Inkinga yobunikazi. Inkinga yobunikazi obusha

Phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwalo, umuntu ngamunye ubhekana nokuphindaphindiwe amaphuzu, okungahambisane nokuphelelwa ithemba, ukufutheka, ukungabi namandla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuthukuthela. Izimbangela zezo zizwe zingase zihluke, kodwa okuvame kakhulu ukubona okubonakalayo kwesimo lapho abantu bebona khona izenzakalo ezifanayo nemibala ehlukene yomzwelo.

Psychology of the crisis

Inkinga yokuthola indlela yokuphuma kwenkinga eminyakeni yamuva ivele njengenye yezindawo ezihola ekubalukeni kwengqondo. Ososayensi abagcini nje ukucinga izimbangela nezindlela zokuvimbela ukucindezeleka, kodwa futhi bahlakulele izindlela zokulungisa umuntu ushintsho olukhulu esimweni sobuqu bomuntu siqu.

Kuye ngezimo lapho ukucindezeleka kubangelwa khona, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zihlukaniswa:

1. Inkinga yokuthuthukiswa yizinkinga ezihlotshaniswa nokuguqulwa komjikelezo owodwa ophelile wokuthuthukiswa kuya olandelayo.
2. Ingxabano ehlezayo ingabuka ngenxa yezenzakalo ezinzima ngokungazelelwe noma ngenxa yokulahlekelwa impilo yangempela ngokugula noma ukuhlukunyezwa.
3. Inkinga yokulahleka noma ukuhlukaniswa - ibonakala noma ngemuva kokufa komuntu othandekayo, noma lapho uphoqeleka ukuba uhlukaniswe yingxenye. Lezi zinhlobo zizinzile futhi zingadlulela iminyaka eminingi. Kuvame ukuvela ezinganeni ezihlukunyezwe abazali. Esimweni sezingane ezibhekene nokufa kwezihlobo zabo, le nkinga ingaba yingozi ngenxa yokuzindla ngokwabo.

Ubude nobukhulu besimo ngasinye esibucayi buxhomeke ezimfanelweni zomuntu ngamunye eziqinile-nezindlela zokuvuselelwa kwakhe.

Inkinga yobudala

Ukungafani kwezifo ezihlobene nobudala ukuthi banesikhathi esifushane futhi baqinisekisa inkambo evamile yentuthuko yomuntu siqu.

Isigaba ngasinye sihlotshaniswa noshintsho kumsebenzi oyinhloko wendaba.

1. Inkinga yezingane ezisanda kuzalwa ihlotshaniswa nokujwayela ingane ukuba iphile ngaphandle komzimba womama.
2. Inkinga yonyaka ongu-1 ilungele ukubonakala kwezidingo ezintsha zomntwana kanye nokwanda kwamakhono akhe.
3. Inkinga yeminyaka emithathu ingenxa yomzamo womntwana wokwakha uhlobo olusha lobuhlobo nabantu abadala nokuzikhethela yena "Mina".
4. Inkinga yeminyaka engu-7 ibangelwa ukuvela kohlobo olusha lwemisebenzi - izifundo, kanye nesimo somfundi wesikole.
5. Inkinga yokushicilelwa yilezi zizathu ezifanele ngenqubo yokukhulelwa.
6. Inkinga yeminyaka engu-17, noma inkinga yobunikazi obusha, ivela ngesidingo sokuxazulula izixazululo ezizimele mayelana nokuguqulwa kwabadala.
7. Inkinga yeminyaka engama-30 ibonakala kubantu abazizwa bengenziwanga uhlelo lwabo lokuphila.
8. Kungenzeka ukuthi kunenkinga yeminyaka engama-40 uma izinkinga ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqeda zangaphambilini azixazululwa.
9. Inkinga yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ivela ngenxa yomzwelo wokungalawuli komuntu onamandla okulondoloza ukusebenza.

Ukusabela komuntu ekuhluphekeni

Izinkinga kunoma yiziphi izinkathi ziholela ekuphukeni komkhakha wemizwelo, okungabangela izinhlobo ezintathu zokuphendula:

• Ukuvela kwemizwelo njengokungabakhathaleli, ukukhathazeka noma ukunganaki, okungase kubonise ukuvela kombuso ocindezelekile.
• Ukuvela kwemizwa ebulalayo, njengokuhlukumeza, intukuthelo nokuthola amaphutha.
• Kungenzeka futhi ukuhoxisa ngokwakho ngokubonakaliswa kwemizwa yokungabi nalutho, ukuphelelwa ithemba, ukungabi nalutho.

Lolu hlobo lokuphendula lwabizwa ngokuthi isizungu.

Inkathi yentsha yentuthuko

Ngaphambi kokuhlaziya iminyaka yobudala kusukela eminyakeni engu- 15 kuya kwengu-17, umuntu kufanele aqiniseke ngokuqonda okuqondile kwegama elithi "ubunikazi". Intsha kanye nenkinga - le mibono ayinakuhlukaniswa, ngoba izimo ezibhekene nentombazane kule nkathi zidinga ukunqoba imisebenzi emisha kanye namafomu okubhekana nezimo.

Identity ukuzibonakalisa wena ngamaqembu kazwelonke, enkolo, ochwepheshe noma abantu abakuzungezile. Ngakho-ke, inkinga yobunikazi, ebonakaliswa ebusheni, kusho ukwehla kokungathi ubuqotho bokuqonda izwe elizungezile noma indima yalo yomphakathi.

Intsha ibhekene nokwanda kokuzithiba nokuzilawula, okuholela ekusongeni ngenxa yokuhlolwa okubucayi kokubonakala komuntu noma amakhono akhe. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wale nkathi ukuqondiswa kwezwe elizungezile, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukwakheka okusha kuyisinqumo somsebenzi.

Inkinga yobunikazi

Ukuze uqonde ngokujulile ukuthi yiyiphi inkinga yobunikazi, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi ukubonakaliswa kwayo kuseminyakeni yobudala:

1. Ukwesaba ukuxhumana okude nabanye abantu, ukuzihlukanisa, ukwakheka kobudlelwano obuhle kuphela.
2. Ukungavikeleki ngamakhono abo, okubonakala ukuthi kunqatshelwe ukutadisha, noma ngokushisekela ngokweqile.
3. Ukulahlekelwa kokuvumelana nesikhathi. Kubonakala ngokwesaba ikusasa, ngesifiso sokuphila kuphela kulolu suku noma ukulangazelela kuphela ekuzayo, ngaphandle kokucabanga ngalesi sikhathi.
4. Ukungabi khona okuhle "I", okuholela ekusesha izithombe nokukopisha kwabo okugcwele.

Inkinga yobunikazi

Ngokwezibalo eziningi ze-psychologists, ubunzima bokukhula bubangelwa ukuvela kwefilosofi yokuqaphela. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, noma yisiphi isenzo sihambisana nokuzindla okuningi nokungabaza, okuvimbela umsebenzi osebenzayo.

Echaza ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga, u-Erickson waphawula ukuthi nguye owenzayo ekubunzeni ubuntu.

Njengoba sebezitholile ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ezintsha zezenhlalakahle nezesayensi, lezi zinsizwa zikhomba indawo yazo emphakathini, zikhetha umsebenzi wazo wesikhathi esizayo. Kodwa hhayi kuphela imibono yabo yokushintsha, abanye baphinde babuyekeze isimo sabo sengqondo kumaqembu omphakathi. Lokhu kulungele ukuguqulwa okuphawulekayo ekubukeni nasekuvuthweni kwentsha.

Ukuphela kobunikazi be-Erikson kungaqinisekisa ukuthi kwakhiwe ubuntu obubalulekile futhi kudala isisekelo sokukhetha umsebenzi othembisayo esikhathini esizayo. Uma izimo ezihambelanayo zingadalwa ngalesi sikhathi, umphumela wokwenqaba ungase uvele. Kubonakala ekubonakalweni kobutha ngisho nasesimweni sezenhlalakahle esiseduze. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubunikazi benkinga buzobangela ukukhathazeka, ukubhujiswa nokuhlukaniswa nomhlaba wangempela kubantu abasha.

Ubunikazi bezwe

Eqembu ngalinye lezenhlalakahle, phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, inkinga yobunikazi bezwe iyaqhubeka ibonakala. Ama-ethnos ahlukanisa ngokwezifiso zikazwelonke, ulimi, amanani kanye nemigomo yabantu. Le nkinga ingabonakaliswa njengomuntu ohlukile, futhi wonke umuntu wezwe.

Phakathi kokubonakaliswa okuyinhloko kobunzima bobuzwe, kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi:

1. Umlando odlule awunakwa. Ifomu elidlulele lembonakaliso yi-mankurtizm - ukuphika izimpawu zikazwelonke, ukholo kanye nemibono.
2. Ukudumazeka emazingeni ombuso.
3. Okwesithathu ukwephula amasiko.
4. Ukungathembeki kwamandla ombuso.

Konke lokhu okungenhla kubangelwa izizathu eziningana, njengokubambisana kwemibono yezinhlaka ezahlukene zokuphila, ukuthuthukiswa kokuthutha kanye nobuchwepheshe, nokukhula kokuhamba kwamanye amazwe.

Ngenxa yalokho, ubunikazi benkinga buholela ekuphikeleni abantu ezimpandeni zabo, futhi kudala izimo zokuhlukaniswa kwesizwe emithonjeni eminingi (i-supranational, i-transnational, i-subnational)

Ithonya lomndeni ekubunjweni kobunikazi

Isiqinisekiso esiyinhloko sokwakheka kobujamo bentsha ukuvela kwesimo sakhe sokuzimela. Indima ebalulekile kulokhu idlala ngumndeni.

Ukugcinwa ngokweqile, ukuvikelwa noma ukunakekelwa, ukungafuni ukunikeza inkululeko inkululeko kubangele ukwedlula ubunikazi babo, okubangelwa ukuxhomeka kwengqondo. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwakhe, abantu abasha:

• Ngaso sonke isikhathi dinga ukunakwa ngendlela yokuvunywa noma ukubonga; Uma kungabikho udumo, kugxila ekunakekeleni okungakahle, ukukhanga ngempikiswano noma ukuziphatha okuphikisanayo;
• Sesha ubufakazi bokuthi izenzo zabo zilungile;
• Zama ukuxhumana komzimba ngendlela yokuthinta nokuvimbela.

Ngokuthuthukiswa kokuthembela, izingane zihlala zithembele ngokomzwelo kubazali bazo, zinezikhundla zokuphila. Kuyoba nzima ngabo ukwakha ubuhlobo babo bomndeni esikhathini esizayo.

Ukusekela insizwa ngabazali bakhe kufanele kube ukuhlukana naye emndenini futhi kucabange ukuthi ingane ibophezele ngokugcwele impilo yakhe.