Liberty, Zokulingana, elangenza French aqondwe njengokufaka ithuba nomuntu ovamile ukusebenza hhayi kuphela emaphandleni kodwa futhi edolobheni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi aqhubeka zonakale, kuyilapho le nkosi kanye nabasizi bakhe owakhipha igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini ukuzijabulisa yabo. Leli qiniso okubangelwa Ukunganeliseki okukhulu phakathi kwabantu.

Ingemuva obungokomoya balabo French Revolution

The French Revolution lalungiselela imisebenzi Ukukhanyiselwa kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Bamafilosofi ezifana uVoltaire noLa Rochefoucauld, ababeshumayela oluvelele izimfanelo womuntu kwengqondo. Babekholelwa ukuthi okushiwo eyinhloko ukuguqulwa emphakathini - lena inkululeko, welibhola letinyawo, ukulingana. Bonke abantu kumele abe namalungelo alinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba bakuphi futhi yini isimo sabo sezimali. Ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa enye ingxenye abantu omunye, ukuqedwa serfdom - lawa izimiso eziyisisekelo eyayimfuqa French Ukukhanyiselwa.

Amabutho ukushayela inguquko

The French Revolution lalungiselela amabutho ezinkulu ezintathu. Eyokuqala yalezi kubhekwe njengento abalimi isiFulentshi, okuye kwaba nzima kakhulu ukukhokha izinkokhelo amakhosi asendulo, wesibili ubhekwa labantu kulo muzi - ababazi, abasebenzi, ngokuvamile, bantfu labasebentako. amandla Okwesithathu kubhekwe njengento onxiwankulu, ngubani elawulwa embonini kanye nebhizinisi. Bonke wajoyina isiqubulo French "Liberty, welibhola letinyawo, ukulingana."

Konke lokhu amabutho babehlanganiswe yokuthi inkosi kumele zisuswe amandla futhi unike abantu umthethosisekelo lapho amalungelo esintu kanye civil aye atholakala. Kodwa kunomehluko phakathi. Ngakho, laba bameleli onxiwankulu wayekholelwa ukuthi inkululeko, ubuzalwane ukulingana muhle nganxanye, bese ungakwazi kugcila dolobha kanye nezinsiza ezandleni umuntu oyedwa.

Yiqiniso inguquko. States Jikelele

Korol Lyudovik XVI isinqumo sokuthi, ngenxa yesimo esinzima ezezimali nezomnotho kuleli zwe, kudingeka ukuqoqa United Jikelele, futhi kufanele ibuye ungqongqoshe Necker. Meyi 5, 1789 bona babuthana, eholwa uNgqongqoshe Mirabeau. Wayekholelwa ukuthi French revolution iziqubulo esabisa abantu abaningi, ngakho udinga ukuya inyunyana yenkosi, abefundisi nabantu. Kodwa-ke kwathi inkosi akafuni basuse futhi afeze kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezama ukuhlakaza United Jikelele, okuyinto ngaleso sikhathi waphendukela Sikazwelonke. Isiqubulo French "Liberty, Zokulingana, elangenza" wayengekho ezifanele wonke umuntu.

Njengoba uNgqongqoshe Mirabeau wenqaba chaza inhlangano, amabutho akwelinye izwe angena Paris, ehlanganisa amasosha aseJalimane kanye Swiss. It waxoshwa nguNgqongqoshe Necker, futhi lokhu kwaba umfutho ukuqala emikhulu kuvukela ethandwa. "Inkululeko, welibhola letinyawo, ukulingana!" - kumemeza baseParis, owayefuna ukuba agumbuqele le nkosi ongumninimandla.

Bastille

Julayi 14, 1789 ubhekwa idethi oluvelele emlandweni waseFrance. Ngalolu suku, ukuba ahlasele ejele, okungukuthi, Bastille, waya eziyisishiyagalombili baseParis nabo babe ngamakhulu amabili Russian.

Bastille ekuqaleni kubhekwa ejele Izicukuthwane, kodwa-ke, esikhathini Louis XVI, wenza-ke ejele njalo. Sici Its kwaba izimo ngcono yeziboshwa, lapho iziboshwa nethuba ukusebenza nokufunda. Ngokuyinhloko Bastille uthulule - ngesikhathi ethatha kuqukethwe iziboshwa eziyisikhombisa kuphela.

Bastille ukuthi yonke indawo yabizwa ngokuthi ukunqoba zokulwela inkululeko nobulungisa. Abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi inkululeko, ubuzalwane ukulingana, ngemva kokubhujiswa ejele uye ekugcineni lifezekile.

ukunqoba weRiphabhulikhi

Ngalesi sikhathi, kumasipala we-Paris sahoxiswa, futhi umuzi waphenduka umasipala umthetho, ayeba ukuthi ongaphansi kuphela Sikazwelonke. Ngaphansi ingcindezi kwabo ngo-August, isigungu sabefundisi futhi izikhulu sazilahla isimo babo obuyilungelo. Ngo-August 26, kwakukhona Declaration abadumile kwamaLungelo Indoda the Citizen. Liberty, welibhola letinyawo, ukulingana baba imiqondo ayo ayinhloko. It neyaziwayo inkululeko yokuzikhethela ayinike ngamunye, ilungelo labo lekutimela. izintela Abaningi babesezindaweni amiswe, nabalimi ephefumula ngokukhululekile. okweshumi uyekwa nokukhokhwa okuphoqelekile okwenziwa ezikhungweni intela noMbusi wababusi.

Korol Lyudovik XVI baba umthunjwa iziphathimandla ezintsha, nomfowabo namanye amalungu yezikhulu French bathutha. Juni 20, 1791 asebukhosini ayezama ukubalekela kwelinye izwe Umqeqeshi, kodwa ihlulekile, futhi wabuyiswa.

Ukugumbuqelwa yokubusa kwamakhosi kanye ukubusa Republic

Ngo-August 1792 okhethweni esenzeka Isentha kaZwelonke, isimo wakhathazeka. Septhemba 20 kwaba emhlanganweni wawo wokuqala, futhi isinqumo sokuqala efanayo waqeda ohlanga.

Ngokushesha Korol Lyudovik wabulawa, futhi empini eFrance nakwamanye amazwe. "Inkululeko, ukulingana, elangenza" - counter zale kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe ukukubona ngesikhathi izakhamuzi kwamanye amazwe. Ngosuku lokuqala luka-February, France wahamba wayokulwa eBrithani. UNgqongqoshe British Pitt Uilyam Omncane waqala ukuvinjelwa kwezomnotho yeFrance, futhi lokhu kwathinta ukwenziwa isimo ezweni. E-Fulansi, indlala kanye ukuvukela kwabantu ukugqugquzela lempi. Khona-ke waqala ukuxabana nomunye Jacobins kanye girondins, la maqembu amabili e-Convention. Omunye wabaholi ehola Danton wadala iKomidi Ukuphepha Public, okwase kuphele iminyaka engu eziningana ukubhekana ngempumelelo nezinkinga zezomnotho nezombusazwe.

kabusha ongumlimi

Ngo 1792, i-Convention usuqalise lokwabiwa kabusha emikhulu kwenarha esivuna abalimi. Abalimi Uthole nokujabulela amanye amalungelo. Baqaphela ukuthi isiqubulo eyinhloko-French Republic - ukusiza abantu abasebenza edolobheni nabasebenza emapulazini. Zonke imisebenzi izinduna abangu amiswe, izigodi zabantu abasuka netikhulu zahlukaniswa neziqinti futhi ithengiswe, ukuze bakwazi zathenga ngisho abalimi mkhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kabusha ziqine exhumene ne inguquko we abalimi, futhi abasenaso baphupha ukubuyiselwa ohlanga.

Ukwabiwa kwemihlaba kwaba ukumelana kakhulu emlandweni isiFulentshi, kanye division esisha sokuphatha France wahlala isikhathi eside, kuyilapho emaphakathi mpo kwamandla sasiba sibi.

izinguquko ezengeziwe isakhiwo kwamandla eFrance

Ngo-1794 izwe lalibuswa Robespierre kanye neKomidi wokuphepha komphakathi. Robespierre ababulawa Hebert nezinye Abavukeli. umbuso Julayi 27 Robespierre, kodwa inhliziyo yayibukhuni kwavala, futhi wathunyelwa guillotine.

lwaphuka Umhlangano phezulu 1795, kanye Cavaliers abathutha waqala ukufuna izindlela abuyele ezweni lenkaba yawo. Liberty, Zokulingana, elangenza French uyabezwa njengoba ithuba ukuze uthole kabusha ingxenye amandla yayo yangaphambili.

Okthoba 28, 1795 zaba khona entsha Republic French. Endaweni yekhanda laso wema Directory. Ngaleso sikhathi, eFrance zalwa izimpi sokunqotshwa e-Europe, futhi umqondisi wayezama ukuthola izindlela ukuqhubeka empini.

Ekupheleni 1795 Barras igrafu edonswe nokucindezela kwavukelwa Paris, abasebancane Jikelele Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte wayekholelwa ukuthi "Inkululeko, Zokulingana, elangenza" - iyona isiqubulo komphakathi isiFulentshi, ukuze bathule. Umfowabo - Lyusen Bonapart - owayengusombusazwe obuhlakani nombono obanzi owasiza Napoleon ukugumbuqela umbuso.

Okthoba 16, amabutho Napoleon efika e-Paris, futhi kwakubhekwa ukuthi Amatshwayo French Revolution. Ngakho-ke, lapho kwamukelwa ngesasasa. Phakathi nokubusa Bonaparte lwemibhalo wadala emhlabeni uchungechunge satellite uthi isiFulentshi, okuyinto asekelwe inkosi umbuso wakhe. Izwe kwaqala baholela umholi omusha oqinile - Napoleon Bonaparte.

Okwakushiwo French Revolution kwaba ukuthi ekugcineni kube egumbuqela uhlelo amakhosi asendulo futhi wasiza wokubusa capitalism. Kwakuwusuku ukushaqeka esiqine ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, futhi nalo ingucuko lenkhulu uhlelo kwezenhlalo yezwe lifinyelelwe.