I-Ontogenesis yomuntu. Incazelo emfushane. I-Ontogenesis yesistimu yezinzwa zesintu

I-ongeny yabantu iyinkqubo yentuthuko ngayinye kusukela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuze kube sekufeni. Izici eziyinhloko zihambisana kakhulu nezinguquko ezihambisana nokulinganisa, ezichazwe ngqo esigabeni ngasinye.

Umqondo we "ongeny" waqala ukuqaliswa nguHaeckel (isazi sezinto eziphilayo zaseJalimane) ngo-1866. Abamele abahlukahlukene bezilwane babe nokuthuthukiswa okuhlukile. Ngakho-ke, izingxenyana zezinambuzane zenzeka ngohlobo oluthile oluthile olunezintambo kanye nokuqhamuka kwemithi elandelayo. Ezilwaneni ezibeka amaqanda, ukuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye kubonakala kakhulu emaqanda anikezwe endaweni yangaphandle. Izilwane zase-placental, ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kuyisisu. Kulesi simo, inqubo ihlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezintathu: postembryonic, embryonic, proembryonic.

Lesi sigaba sibonakala ngokubunjwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamagetti amantombazane nabesifazane - ama-gametes, ngokuhlanganiswa kweqanda elivundisiwe.

Amagundane omuntu esikhathini esiyi- embryonic aqukethe izigaba ze-embryo ne-fetus.

Isikhathi se-post-embryonic siqala emva kokuzalwa kugunyaziwe. Lesi sigaba sigcina isikhathi sokuphila, siphela ngokufa. I-frontgree embryonic yomuntu ihlukaniswe yaba yizigaba zokudala. Esikhathini ngasinye isigaba umzimba uhamba nezinguquko zawo zesimo sengqondo nezomzimba. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, izinkathi ezisengozini kakhulu futhi ezibucayi yizona zinkinga (isikhathi sokuqedwa kwemisebenzi yezocansi) nokushicilela (isiteji sokukhulelwa). Lezi yizici eziyinhloko ze-ongeny yabantu.

Izindlela zokuqala zokuphila kwamabrionic zibonakala ngokuzalwa kwesimiso sezinzwa eziphakathi. I-Ontogenesis yesimiso sezinzwa kubantu iyaqhubeka futhi phakathi neminyaka yokuqala emva kokuzalwa.

Emnyangweni we-dorsal, umbungu udala ipuleti. Kamuva, kwakhiwa umquba we-neural, futhi kamuva - i-neural tube.

Ngomubungu onamaviki owodwa, kukhona ukuqina okungenasisekelo kwe-tube engxenyeni yomlomo. Ngesonto lesithathu esifundeni sekhanda ama-bubbles amathathu (okuyisisekelo) akhiwa: ahamba phambili, aphakathi, anterior. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zobuchopho zakhiwe kubo (rhomboid, medium, terminal). Kamuva, ukuqothulwa kwenzeka ezinhlokweni ezimbili (i-anterior ne-posterior). Kusukela ekugcineni kobuchopho kanye nucleus (subcortical).

Ngenyanga yesithathu yokuthuthukiswa kwe-embryonic izingxenye eziyinhloko zesimiso sezinzwa zomphakathi ziqala ukuzimiswa. Lokhu kufaka hlangana ama-hemispheres amakhulu, ama-ventricles we-cerebral, i-trunk, intambo yomgogodla. Ngenyanga yesihlanu imigwaqo emikhulu yabelwe i-cortex (i-hemispheres). Ngemuva kwamasonto amane, ukusabalalisa (kokusebenza okusebenzayo) kwezingxenye eziphakeme phezu kwezifunda zomgogodla kunqunywa.

Amangqamuzana omzimba we-embryo nezingane ezisanda kuzalwa agxila emthonjeni omhlophe nasemaphethelweni e-hemispheres. Ngokuqondene nokwanda kwendawo, ukufuduka kwamaseli abe ngongqimba kuqala.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nomuntu omdala, i-lote occipital ye-neonatal e-cortex inekhulu elikhulu kakhulu. Izakhi zomuntu ezineminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyisithupha emva kokuzalwa kunomqondo othize. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinguquko ezinkulu kunazo zonke zenzeka endaweni yendawo, umumo nenombolo ye-convolutions ye-hemispheric. Ngeminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu neshumi nesithupha kukhona ukufana okufana nabantu abadala.

Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokubeletha, izinguquko emgodini womgogodla nazo izici. Kusana olusanda kuzalwa, lude kunomuntu omdala. Intambo yomgogodla ikhula kuze kube iminyaka engaba ngu-20.

Emntwaneni osanda kuzalwa, isimiso sezinzwa sisuke singenasici, senzeke kahle, ukulungiswa kwezimbambo zezinyosi kungalingani, futhi bona ngokwabo (izibopho) azivamile.

Ukusebenza kwesimiso semifino yezinzwa kuqala kumuntu kusukela ekuzalweni. Esikhathini se-postpartum kukhona ukuhlanganiswa kumasayithi ahlukene kanye nokwakhiwa kwama-plexuses ohlelweni lokuzwela.