I-Barnum Effect ku-Psychology: Izibonelo, Okuqukethwe, Isicelo

Umphumela we-Barnum yindlela yokuxhaphaza kwengqondo (umthelela kumuntu) ngosizo lwemisho nemikhakha ejwayelekile. Ngomnyaka we-1830, umphathi wekhono uPineas Taylor Barnum wasebenza esekisini, ngokuhlonipha ukuthi le ndlela yokuphatha indoda ibizwa ngayo. Elinye igama lingumphumela wokubikezela, ngokuhlonipha isazi sezengqondo esidumile uBertram Forer. Kwaphela isikhathi eside wafunda umphumela weBarnum futhi waqhuba ukuhlolwa.

Umzila omuhle

Njengoba uyazi, abantu bathanda kakhulu imfihlakalo, imilingo nokubikezela. Kubantu ababuthakathaka lena yindlela kuphela yokuthola ithemba lokuthi konke kuyoba kuhle. Ukubikezela kubanika amandla nokuzethemba esikhathini esizayo. Yilokho abadlali abadlala khona, bekhohlisa izisulu zabo ngezinhlanhla ezihlukahlukene. Mhlawumbe, akufanele siphike ukuthi kunokuthile okungaqondakali futhi okuyimfihlakalo emhlabeni, noma kunjalo, zonke izinkanyezi esizibona nsuku zonke kuyi-intanethi noma ukufunda kumagazini, ukudala, kunalokho, umphumela weBarnum kunalokho okuyiwona ngempela. Lokhu kusebenza ekuhlolweni okuningi okungatholakala ekunyathelisweni kwezincwadi nakwezinye izindawo ezihlukahlukene. Izinto zokwakha ezakhiwa izazi ze-psychologists abanolwazi nabahlengikazi besayensi, ezimweni eziningi zide neqiniso.

Ukuthi ukuhlukumeza kusebenza kanjani

Esikhathini se-Barnum, akukho lutho oluyinkimbinkimbi noma olungenakuqondakala, ngokusebenza konke kucacile kakhulu. Ngesinye isikhathi, Ukubikezela, ukusebenza esikhungweni, kwaqhuba ukuhlolwa kwengqondo kubafundi. Wahlola amacala akhe (imibuzo evamile ejwayelekile), bese ngamunye ehambisa umphumela owodwa othiwa yilowo nalowo, nakuba ngokusemthethweni bonke abafundi bathola isimo esifanayo. Ngemva kwalokho, ucele ukuhlolwa (okungaphezulu kwamaphoyinti angu-5), okuzobonisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa okuyiqiniso kangakanani. Abafundi bafaka amaphuzu angu-4, okusho ukuthi bavumelana nencazelo yobuntu babo. Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ngokucacile indlela ukusebenza kwe-Barnum kusebenza ngayo kwengqondo. Isibonelo salokhu kuhlola sibonisa ukuthi i-Forer yakwazi ukuqinisekisa abafundi ukuthi wenze umphumela ohlukile kuwo wonke umuntu.

Izici zombhalo zabafundi

Umbhalo wesici wawufana nalokhu: "Udinga abanye abantu ukukuthanda. Uhlala uhlola kahle izikhono zakho, futhi ezinye zazo azizisebenzisi ngokugcwele. Naphezu kokuthi unobuthakathaka obuthile, uyakwazi ukuwafakaza futhi usuzuze imiphumela. Nakuba ubukeka uqiniseka kakhulu futhi uyala, kudoti usengozini kakhulu futhi ukhathazekile. Ngokuvamile bazimisele ukungabaza ukufaneleka kwesinqumo, kodwa okwenziwe kwenziwa. Uyaziqhenya ngokuthi uthatha zonke izinqumo ngokwakho futhi ungavumeli emathonyeni angaphandle. " Lo mbhalo wakhuphuka ngaphansi kwencazelo yobuntu babafundi abangu-80%, futhi-ke, bafaka isilinganiso esiphezulu.

Okushiwo Abantu

Okokuqala sizobona: abantu bakholelwa kuphela kumuntu obonakala sengathi unamandla. Okusho ukuthi, abafundi bathembela phambili futhi, ngokuvumelana nalokho, bakholelwa emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kanye nesici esithathwa ukuthi senze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthisha waqinisekisa abafundi ukuthi incazelo ngayinye yahlanganiswa ngabanye. Le ndlela ihlale ihogela abantu futhi yenza ukuba bakholwe ekuqineni kolwazi. Umphumela weBarnum, izibonelo zazo ezenzeka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ngokuvamile, zingalandelwa ngokufunda i-horoscope. Okungenangqondo okuningi kubonakala sengathi kuyizici zeqembu legazi nombala wamehlo, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, abantu abavumelana nabo futhi bakholelwa kubo, inombolo enkulu.

Kuyinto eyodwa uma umuntu ebona i-horoscope noma isici ephephandabeni: ubonakala ekholelwa okulotshiwe, kodwa ngokungabaza. Kunoma yikuphi, akulimazi. Kodwa esinye isibonelo: umngane wakho utshela ukuthi ufunde imfihlakalo yokubhula ngezinkanyezi futhi manje usekulungele ukuhlanganisa i-horoscope yakho siqu. Uma ungewona ophikisayo ophelele, uzovuma, okungenani ngenxa yelukuluku, futhi ekutholeni ematheksthini ajwayelekile ahlangene nezinto ezenzelwa ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili, cishe, ukholelwa ukuthi kulungile. Kodwa kanjani enye? Phela, i-horoscope yayihlanganiswe ngumuntu ohloniphekile kanye nawe. Futhi nakolunye uhlangothi lomdanso: ngokuba nezinkanyezi zezinkanyezi ozidingayo kufanele ukhokhe imali - kukhona into ekhohlisayo ekukhohliseni.

Okuhle kuphela

Isici esithakazelisayo kakhulu esithinta umphumela weBarnum yisitatimende esihle. Okusho ukuthi, izinkulumo ezizwakalayo ngezinkanyezi nokubikezela, njengomthetho, zilungile. Kulula ukukholelwa kubo. Ubuchopho bomuntu buklanyelwe ngendlela yokuthi akuhlale njalo ukulungele ukuzitholela ukugxeka hhayi kumuntu wonke. Uma othile etshela nganoma yikuphi ukuziphatha okungalungile komlingiswa (okukhona ngempela kulo muntu), ngakho-ke, cishe uzophika. Enye into - izici ezinhle, ukuhlehlisa wonke umuntu ozwayo.

I-Barnum Effect: Isicelo

Kubonakala sengathi lesi sici sisetshenziswe kabanzi, kodwa akunjalo, noma kunalokho, akunjalo. Umphumela we-Forer-Barnum uthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwama-charlatans ngokuqondile ngoba abantu abazi kancane ngakho. Ungamhlangabeza ngaziphi izici zokuphila? Lokhu kungukubhula ngezinkanyezi, izici ngegama, iqembu legazi, izinsizakalo zemilingo, ukubhula ngezinombolo, ukukhuluma ngenhlanhla emabalazweni, izinkinobho, izizathu zekhofi, njll Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi bonke abelusi bangama-charlatans, futhi zonke izinkanyezi zingamanga. Emkhakheni onjalo ngamunye, kukhona bobabili amakhosi ebhizinisi labo, kanye nalabo abanenzuzo kuso.

Yini engalungile engenzeka

Yiqiniso, akukho lutho oluyingozi ku-horoscope ukuthi ufunda nsuku zonke nge-e-mail. Ukunika ithemba elithile, kusiza ukuphupha, futhi kuyashukumisa kakhulu. Kodwa kukhona izinsizakalo ezikhokhelwayo emkhakheni wezinkanyezi nemilingo. Abanye abathengi bathatha imali, kodwa kuphela imishwana ekhulunywayo, futhi i-horoscope yomuntu siqu ingahlanganiswa ngesisekelo se-Barnum effect futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ibhadula imali eningi. Okufanayo kusebenza, isibonelo, palmistry. Umuntu angabheka ubude obuningi emigqeni engavamile yesandla sakho, uthi unethalente, uphumelele, kodwa akuwona wonke amaphupho aqaphele, futhi ngalokhu uthatha kuwe imali yokukhwabanisa. Umphumela kaBarnum wocwaningo lwezemvelo uchazwa ukuthi abantu bahola kahle kakhulu lokho abakhokha imali. Abaningi baphikisana kanje: "Uma ulwazi lubiza imali, ngakho-ke kuyiqiniso."

Kungenzeka yini ukuzivikela ekukhohlisweni?

Yebo, ungakwazi, futhi kunezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala futhi okuphumelelayo kakhulu ukuba yixhala. Kungani unethemba lokubikezelwa kwabantu abangabazi, uma unganquma ukuzakhela wena siqu? Abaningi abakhohlisayo bayaqiniseka ukuthi umuntu kuphela onomthwalo walokho okwenzeka kuye noma okuzokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Abafuni izizathu ezinyangeni ezigcwele noma isibonakaliso esibuthakathaka se-zodiac, ngoba bayazi ukuthi uma bephutha, kuphela amaphutha abo kanye nesici.

Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke abazalwa ngamanga. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-romantics nabaphupho emhlabeni. Abantu baphila futhi bakholelwa ukuthi izimangaliso zibazungezile. Bacabanga ukuthi ukwazi ikusasa labo, bazokwazi ukuvimbela amaphutha. Baphupha ukufunda konke mayelana nabo kanye nabathandekayo babo futhi bavimbele yonke imicimbi embi. Inkolelo-ze ineza amapende nokuzwa okusha emiphakathini yabantu. Kulungile lokho. Kodwa ukuthi lowo mphupha akawa ngenxa yezinkathazo zama-charlatans, udinga ukwazi izinto ezimbalwa ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Indlela yokugwema ugibe

1. Kubalulekile ukuba unake umuntu okweluleka noma okubikezela kuwe: ukuthi ugqoke kanjani, kanjani indlela yokuxhumana kwakhe. Njengomthetho, abantu abathandekayo bakhulunywa kakhulu ngokushesha. Basheshe futhi basuke bengenangqondo.
2. Ungalokothi uveze noma yiluphi ulwazi mayelana nawe. Ubuncane igama kanye nosuku lokuzalwa, bonke abasebenzisa izinkanyezi kufanele bazibikezele. Uma engabizi noma yiziphi izenzakalo eziqondile ekuphileni kwakho, kodwa uhambahamba ehlathini, uzibophezele emaqenjini ahlaselwe, aqinisekisiwe: usufike ku-fraudster.
3. Umuntu owezinkanyezi omuhle noma omlingo kufanele akutshele kuqala ukuthi yini owaziyo kakade: isimo sakho somshado, inombolo yezingane, ububanzi bomsebenzi, izinkinga ezikhona ezikukhathazayo. Uma ekhuluma lonke ulwazi kuphela kwimishwana ejwayelekile noma i-yulit, cishe, kungenzeka ukuthi uyakhohlisa. Ngokwesibonelo, umhloli wezinkanyezi uyabuza: "Ushadile yini?" Wena uphendula ngokungafanele, futhi uthi: "Ngiyabona ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka" (nakuba wena nomkhwenyana bengenayo ngempela), niyazi, lokhu akuyona into engaphambili, kunalokho - umphumela kaBarnum. Phela, noma yimuphi owesifazane ongashadile angathanda ukuba nomndeni.
4. Zama ukusebenzisa ukubikezela komunye umuntu. Uma lokho okuzwile kungakhulunywa kalula kunoma ubani omunye - uvele ukhohliswa.
5. Ukwamukela okuhle emthonjeni weBarnum yizinkulumo ezinjenge-"Uzophumelela", "Uma uphikelela noma wenza umzamo, uzothola okufunayo." Yonke le mishwana ijwayelekile futhi ifanelwe cishe noma yimuphi umuntu.

Uhlangothi oluhle lomdanso

Naphezu kokuthi umphumela weBarnum uvame ukusetshenziselwa ngenhloso engafanele, ingasetshenziswa ngezinhloso ezinhle. Lesi yisimo lapho udinga khona ukusekela umuntu esimeni esinzima. Umphumela kaBarnum, okuqukethwe kwakhe okuyizinkulumo ezijwayelekile, kungaba ngcono kakhulu ukuzethemba kunoma yimuphi umuntu.

Isibonelo, intombi yakho icasulwe ngezinkinga emsebenzini: Abaphathi bamgxeka, akatholi ukujoyina iqembu. Zama ukukusekela, isibonelo, ungasho ukuthi: "Woza, ngizobuka i-horoscope yakho noma ngizokutshela, noma ngizocela umngane wami." Okulandelayo, yenza incazelo kumngane wakho mayelana nombhalo olandelayo: "Kuleli sonto ugcwele amandla namandla, yonke imizamo oyoyibeka emsebenzini wakho izonikeza umphumela omuhle. Ungumuntu onethalente futhi ohlakaniphile, kodwa ungasebenzisi konke okusemandleni akho. Ukuzivulela ngokuphelele, ungabona amaphupho asendle kakhulu ... "futhi ufunde i-horoscope yakhe.

Ukuxhaphaza okunjalo kwengqondo kuzomsiza umuntu ukuba akholelwe ngokwabo futhi abonakalise amakhono abo ngokugcwele. Ungaqhathanisa umphumela we-Barnum kumphumela we -placebo. Zisebenza cishe ngendlela efanayo: imishwana ejwayelekile eyenza umuntu noma ubani - iyithebhulethi efanayo engenalutho engenza izimanga. Kunoma yikuphi, uma le ndlela isetshenziswa njengesizo, akukho lutho olungalungile ngalokhu. Njengoba abaphathi abakhulu bathi: "Ukuxwayisa - kusho ukuhlomile", ngakho umphumela weBarnum awusebenzi nabantu ababazi ngakho. Kunzima ukubamba umuntu onolwazi olwanele ngalendlela yokuxhaphaza.