Fedor Ivanovich, tsar: biography, iminyaka kahulumeni

Ubuntu beqiniso bukaTsar Fedor I Ivanovich, naphezu kwesikhashana esincane esifushane (iminyaka engu-460) esihlukanisa naye, sifihlekile. Umbuzo wonke uhlose ukuthi ngabe wayengumuntu obuthaka noma cha. Sizozama ukuphendula lokhu. Kunemithombo embalwa esele esinikezela isithombe sayo sangempela. Le nkosi igcwele izibalo ezimbili ezinamandla: ubaba u-Ivan the Terrible nomholi-mbumbulu uBoris Godunov. Abalando-mlando bethu bavuselela futhi abalobi bahumusha njengendoda nombusi.

Ukuphela kombuso waseRurik

Ekhulwini lama-XVI u- Tsar wokuqala waseRashiya u-Ivan Vasilievich wenyuka waya esihlalweni sobukhosi. Wabusa isikhathi eside, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50, kodwa engavumelani kakhulu, eshayisa izwe lakhe nomndeni ngesimo esibi kakhulu. Kulaba bafazi abayisishiyagalombili, kuphela abathathu ababeletha izingane. Futhi ngisho nomdala, owayemlungiselela umbuso, inkosi yona yabulala ngokufutheka okukhulu okungalawuleki, okuyinto azisola ngayo. Indlalifa yayinguFyodor Ivanovich, indodana ka-Ivan IV eyesabekayo kusukela emshadweni wakhe wokuqala.

Umndeni ebuntwaneni

Abazali baseRoyal babethandana futhi bahlala ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwe-Fyodor iminyaka eyishumi, behlanganyela kokubili injabulo nosizi. I-Tsarevich inomfowethu omdala, u-Ivan. Umehluko eminyakeni yobudala babeneminyaka emithathu. Ukukhula, bayodlala ndawonye, futhi babukele abazali abanothando. Kodwa ngonyaka wokuzalwa kwe-Tsarevich, ebhapathiziwe eMangalisweni Yomonakalo, ngo-1557, akekho owaziyo ukuthi ukuthula nokuthula sekude kakhulu ezweni. Lona unyaka wokugcina ongaphazamiseki. Ngo-1558, isikhathi eside, okwama-quarter of a hundred, i-Livonian War enegazi iqala. Kuzokwelulela konke ebuntwaneni bakhe. Futhi emva kokufa kukaMama ngesikhulu, owayeneminyaka engamashumi amathathu ubudala, akukho cishe ulwazi. Ubaba uhamba ngezinyawo futhi akasithathi indodana yakhe. Uhamba, ehola ibutho, empini, nomfana oneminyaka emihlanu ubudala, embona, engazi ukuthi uzobuya yini. Khona-ke emakamelweni asebukhosini kuyoba khona uchungechunge lwabesifazane ababona ku-Ivan naseFedor isithiyo kubantwana babo esihlalweni sobukhosi, futhi umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma ngokufudumala okungokomoya lapha. Abafana abanobuhhwele abafana, ngempela, abanolwazi. Kodwa emithonjeni cishe akukho lwazi lokuthi u-Ivan Vasilievich wakhuphula kanjani omncinyane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kusukela eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye wahamba naye ukuthandaza imantshi, kamuva wayala ukuba abe khona emikhosini kahulumeni. Ngisho nalapho isikhulu sasingakafiki iminyaka eyisikhombisa ubudala, wabamba iqhaza ekusungulweni kweMetropolitan yaseMoscow, futhi ngokusungulwa kwe-oprichnina yena, kanye nomndeni wakhe kanye nenkantolo yakhe, bashiya i- Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, ubaba wakhe wamyisa eVologda ukuze ahlolwe. Ngakho kancane kancane isikhulu uFyodor wayebheke ezindabeni zombuso.

Umshado

Ubaba ngokwakhe wakhetha indodana yakhe umlobokazi emndenini onokwethenjelwa kaNkulunkuluunov, kodwa hhayi ngokuphana kakhulu, ngakho konke kwakuxhomeke emndenini wasebukhosini futhi babonga isiphetho esinjalo. Futhi isikhulu, engacabangi ngezisusa zezombangazwe, nje sathandana nomkakhe, u-Irina ohlakaniphile.

Ukufa kwezindlalifa

I-tsar yaseRussia ayizange ifinyelele ezandleni zakhe kuze kube yilapho imfundo ephelele yendodana encane kaFedor. Ngaphambili kwakukhona u-Ivan Ivanovich. Futhi lapho efa, ngo-1581, ngaleso sikhathi eminyakeni engama-24 ejwayele ukujwayela izindaba zombuso wezindlalifa zikaFeodor. Futhi wayengasenaso isithakazelo kubo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuba yonke inkokhelo ikhokhwe ku-Ivan, nawe, uFenenka, wamcebisa, hamba esontweni likaNkulunkulu, ukhulume namakholi, ulalele abahlabeleli, vumela umdikoni, noma uye ekuzingeleni. Isikhulu sasizungezwe omama, ama-nannies kanye namakholi. Bamfundisa ulwazi lwencwadi nomthetho kaNkulunkulu. Ngakho isikhulu sasinamahloni, sithobekile, sasihlonipha. UNkulunkulu wamnika umqhele wenkosi.

Umshado eMbusweni

Ukushona kukaGrozny ngo-1584 kuhlotshiswe ukungalingani kanye nezimfihlo. Kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi wayenobuthi noma ochotshoziwe, okuyinto, noma kunjalo, akuqinisekisiwe ngokuthembeka. Kodwa ama-boyars, ejabula ngokukhululeka ekucindezelweni okunamandla koweshushisi owabamba ngesandla esensimbi, ephakamisa ukuvukela, esebenzisa amahemuhemu ngokushona okungaqondakali kwe-tsar, futhi wamholela ezindongeni ze-Kremlin. Ukuxoxisana nalabo abahlukumezekile kwaphela ekutheni baphinde baphuthunyiswa, futhi abagqugquzeli baxoshwa. Uma kungenzeka, basusa uDmitry nomama omncane ku-Uglich. Ubani owayengemva kwalezi zenzo? Yebo, akusiFredor Ivanovich. Inkosi yayingenasithakazelo kulezi zindaba, wayengazi. Bonke bayala izikhulu ezihloniphekile uSusky, uMstislavsky, uSte George.

Ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuvukela, kwakukhona umshado embusweni, lokhu kwenzeka ngosuku lokuzalwa lukaFeodor. Waphenduka iminyaka engu-27 ubudala. Umkhosi wawunjalo. Ngaphambili kwakunguFyodor Ivanovich - inkosi, egqoke izingubo ezicebile kakhulu. Emuva kwakhe - abefundisi abakhulu bese bonke abahlonishwayo ngokwemigomo. Kwabekwa umqhele ekhanda lakhe. Emkhosini, bamenywa abefundisi baseNtabeni yaseAthos naseSinayi, okwakusho ukubaluleka kwalesi senzakalo kuwo wonke umhlaba wama-Orthodox. Umkhosi wagcina isonto. Ngakho, uFyodor Ivanovich wanikezwa ilungelo kanye nethuba lokuphatha konke. Inkosi yaba umbusi ongenamkhawulo. Ezandleni zakhe kwakukhona wonke amandla - umthetho, wesigungu, owezomthetho kanye nezempi.

UFedor Ivanovich, i-Tsar: isithombe sezomlando

Abezizwe, amaNgisi, amaFulentshi, abaseSweden, amaPoles azama ukusiqinisekisa ukuthi uFedor Ivanovich Wayengumuntu olula kakhulu, ozwela futhi othanda ngokweqile futhi okholelwa enkolelweni, ngisho noyisiwula. Wachitha isikhathi esiningi emadolobheni. Kodwa, ephakama ngo-4: 00 ekuseni, ngokusho kwabangaphandle, ukuthandaza, ukunikeza imibhangqwana kumkakhe, ukuhlala emakamelweni ahlukene, wathola amakhanda, abaholi bezempi, amalungu eDuma. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uFyodor Ivanovich uyinkosi: ulalela izicukuthwane futhi unikeza iziyalezo. Yiqiniso, akachithi isikhathi esiningi kulezi zindaba, njengoba engamthandi kakhulu, kodwa wenza izenzo njengenkosi yangempela. Yebo, ukhetha ukuthandaza kwezombusazwe, kodwa ayikho uphawu lokuwohloka komqondo. Akayena nje umuntu ongokoqobo, kodwa umuntu ovamile othanda ukukhuluma nomkakhe, ubheke ukushushiswa kwebheyi noma ukulwa ngesandla, nokuhleka i-jester. Izintshisekelo, ukuhamba kwezombangazwe, okucatshangwa ngokuthi chess, isikhathi eside esedlule, akuyona into yakhe. UFedor I Ioannovich uyindoda enomusa, ezolile, enobuqotho. Abanye abokufika, abase-Austrian, isibonelo, labo abakwaTsar banikela ngomusa futhi bathembisa usizo emzabalazweni wokulwa namaTurkey, akukho ndawo enikeza khona nokho okubonisa ukuthi inkosi yayinempilo ebuthakathaka. Mhlawumbe yonke into ikhona ekuhloleni okulinganiselwe kwabaseSweden abafanayo, ngoba izindaba zezombangazwe zaxazululwa ngokubamba izingalo ngesiqondiso esingathandeki kubo?

Umbono we-Tsar ngabantu baseRussia

Bonke bayaqaphela ukuthi uFedor I Ioannovich uthanda kakhulu futhi uziphelela ngokwenza izinto ezingokomoya. Futhi ngesikhathi somshado embusweni wenza izinkulumo, lapho ukungabi nesineke kwakungaqapheli khona. Umpofu akakwazanga ukuma yonke imikhosi futhi akakwazi ukwenza inkulumo. Futhi inkosi yazigcina isithunzi esifanele. Abalobi bamaRussia bambiza ngokuthi unesihe, futhi ukufa kwakhe kwakubhekwa njengokusizi okukhulu, okungabangela izinhlekelele ezinkulu. Yikuphi, okwenzekile, okufezeke.

Inzalamizi uJobhi, owayeyibona inkosi nsuku zonke futhi eyamazi kahle, wabonisa ukuthi uyamhlonipha ngenkosi. Inkosi ibonakala phambi kwethu njengokwenyama okuyiqiniso yokholo, futhi impilo enokuthula, ezolile nayo ibonakala njengomusa kaNkulunkulu, yehla imithandazo yakhe ezweni laseRussia. Wonke umuntu ugcizelela ukuzinikela kwakhe okumangalisayo. Ngakho-ke isidlaliso sikaTsar Feodor Ivanovich sasibusisiwe - Siyabusiswa. Futhi esinye sezikhulu esiseduze naye IA. U-Khvorostinin waphawula uthando lukaThuar lokufunda. Uyise u-Ivan the Terrible, okwenza intando, ngesikhathi indodana engumdala u-Ivan esaphila, waxwayisa uFyodor oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala ngokuhlubuka nomfowabo. Kodwa isiwula esiphelele, njengoba abanye bezinye izizwe bezama ukumcabanga, kwakungeke neze balwe nomfowabo. Ngakho, u-Ivan Vasilievich ucabanga ukuthi indodana yakhe ayilula neze. Ngokuqhubekayo wabonisa ukuthi inkosi yayiyi-voivode enhle kakhulu, ibeka umkhankaso wokulwa nabaseSweden. Wawela ebuthweni laseRussia, ephilile ngokwengqondo, futhi engesiwula. Ukunqotshwa kwabaseSweden e-Livonian War yisenzo esihle sikaFyodor Ivanovich.

Co-ababusi

U-Godunov wayemi ngemuva kwesihlalo sobukhosi, kodwa ngaphandle kwakhe, wayeyindlalifa, kwakukhona abahlonishwayo abafanele ukucabanga ngabo uFyodor Ivanovich. Futhi ngubani owayengabamba amaShuiskys, Mstislavsky, Odoyevsky, Vorotynsky, iZakharyiny-Yuryev-Romanovs? Nguye kuphela inkosi eyayiphezu kwakho konke. Yebo, wayengakwazi ukukhokhela emhlanganweni wezinhlanhla zeDuma, ehla esihlalweni sobukhosi, eshayisa ikati, kodwa amehlo akhe acacile futhi aphelele ngokuhlakanipha. UTheodore oBusisiwe, olalele abayeni abade, angacabanga ngemicabango yakhe mayelana nokuthi yonke indalo kaNkulunkulu ifanelwe uthando nokuthandwa, kanye nabantu bayo, okuyinto ekhula ngesikhathi sayo. Futhi izikhulu zithokozela ukuthi akaphuzi ikhanda emahlombe abo, njengoyise. U-Godunov, elalela umbono we-tsar, waba umbusi ohlangene ngokuvumelana nentando kaTsar. Wayengcono kakhulu kunokwenzeka. Bobabili bakha umbhangqwana ohlangene, lapho uThaar Feodor Ivanovich ebusa (1584-1598).

Ukuqamba kabusha kwesahlukaniso

Isakramente somshado inkosi yahlonipha. Futhi nakuba uNkulunkulu emnike umntwana oyedwa owafa esemncane, naphezu kwezimfuno zabafana ukuba bahlukanise nomkakhe futhi baphinde bashade futhi bathole izindlalifa zomthetho, uMbusi wavuma ngokuqinile. Kulesi sikhundla kwakudingeka ukuba sibonise isibindi, ukuqina nokuqina, ukucindezeleka kwabahloniphekile kakhulu. Ukuthi i-tsar yayingenabantwana ichaza ngokuyingxenye amahora amade asetshenziswe ngomkhuleko, futhi behamba njalo kuhambo lokuhamba ngezinyawo, okuyinto lo mbhangqwana owenza ngezinyawo, eqinisweni, ehambisana nabalindi nezindlebe. Babeholwa ukholo nokwethemba.

I-Patriarchate

Ngemuva kokuba i-Byzantium yawa, umbuso waseRussia waba ngowona omkhulu kunabo bonke ama-Orthodox. Kodwa inhloko yesonto yayigqoke kuphela idolobha elikhulu, okwakungenakwanela. Kodwa ingabe inkosi, engakwazi ukuxoxisana isikhathi eside, ingozi, ihola umdlalo wezepolitiki oyinkimbinkimbi futhi ohlakaniphile? Wayehlale ehlakulela lolu hlobo lwezinkathazo, ngoba wayenokuthula futhi wayenomqondo we-monk monk owayengekho ezindabeni zansuku zonke. Ababhali bezindaba babhala ukuthi i-Tsar, exoxisane noTsarina Irina, yaletha emkhandlwini wamantombazane umqondo wokuvuma i-patriarchate. Badingeka ukuthi bafeze isinqumo sikaTsar. Futhi inguqulo yawo yangempela lo mbono wawuyikho, kodwa evezwe yinkosi yayo, futhi le ndaba kancane kancane, kodwa yaqala ukukhula. Kuthatha iminyaka eminingana yokuxoxisana kanye namacebo amaGreki, ukuze konke kuphele, njengoba kudingwa yi-autocrat ngo- 1589. Umbhishobhi waseMoscow no-All Russia baba uJobe. Inkosi, ithathwe yilo mbono, yona yayikhulisa umkhosi omusha, ovelele kunokuba abe namaGreki.

Ukuphrinta eMoscow

Ngokwesicelo esiqondile sikaFyodor Ivanovich, njengoba imithombo ithi, indlu yokunyathelisa yavuselelwa eMoscow. Kwakuhloswe ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi zezilimi, kodwa ekuqaleni kokunyathelisa kwabekiwe. Ngokuqhubekayo kuzokhula, kuthwale ukukhanyiswa, isonto lokuqala, bese lihlala emhlabeni. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi umuntu oyisiphukuphuku, osengqondweni obeka phambili umbono onjalo? Impendulo ivela ngokwayo. Yebo akunjalo. Futhi kwakudingeka izincwadi ezweni. Ngaphansi kweFedor Ivanovich, imizi, amathempeli, nezindlu zezindela zakhiwa, futhi konke kwakudinga ukuthengwa kwezimali futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izincwadi.

Ukufa kukaTsar Feodor Ivanovich

Inkosi, eyayisesihlalweni sobukhosi iminyaka engu-13 nezinyanga eziyisikhombisa, yagula isikhathi eside, kodwa yafa ngokushesha. Wayengenaso isikhathi sokuba umonki ngaphambi kokuba afe, njengoba ethanda. Ekuphileni kwakhe kwakukhona izenzo ezintathu ezinhle: ukusungulwa kwe-patriarchate, ukukhululwa kwamazwe aseRashiya kusukela emsebenzini waseSweden nokwakhiwa kwezindela zaseDon. Kuzo wathatha isinyathelo esisebenzayo. Kuhlala kungacacile kuze kube namuhla, obani owadlulisela isihlalo sobukhosi. Mhlawumbe kunoma ubani, enquma ukuthi "uNkulunkulu uzokwahlulela." Wathatha izwe elichithekile, kodwa walishiya elinamandla, waphonsela imikhawulo. Kuye ubeka "inkosi-gun". Ukuthula, ukukholwa ngokujulile emisebenzini kaNkulunkulu, inkosi yabona ukuthi iNkosi yayilawula izwe layo futhi yalondoloza umbuso wayo. Lona kwakunguRurikovich wokugcina, uFyodor Ivanovich - inkosi, okuyizinto zakhe nezenzo ezishiya uphawu oluhle emlandweni wezwe.