Inhlanganisela yenqubo: izibonelo

I-Phraseology iyisifo sobo bonke abafunda ulimi lwangaphandle, ngoba lapho bebhekene nabo, ngokuvamile umuntu akakwazi ukuqonda okusemqoka. Ngokuvamile, ukuze uzwisise incazelo ethile, umuntu kumele asebenzise isichazamazwi semincintiswano yesigcawu, esivela kude njalo. Kodwa-ke, kunendlela yokuphuma - ungathuthukisa ikhono lokubona izingxenye zama-phraseological, ngakho-ke kuyoba lula ukuqonda incazelo yawo. Iqiniso, ngalokhu udinga ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zazo nokuthi zihluke kanjani. Ukuqaphela ikakhulukazi kule ndaba kufanele kunikezwe izinhlanganisela zezinkulumo, ngoba (ngenxa yezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlelwa kwazo) zakha izinkinga eziningi. Ngakho-ke, yikuphi, yiziphi izici zabo ezihlukanisayo futhi yiziphi izichazamazwi ongazitholela izinkomba?

I-Phraseology kanye nesifundo sesifundo sayo

Isayensi ye-phraseology, ekhethekile ekuhloleni izinhlanganisela ezizinzile ezihlukahlukene, incane. Ngolimi lwesiRashiya, lwaqala ukubonakala njengengxenye ehlukene kuphela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ngisho nasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ngenxa kaMikhail Lomonosov.

Abacwaningi abadume kunazo zonke abayizingcweti zezinlimi uVictor Vinogradov noNikolai Shansky, nangesiNgisi - A. McKay, W. Weinreich noL. P. Smith. Ngendlela, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izilimi ezikhuluma isiNgisi, ngokungafani nochwepheshe beSlavic, aziqapheli kangako ama-phraseological units, futhi isitoko sabo kulolu limi singaphansi kweRussia, isi-Ukrainian noma ngisho nesiPolish.

Isihloko esiyinhloko, ekutadisheni ukuthi lesi siyalo sigxila kulo, kuyinzuzo engokomqondo noma yezwi. Kuyini? Lokhu kuyinhlanganisela yamagama amaningana, azinzile esakhiweni nasekubunjweni (akuhlanganiswa kabusha njalo, kepha asetshenziswe ifomu elenziwe kakade). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lapho kucubungula ngokuzivumelanisa i-phraseology, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi luhlobo luni nobude bamagama alo, kubonakala sengathi ilungu elilodwa lomusho.

Ukuguqulwa kwamagama okukhuluma ngolimi ngalunye kuyinto eyingqayizivele, ehlobene nomlando wayo kanye namasiko. Awukwazi ukuhunyushwa ngokugcwele ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa incazelo yalo. Ngakho-ke, uma uhumusha, okusetshenziselwa kakhulu yizinhlamvu ezikhona kolunye ulimi.

Isibonelo, inhlanganisela evelele yamazwi aseNgilandi: "Gcina iminwe yakho ku-pulse", okusho ukuthi ngokwezwi nezwi "gcina iminwe yakho ekuphambeni," kodwa kunengqondo "ukugcina okungahambisani nentuthuko." Kodwa-ke, njengoba isiRashiya asikho amaphesenti angamakhulu alinganayo, kufakwe enye efana kakhulu: "Gcina isandla sakho phezu kwe-pulse."

Ngezinye izikhathi, ngenxa yezindawo eziseduze zamazwe, izinkulumo ezifanayo zezinkulumo ezivela ngezilimi zazo, futhi azikho inkinga ngokuhumusha. Ngakho-ke, inkulumo yaseRussia ethi "ukushaya amabhakede" (ukuhlala emuva) inomzalwane wayo olimini lwesi-Ukrainian - "impilo ka-bytyk."

Ngokuvamile izinkulumo ezifanayo ziza kanyekanye ngezilimi eziningana ngenxa yomcimbi othile obalulekile, isibonelo, njenge-Christianization. Naphezu kokuba yizinkolo zamaKristu ezihlukene, ezilimini zase-Ukraine, isiFulentshi, iSpanishi, isiJalimane, isiSlovak, isiRashiya nesiPolish, inkulumo ethi "i-alpha ne-omega" ethathwe eBhayibhelini futhi ibhekisela "kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni" isakazeke (ngokugcwele, ngokugcwele).

Izinhlobo zokuguquka kwegama

Ngokwezigaba ze-phraseology, kuze kube manje, izazi zelimi azizange zifike kombono owodwa. Abanye bangezelele izaga ("Awukwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwelanga, awukwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kokumnandi"), izaga ("UNkulunkulu ngeke anikeze - ingulube ngeke idle") kanye nezitembu zelwimi ("ukusekelwa okushisayo", "imvelo yokusebenza"). Kodwa ngenkathi beyingcosana.

Okwamanje, ethandwa kakhulu ezilimini zaseMpumalanga Slavic yilona uhlobo lwezandla zolimi oluthile uViktor Vinogradov, owasakaza yonke imishwana eqinile ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Fusion fraseological.
• Ubunye bezinhlelo zokufunda.
• Izinhlanganisela zengqondo.

Izilimi eziningi zihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa nokubumbana negama elithi "idiom" (ngendlela, leli gama lisuselwa egameni elithi "idiot") empeleni eliyisigama segama lesibizo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukudweba umugqa phakathi kwabo. Leli gama kufanele likhunjulwe, ngoba ngo-Fusion, ubunye, izinhlanganisela zesiNgisi zihunyushwa ngokunembile ngosizo lwazo - amazwi.

Umbuzo wezinkulumo zamagama

Umlingani kaVinogradova uNikolay Shansky wagcizelela ukuthi kukhona uhlobo lwesine - izinkulumo. Eqinisweni, wahlukanisa izinhlanganisela ze-Vinogradov ngezigaba ezimbili: inhlanganisela yangempela kanye nenkulumo.

Nakuba kuhlukaniswa kweShansky futhi kuholela ekudidekeni ekusatshalaliseni kwemishwana eqinile, kodwa kukuvumela ukuba ucabangisise ngokujulile lo mkhuba wezilimi.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-fusion phraseological, ubumbano obunobumbano, izinhlanganisela zombhalo

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zingxenye ezizinzile zahlukaniswa ngalezi zinhlobo ngokwezinga lokuzimela kobuciko bezingxenye zabo.

Iziphakamiso, ezingenakuhlukaniswa, okusho ukuthi akuhlobene nalokho okushiwo yizingxenye zabo, kubizwa ngokuthi i-phraseological fusion. Isibonelo: "hlaziya i-lasas" (ukuhoxisa ingxoxo engcolile), ukugqoka inhliziyo yomuntu ngomkhono womuntu (ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuthi "ukuthwala inhliziyo ekhanda"). Ngendlela, ukuhlanganiswa kufana nokufanekisa, ngokuvamile kuvame ukuvela enkulumweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi izinkulumo ezingasebenzi noma ezincwadini zasendulo.

Ubunye bezinkolelo zesayensi luhlobo oluzimele, ngokuphathelene nezinsimbi zalo. Ngokungafani ne-fusion, i-semantics yabo ingenxa yencazelo yezingxenye zabo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zifaka ama-puns. Isibonelo: "ezincane nezindawo ezikude" (abantu benza okuthile kahle, naphezu kwedatha yabo engaphandle emangalisayo) noma i-phraseology yase-Ukraine: "katyuzi ngokufanele" (umenzi wobugebengu wathola isijeziso esivumelana nesimo sakhe esingalungile). Ngendlela, zombili izibonelo zibonisa isici esiyingqayizivele sobumbano: i-consonance enemvumelwano. Mhlawumbe yingakho uViktor Vinogradov ebiza izaga nezaga kuye, nakuba ziphikisana yizinhlamvu zezilimi ngezilimi eziningi.

Uhlobo lwesithathu: inhlanganisela yamazwi yamahhala. Zihluke kakhulu kulezi ezimbili ezingenhla. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukubaluleka kwezingxenye zabo ngokuqondile kuthinta incazelo yenzuzo yonke. Isibonelo: "ukudakwa okungavinjelwe", "phakamisa inkinga."

Izinhlanganisela zezinhlelo zokufunda in Russian (njengase-Ukraine naseNgesi) zinempahla ekhethekile: izingxenye zazo zingashintshwa yizilinganiso ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa incazelo: "ukuthinta udumo" - "ukuthinta ukuziqhenya", "ukukhala okunombala" - "ukukhala kwekhalenda". Njengesibonelo esivela kululwimi lwaseBrithani oziqhenyayo, lesi sici siwukukhombisa amazinyo akho, okungaqondiswa kunoma yimuphi umuntu: ukukhombisa amazinyo ami (akho, akhe, akhe, ethu).

Izinkulumo zenkolo kanye nezinhlanganisela: izici ezihlukile

Ukuhlukaniswa kukaViktor Vinogradov, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lokuhlaziya (ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkulumo) ngokubunjwa, kancane kancane kwafakwa nguNikolai Shanskii. Izinhlamvu ezihlukanisayo kanye nezinhlanganisela zazilula (ngenxa yokungafani kwazo kwesakhiwo). Kodwa i-unit entsha uShansky - inkulumo ("izimpisi zesaba - emahlathini angahambi") kwakunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuhlanganiswa.

Kodwa, uma ubuka umbuzo, ungabona umehluko ocacile, othembekile ekubanjeni kwenhlanganisela yamazwi. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinkulumo ziqukethe amazwi akhululekile, ngokugcwele iziqu ze-semantics ezizimele ("hhayi yonke leyo golide - yikuphi ukukhazimula"). Kodwa-ke, kusukela emabintweni avamile nemisho, ahluke ngokuthi yizinkulumo ezizinzile ezingahlelwe ngokuvumelana nenye entsha, kodwa zisetshenziselwa ifomu elenziwe ngomumo, njengesifanekiso: "isithombo se-horseradish asikona" (inguqulo yase-Ukraine ye "isithombo sesithombo ayiyona inhlanhla").

Izinhlanganisela zesayensi ("ukunikeza ikhanda ekuqhekekeni" - "ukunikeza isandla ekunqobeni") ngaso sonke isikhathi unamagama ambalwa ngencazelo engenakuphikiswa ekubunjweni kwawo, kuyilapho zonke izingxenye zezinkulumo zibonakala zizimele ("Umuntu uzwakala ngokuziqhenya"). Ngendlela, lokhu okungajwayelekile kuyabangela ezinye izilimi ukuba zingabaze ukuthi yiziphi izinkulumo emabintana.

Iyiphi inhlanganisela yamazwi akuyona inguquko yezwi

Imibono yezinhlelo, kusukela endaweni yokubuka, iyinto eyingqayizivele: ngakolunye uhlangothi, banezibonakaliso zenhlanganisela yegama, kodwa basondelene kakhulu nezakhiwo zabo ngamazwi. Ukwazi lezi zici, ungafunda kalula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlanganisela ezizinzile zemibhalo, ubunye, ama-splices noma izinkulumo ezivela emabintana avamile.

• Ama-Phraseological, njengezinkulumo, zihlanganisa izingxube eziningana ezixhunyanisiwe, kodwa ngokuvamile incazelo yawo ayikwazi ukukhuphula inani lezilinganiso zabo. Isibonelo: "ulahlekelwe ikhanda lakho" (yeka ukucabanga ngokuhlakanipha) futhi "ulahlekelwe isikhwama sakho." Amagama akha ama-phraseology asetshenziswa kakhulu ngokomfanekiso.
• Uma isetshenziswe enkulumweni ekhulunywe futhi ebhaliwe, ukuhlanganiswa kwegama elihlanganisiwe kwakha kabusha isikhathi ngasinye. Kodwa ubumbano nokuhlanganiswa kuvame ukuphindaphindiwe kufomu eliphelile (okwenza ukuba lihlobene nama-clichés ezinkulumo). Inhlanganisela yamazwi emagama kanye nenkulumo yamazwi kulo mbuzo ngezinye izikhathi ididanisa. Isibonelo: "Hangisa ikhanda lakho" (elidabukisayo), nakuba liyi-phraseology, kodwa ingxenye ngayinye ikhululekile ukufaka emabintweni avamile: "Hlangela ingubo" futhi "unciphise ikhanda lakho."
• Ukwenyuka kwesayensi (ngenxa yobuqotho bencazelo yezingxenye zawo) ezimweni eziningi kungashintshwa ngokuphephile ngezwi-elithi synonym, elingenakwenziwa ngegama. Isibonelo: inkulumo ethi "inceku i-Melpomene" ingashintshwa kalula ibe igama elilula "umculi" noma "umlingisi".
• Ama-Phraseologisms awasebenzi neze njengeziqu. Isibonelo, i-hydronym "uLwandle Olufile" kanye nezinhlanganisela zezwi elithi "inkathi efile" (inkathi engathandeki), "isisindo sokufa esilinganiselwe" (okungekho emthethweni engasetshenziswanga).

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-unitological units kusukela ekuqaleni

Uma sicabangela umsuka wenhlanganisela yezinkulumo, izinkulumo, ubumbano kanye ne-fusion, zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningana.

• Ukuhlanganiswa okuvela enkulumweni yabantu: "hamba ngezinyawo", "ngaphandle kwenkosi ekhanda lakho" (oyisiphukuphuku), "ngaphandle konyaka ngesonto" (isikhathi esifushane kakhulu).
• Ama-clichés aqeqeshiwe, okwathi kancane kancane aphenduka ama-unit units: "abamnyama nabamhlophe," "uthele amanzi emgodini," "esheshayo se-cosmic."
• Yaba izisho zamasiko ezidumile zomlando noma amaqhawe ezincwadi, abalingiswa befilimu: "Into eyinhloko ukuthi i-suti yayihlezi" ("Izinsizakalo"), "Sidinga abantu abaningi" (uMnu Zhvanetsky), nginephupho (uMartin Luther King).
• Izinhlanganisela eziqinile ezinamazwibela, ezibolekwe kwezinye izilimi, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokuhumusha. Isibonelo: o Isikhathi, ama-mores (ngezikhathi, mayelana namasiko), i-carpe diem (ukubamba umzuzu), i-tempus vulnera sanat (isikhathi siphulukisa amanxeba).
• Amaphuzu avela eBhayibhelini: "ukuphonsela ubuhlalu" (ukutshela / ukukhombisa okuthile kubantu ababukeli / ababukeli abangathokozi), "ulinde kuze kube sekufikeni kwesibili" (ulinde okuthile isikhathi eside futhi mhlawumbe ungenalutho), "indodana elahlekile", "imana yezulu".
• Amazwi avela ezincwadini zasendulo: "i-apple yokuphikisana" (isihloko esiphikisanayo), "izipho zamaDanaites" (okubi okubangelwa yisisindo sokuhle), "ukubukeka kweMedusa" (into eyenza unqabile endaweni, njengetshe).

Ezinye izigaba: inguqulo kaPeter Dudik

• Ngaphandle kweVinogradov noShansky, ezinye izilimi zazama ukuhlukanisa i-phraseology, eqondiswa yimigomo yabo. Ngakho-ke, uDudik olimi lwezinlimi akazange ahlukanise izinhlobo ezine kodwa ezinhlanu zama-phraseological units:
• Izithonjana ezingenakuhlukaniswa: "ukuba umlenze omfushane" (eduze nomuntu owaziyo).
• Ubunye bezinhlelo zokufunda nge-semantics mahhala ezakhiweni ezikhona: "Hamba intamo yakho" (ukujezisa umuntu).
• Izinkulumo zenkolo, ezakhiwe ngokuphelele ngamazwi azimele, kuze kube yilapho inani elingenakukhethwa igama elifanayo. Kubo, uDudik ngokuyinhloko ubhekisela izaga nezaga: "Ingulube ye-goose ayiyena umngane."
• Izinhlanganisela zezinhlelo zezinkulumo ziyizinkulumo ezisekelwe emibhalweni yokuchaza: "igazi elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka", "i-falcon eye".
• Inhlanganisela yegama lemisho. Eyaziwa ngokuntuleka kokufanisana nokuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye: "big tsatsa."

Ukuhlukaniswa ngu-Igor Melchuk

Ngaphandle kwakho konke okushiwo ngenhla, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinyunithi zezinhlamvu ze-Melchuk kuyasiza. Ngokusho kwalo, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezinikezwayo, ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine.

• I-Degree: iphelele, i-semifrazen, i-quasi-free.
• Indima yezici zesifuba ekubunjweni kwezinhlamvu: i-semantic ne-pragmatems.
• Kuphi unit unit: i-lexeme, ibinzana, inkulumo yocacactic.
• Ingxenye yesibonakaliso sezilimi esibhekene ne-phraseology: uphawu lwama-synactical, okushiwo futhi olubonakalisiwe.

Ukuhlukaniswa kukaBoris Larin

Lezi zilimi zanikeza inhlanganisela enhle yamazwi ngokusho kwezinyathelo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kusukela emabintwini avamile kuya ezinyunithi zezinhlamvu:

• Izinhlobonhlobo zenhlanganisela yezwi (i-analog yemincintiswano nemishwana): "isizini se-velvet".
• Labo abalahlekelwa ingxenye yabo eyinhloko, kepha bangathola ukufaniswa komzimba kanye nokuziphendulela: "gcina itshe esifubeni sakho".
• Amaqhinga, angenakho konke ukuzimela kwe-semantic yezingxenye zawo, futhi alahlekelwe ukuxhumana kwabo nencazelo yawo yokuqala ye-lexical kanye nendima yegrama (efana ne-fusion inhlanganisela nobumbano): "ngaphandle kwe-blue" (kabi).

Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zenhlanganisela yenkulumo

Ngezansi kunemisho embalwa eyaziwa kahle.

• "Ukungabi lula" (ukuzizwa ungakhululekile).
• "Amehlo amancane" (amahloni).
• "Nqoba" (ukunqoba omunye).
• "Inkinga ebucayi" (inkinga edinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela).

Nakuba ukuhlukaniswa kweVinogradov noShansky kungasetshenzisiwe emaqenjini olimi lwesiNgisi, umuntu angakhetha imishwana eqinile engahle ibekwe njengenhlanganisela yenkulumo.
Izibonelo:

• Umngane we-Bosom - isifuba buddy (umngane wesibeletho - isifuba somngane).
• Umsebenzi weSisyfean (uSisyphean labasebenzi).
• Impi ephikisiwe - empini enamandla. Impi enamandla impi enkulu.

Izichazamazwi zesayensi

Ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu lokuhlukaniswa kwama-unitological unit kubangelwa ukuthi akekho kubo onikeza isiqiniseko esiphelele sokungabikho kwephutha. Ngakho-ke, kusadingeka ukwazi ukuthi iziphi izichazamazwi ongazithola, uma ungeke ukwazi ukunquma ngokunembile uhlobo lwezinhlamvu. Zonke izichazamazwi zalolu hlobo zihlukaniswe zibe yi-monolingual kanye nezilimi eziningi. Ngezansi zihunyushwa izincwadi ezidume kakhulu zaloluhlobo, lapho ungathola khona izibonelo zezinkulumo ezizinzile, ezivame kakhulu ngolimi lwesiRussia.

• I-monolingual: "I-Educational Phraseological Dictionary" ngu-Elena Bystrova; "Isenzo sokuvutha - isichazamazwi sabantu abaningi" by V. Kuzmich; "I-Phraseological Dictionary yolimi lwesiRashiya" ngu-A. Fedoseyev; "I-Phraseological Dictionary yeLimi Lwezincwadi ZaseRussia" ngu-I. Fedoseyev kanye ne "Great Dictionary of Values and Phraseology" kaMikheil Mikhelson.
• I-Kunina, "I-Great Polish-Russian, iRussia-Polish Phraseological Dictionary" Yu. Lukshina kanye neRandom House Russian-English Dictionary yamaSulumane nguSofia Lyubenskaya. Izilimi eziningi: "I-Big Anglo-Russian Phraseological Dictionary" (izimpendulo eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili).

Mhlawumbe, uma ufunde ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi akulula ukukuqonda ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuthi yiluhlobo luni lolo hlobo noma lolo lwazi lwegama, lesi sihloko singabonakala siyinkimbinkimbi emangalisayo. Kodwa-ke, uDeveli akayena wesabe njengoba eqoshiwe. Indlela eyinhloko yokuthuthukisa amakhono ukuze uthole kahle inhlanganisela yamazwi phakathi kwamanye amayunithi angama-phraseological ukuqeqesha njalo. Futhi uma kunezilimi zangaphandle - ukutadisha umlando wokuvela kwalezi zinkulumo bese uzikhanda ngekhanda. Lokhu ngeke nje kusize esikhathini esizayo ukuba ungangeni ezimweni ezihlazisa, kodwa futhi wenze inkulumo enhle kakhulu futhi icabange.