Imemori yomlando. Izinkinga zememori yomlando waseRussia

Enye yezimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu eziye zahlukanisa abantu ezilwaneni nakanjani imemori. Okudlulele kumuntu ngumthombo obaluleke kunazo zonke ekubunzeni ulwazi lomuntu siqu nencazelo yendawo yomuntu emphakathini nasezweni elizungezile.

Ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo, umuntu ulahlekelwa nokuma phakathi kwemvelo, uxhumano lomphakathi luyabhidliza.

Iyini inkumbulo yomlando ndawonye?

Imemori akuyona ulwazi olungenalutho lwezehlakalo. Imemori yinto yokuphila, ulwazi lwezehlakalo ezihlangenwe nakho nokuzizwa, kubonakala ngokomzwelo. Inkumbulo yomlando ingumqondo ohlangene. Kukhona ekulondolozweni kwezenhlalakahle, kanye nasekuqondeni isipiliyoni esingokomlando. Inkumbulo eqoqweni yezizukulwane ingaba phakathi kwamalungu omndeni, abantu bomuzi, naso sonke isizwe, izwe kanye naso sonke isintu.

Izinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa kwememori yomlando

Kumele kuqondwe ukuthi inkumbulo yomlando ndawonye, kanye nememori ngayinye, inezigaba eziningana zokuthuthukiswa.

Okokuqala, lokhu kungavumelekile. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, abantu bavame ukukhohlwa imicimbi. Kungenzeka ngokushesha, futhi kungenzeka eminyakeni embalwa. Ukuphila akumeli, uchungechunge lweziqephu aluphazanyiswa, futhi eziningi zazo zifakwa esikhundleni sokuqala nemibono.

Okwesibili, abantu baphinde babhekane namaqiniso adlule ezincwadini zesayensi, emisebenzini yokubhala kanye nabezindaba. Futhi yonke indawo ukuchazwa kwemicimbi efanayo kungahluka kakhulu. Futhi akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi kungabhekwa ngombono "wememori yomlando". Izimpikiswano zezenzakalo umlobi ngamunye ubeka ngendlela yakhe, ukubeka isimo sakhe sengqondo nesimo sakhe somuntu siqu esimlandweni. Futhi akukhathaleki ukuthi yiliphi isihloko esizobe liyilo - impi yezwe, ukwakhiwa kweminyango yonke noma imiphumela yesiphepho.

Abafundi nabalaleli bazobona lo mcimbi ngamehlo omlobi noma umlobi. Izinguqulo ezahlukene zokuveza amaqiniso womcimbi ofanayo zivumela abantu ukuba bahlaziye, baqhathanise imibono yabantu abahlukene futhi bazenzele iziphetho zabo. Inkumbulo yeqiniso yabantu iyakwazi ukuthuthukisa kuphela inkululeko yokukhuluma, futhi iyohlanekezelwa ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokucwaninga okuphelele.

Isithathu, isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inkumbulo yomlando wabantu yi-juxtaposition yezenzakalo ezenzeka ngesikhathi samanje ngamaqiniso avela esikhathini esidlule. Ukubaluleka kwezinkinga zanamuhla zomphakathi kungaba ngqo ngokuhlobene nomlando wesikhathi esidlule. Ngokuhlaziya okuhlangenwe nakho kwempumelelo yangaphambilini namaphutha, umuntu uyakwazi ukudala.

I-hypothesis ka-Maurice Halbwachs

Inkolelo yememori yokuqoqa emlandweni, njenganoma yimuphi omunye, inomsunguli wayo kanye nabalandeli bayo. Isazi sefilosofi nesiFulentshi saseFrance uMaurice Halbwachs sathumela phambili umbono wokuthi imibono yememori yomlando nomlando ayikho into efanayo. Uqale wachaza ukuthi umlando uqala lapho inkumbulo yomphakathi kanye nesiko sekuphela. Asikho isidingo sokulungisa ephepheni lokho kusaphila ezinkumbulo.

Inkolelo yamaHalbwachs yafakazela ukuthi kudingeka ukubhala umlando kuphela izizukulwane ezalandela, uma kukhona ombalwa ofakazi bemicimbi yomlando esele ephila noma abesekho nhlobo. Kwakukhona abalandeli abambalwa nabaphikisi bale mbono. Inombolo yesibili yanda emva kwempi ne-fascism, eminyakeni yonke amalungu omndeni wefilosofi abulawe, naye yena wafela eBuchenwald.

Izindlela zokudlulisa imicimbi engakhohlwayo

Inkumbulo yabantu mayelana nemicimbi edlule ivezwe ngamafomu ahlukahlukene. Ezinsukwini zakudala kwakungokudluliselwa kolwazi ngomlomo ezindabeni zezinganekwane, izinganekwane kanye nezinganekwane. Abalingiswa bobuciko bendabuko bomlomo babanikezwa izici zobuqhawe zabantu bangempela, bazihlukanisa ngokwenza izinto nokusebenza ngesibindi. Izindaba zesikhathi esedlule zilokhu ziqinisa isibindi sabaphikisi be-Fatherland.

Kamuva kwakuyizincwadi, futhi manje imithombo esemqoka yokusakazwa kwamaqiniso omlando yizindaba. Namuhla bajwayele ukubuka umbono wethu nesimo sengqondo kulokho okwenzeka esikhathini esedlule, izenzakalo ezijabulisayo ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, isiko nesayensi.

Ukubaluleka kwememori yomlando yabantu

Ezweni lanamuhla , inkinga yememori yomlando iphuthumayo ngokukhethekile. Emva kwakho konke, ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhathi esidlule, umuntu akakwazi ukubona ukuthi yini ezokwenzeka kuye nokuthi angeke yini. Ukukwazi kuphela umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwabantu babo, abantu bayakwazi ukunquma ukuthi yini ezoba usizo emphakathini esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuthambekela kwanamuhla ukubhala kabusha izenzakalo zomlando kufanele nakanjani uqaphele bonke abantu. Ngeshwa, amanye ama-joint al-radical ama-radical athathe inkolelo yommeleli waseJalimane wokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi F. Nietzsche, okukhulunywe encwadini yakhe ethi "On the Benefits and Harm History", njengesisekelo sezinkolelo zabo. Bazama ukucubungula isipiliyoni esingokomlando sezenzakalo ezimbi zezimpi ezibhubhisayo, ephikisana ngokuthi umuntu udinga "ukuhlanza" ukuqaphela ukungapheleli. Ukulondolozwa kwenkumbulo yomlando kungumsebenzi oyinhloko womphakathi omkhulu, ukuthi awuwamukeli ukuhlanekezela kwezenzakalo zomlando wabantu bawo.

Inkinga yokuziphatha yokukhumbula izizukulwane

Inkinga yememori yomlando ihlanganisa ezungeze yona inqwaba yezesayensi: ifilosofi kanye ne-psychology, ethnography, umlando kanye nenhlalo yabantu. Bonke bavumelana ngokubheka ukuthi umbono wezenzakalo zesikhathi samanje ngokuqondile kuxhomeke ekufundeni nasekuhloleni kwezehlakalo zesikhathi esidlule. Inkumbulo yomlando iyinhlangano enamandla yokuqaphela umphakathi. Uma sikhuluma ngomphakathi waseRussia wenkathi yanamuhla, singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi phakathi kwamaRussia, kanye nabanye abantu, kunenkinga yokuziphatha ecacile.

Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi oyinhloko esizukulwaneni esidala sezwe lethu ngekhulu le-XXI ukubunjwa kwesizukulwane esincane sezinto ezibalulekile kanye nesifiso sokugcina inkumbulo yezwe labo elidlule.

Ukuhlanganiswa kokuxhumana kwangokomlando kwezizukulwane zaseRussia namuhla kubhekene nezingqinamba eziningi. Kusukela kwesikrini se-TV, emaphephandabeni nasemaphephandabeni ikakhulukazi kwi-intanethi, ngokungafani nokukhanyisa kwezehlakalo ezifanayo kubonakala njalo. Futhi lokhu akusebenzi nje kuphela kumaqiniso okwamanje, kodwa nakwezenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule namakhulu adlule. Ungakugwema kanjani ukwehlukana kwezibopho zomlando nokugcina inkumbulo yezizukulwane?

Umbuzo wokuqhubeka kwememori yomlando

Isihloko senkumbulo yomlando yaseRussia namhlanje sikhala cishe kuyo yonke inkomfa yesayensi, kuzo zonke izingqungquthela ezizinikele ezinkingeni zobusha. Okokuqala, kumelwe siqonde ukuthi inkinga yokwakheka kwememori yomlando phakathi kwesizukulwane esincane isiningi, futhi izici eziningi zithonya. Lena inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuhlanganise kokubili izimo zenhlalo nezomnotho, imibono nemfundo, kanye nesimo sengqondo esifanayo emlandweni wezwe lakithi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesayensi kulokhu kuyinkinga ehlelekile yomlando kusuka ebhentshini yesikole nokutholakala okuthembekile kwamaqiniso omlando emakhasini esikoleni. Kuphela ngale ndlela singakwazi ukubona isiqubulo esithi: "Masilondoloze inkumbulo yomlando yaseRussia".

Ukuze silondoloze futhi silondoloze inkumbulo yomlando, siqala esikoleni

Inkumbulo yomlando yaseRussia inqoba amakhulu amaningi eminyaka yinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kungenxa yezwe lonke lokubunjwa kwabantu bezwe lethu. Iqembu ngalinye lobuhlanga eliyingxenye yeRussia lineziko namasiko alo, izinkolelo nezinkolelo zenkolo. Ngakho-ke, kuyoba okubaluleke kakhulu ukudala uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwesikole lwabantu abakhuluma isiRussia, okuzobe kuhloswe ekubunjweni kobuntu bonke baseRussia.

Kakade esikoleni izingane zidinga ukwakha ikhono lokuqhathanisa nokuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kwezizukulwane ezedlule kanye nezabo. Namuhla, lo msebenzi awulula, ngoba emashumini eminyaka amuva kuye kwaba khona ukwehla okucacile ekudumeni komlando njengesifundo sesikole.

Kuyadabukisa ukubona ukuthi namuhla ukukhomba kuphela komphakathi waseRashiya kuyinto inkumbulo ye-Great Patriotic War. Inkumbulo yomlando yokufa kwabantu abaningi basekhaya kule minyaka edabukisayo, yokubhujiswa okukhulu kanye nokunqoba okukhulu, impumelelo yezempi yesayensi yaseRussia iyinhlangano enamandla yokulawula ubusha baseRussia. Ukufaneleka kwabababa bethu, abavikela ukuzimela kwezwe, futhi inkumbulo yezizukulwane ezizayo izixhumanisi zohlu olulodwa, ukuqhubeka phakathi kwabakhulu nabababa, obaba kanye nezingane.

Kungani inkumbulo yempi ibuthaka?

Isikhathi siyisifo esingcono kakhulu sobuhlungu, kodwa yisici esibi kunazo zonke zokukhumbula. Lokhu kubhekisela kokubili inkumbulo yezizukulwane mayelana nempi, futhi ngokujwayelekile inkumbulo yomlando yabantu. Ukususwa kwengxenye yomzwelo yezinkumbulo kuxhomeke kwizizathu eziningana.

Into yokuqala ethinta kakhulu amandla enkumbulo yisikhathi sesikhathi. Njalo ngonyaka usizi lwalezi zinsuku ezimbi luyaqhubeka luhamba phambili. Kusukela ukuqedwa kokuphumelela kweMpi Yezwe yesibili engu-70 kudlule manje.

Ukuvikeleka kweqiniso kwezehlakalo zeminyaka emdala nakho kuthinteka yizinto ezombusazwe nezombono. Ukucindezeleka kwesimo sezombangazwe ezweni lanamuhla kuvumela abezindaba ukuba bahlole izici eziningi zempi ezingathembeki, kusukela ekuboneni okungalungile, izinqubomgomo ezilula.

Futhi okunye okungenakugwemeka okuthinta inkumbulo yabantu yempi kuyimvelo. Lokhu ukulahlekelwa kwemvelo kwabafakazi bokuzibonela, abavikeli baseMotherland, labo abahlukumeza i-fascism. Njalo ngonyaka silahlekelwa labo abathwala "inkumbulo ephilayo". Ngokuhamba kwalaba bantu, izindlalifa zokunqoba kwazo azikwazi ukugcina inkumbulo ngemibala efanayo. Kancane kancane, ithola izithunzi zezenzakalo zangempela zanamuhla futhi ilahlekelwa ubuqiniso bayo.

Sizogcina inkumbulo "yokuphila" yempi

Imemori yomlando yempi yenziwa futhi igcinwe ekuqapheliseni isizukulwane esincane hhayi nje kuphela emacinini angemlando angenakubalwa kanye nemlando wezenzakalo.

Isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke "ukukhumbula inkumbulo", okungukuthi, ngokuqondile imemori yabantu. Yonke imindeni yaseRussia iyazi ngale minyaka edabukisayo ngokulandelwa kwezibonela: izindaba zabakhulu, izincwadi ezivela phambili, izithombe, izinto zempi kanye nemibhalo. Ubufakazi obuningi bempi abugcinwanga kuphela kumamyuziyamu, kodwa nakwezinqolobane zomuntu siqu.

Manje kunzima kubaseRussia abancane ukuba bacabange isikhathi esilambayo, esibulalayo, esiletha usizi nsuku zonke. Leso siqephu sesinkwa, esibekwe esimweni esivimbelwe eLeningrad, leyo miyalezo yansuku zonke emsakazweni mayelana nezenzakalo ezingaphambili, umsindo owesabekayo we-metronome, umthumeli owayengenanga kuphela izincwadi ezivela phambili, kodwa nemingcwabo. Kodwa ngenhlanhla, bayakwazi ukuzwa izindaba zabakhulu babo omkhulu mayelana nokuqeda isibindi nesibindi samasosha aseRussia, mayelana nokuthi abafana abancane balele kanjani emshinini, ukuze benze kuphela ama-shells ngaphezulu. Yiqiniso, lezi zindaba azivamile ngaphandle kwezinyembezi. Kubuhlungu kakhulu ukuba bakhumbule.

Isithombe somdwebo wempi

Indlela yesibili yokugcina imemori yempi kuyichazwa ngokubhala ngezenzakalo zeminyaka yempi ezincwadini, emadokhumenti nasezinhlakeni zamafilimu. Kuzo, ngokumelene nesizinda semicimbi emikhulu yezwe, isihloko somuntu ngamunye noma umndeni sithinta ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kuyakhuthaza ukuthi isithakazelo esikoleni sezempi namuhla asibonakali nje ngosuku lwamaJuba. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, kunezingqikithi eziningi ze-movie ezibikezela izenzakalo ze-Great Patriotic War. Esikhathini senkinga ethile, umbukeli uqaliswa nobunzima bokuqala abaqhubi bezindiza, abagibeli bamanzi, ama-scouts, ama-sappers kanye nezinyoka. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bokubukwa kwezithombe zivumela isizukulwane esincane ukuba sizizwe ubukhulu bezinhlekelele, zizwe izibhamu "zangempela", zizwe ukushisa komlilo waseStalingrad, ubone ubukhulu bokuguqulwa kwempi ngenkathi kuthunyelwa amasosha

Umlando wamanje wanomlando nokuqaphela umlando

Ukuqonda nokumelelwa komphakathi wanamuhla mayelana neminyaka kanye nemicimbi yeMpi Yezwe II kunamanga namuhla. Incazelo eyinhloko yalokhu kungabonakali ingabhekwa njengempi yempi, esetshenziselwa abezindaba eminyakeni yamuva.

Namuhla, hhayi ukuzonda noma yiziphi izindinganiso zokuziphatha, abezindaba bezwe banikela labo kulabo abathi phakathi nempi bathatha uhlangothi lwe-fascism futhi bahlanganyela ekuqothulweni kwabantu abaningi. Abanye bayazi ukuthi izenzo zabo zithi "zenzekile", ngaleyo ndlela bazama ukusula inkohlakalo yabo nokungahloniphi ememori yabo. I-Bandera, i-Shukhevich, uGeneral Vlasov noHelutut von Pannwitz namuhla baba amaqhawe ngenxa yentsha enengqondo. Konke lokhu kungumphumela wempi yolwazi, okuyikho okhokho bethu ababengazi. Ukuzama ukuphazamisa amaqiniso omlando ngezinye izikhathi kufinyelela ekungeneni, lapho ukufaneleka kweSoviet Army kunciphisa.

Ukuvikela ubuqiniso bemicimbi - ukulondoloza inkumbulo yomlando yabantu

Inkumbulo yomlando yempi iyinzuzo ebalulekile yabantu bethu. Kuphela kuphela okuzovumela iRussia ukuba ihlale isimo esiqine kakhulu.

Ukwethembeka kwezenzakalo zomlando ezihlanganisiwe namuhla kuzosiza ukulondoloza iqiniso lamaqiniso nokucaca kokuhlola okwenzeka esikhathini esidlule ezweni lethu. Umzabalazo weqiniso uhlale unzima. Ngisho noma lo mzabalazo ubizwa ngokuthi "ngamahloni", kumele sivikele iqiniso lomlando wethu ngokukhumbula abakhulu bethu.