Bobumba impahla: izakhiwo, yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe, isicelo

I zobumba uqala ukuvela eside ngaphambi abantu bafunda indlela aphele metal. amabhodwe sidilizwa nezimbiza ukuthi abavubukuli baye bathola kuze kube yilolu suku, kukhona iwubufakazi balokho. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi into Ceramic anezakhi esiyingqayizivele ezenza kube kwezinye izindawo nje Irreplaceable. Ake ukwabelana nawe ikakhulukazi izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, ukhulume ukukhiqizwa yayo kanye nezici.

Uhlolojikelele

imikhiqizo bobumba etholwe sintering Izingxube ngobumba izithasiselo organic. Ngezinye izikhathi ukusetshenziswa wezinto ezingaphili oxide compounds. Eyokuqala yalezi izihloko ziye zavela eminyakeni 5000 edlule. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa ithuthukile, futhi namuhla sinawo ukufinyelela ephezulu amandla imikhiqizo sobumba. Zisetshenziswa ekwakheni mbumbulu, iphansi, isakhiwo izindonga, nokunye. D.

Kukhona zobumba nge crocks aminyene futhi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. I umehluko oyinhloko phakathi ezimbili wukuthi crock Friend amanzi. Lokhu zobumba, amathayili phansi, njll crock ukungena nakwamanye amazwe - .. Roof tile, itshe Ceramic, amanzi amapayipi nokuningi.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Igama elithi "zobumba" ngesiGreki lisho "ubumba". Ngokwemvelo, womshini noma yimuphi umkhiqizo kusetshenziswa uhlobo ingxube. Kuyo unezela izinto ezidingekayo kuncike ukuthi yini edingekayo ukuze uthole ekugcineni. Ngezinye isandla kuqala, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana, futhi umshini zobumba okhethekile enamathiselwe ifomu ekhethekile. Ngemva kwalokho ama-athikili Ceramic kuthiwa wadubula esithandweni ashisa kakhulu.

Amazwe amaningi zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe yabo. Lokhu kusebenza ubungako zobumba, umdwebo bese elicwebezelayo. Izwe lokuqala okuyinto usezuze isenzakalo esiphawulekayo lokhu umkhakha, kubhekwa Egypt. Kuyinto ukukhiqizwa zobumba yasungulwa khona kwasekuqaleni. Imikhiqizo zazenziwe udaka indawo nengenawo okuxubile, kodwa ubuchwepheshe ngcono ikusasa. Namuhla Izitini ngebumba aphuzi, okuyinto kusolakala yasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe zaseNofi.

Ukuvela zobumba

Kwaphela isikhathi eside e China usebenzisa izinto ezifana jade. Bekumnandi, kodwa ngempela usengozini futhi kunzima ukusingatha. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi ekufuneni isixazululo etholakele. Zobumba ilula akhiqize. Noma kunjalo, kukhona ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama. Ngokwesibonelo, mica futhi tsvaoku, esemgwaqweni "amatshe china", kwakugaywa ibe okucolekile futhi agcinwe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10. Lokhu kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi into isibe oluthambile kakhulu. Eyokuqala zobumba izimpahla e China babe izitsha eliphezulu futhi side. Sinenkosi surface luze oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma amnyama. Kwakamuva obuyigugu kakhulu.

Namuhla, kunenkolelo yokuthi China iyizwe lapho zobumba iye esakazwa kakhulu kunazo zonke. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, nakuba kuye kwaba ethandwa e-Europe, kodwa kwabonakala kamuva, futhi ukukhiqizwa yayo iye yasungula eside.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu zobumba

Njengamanje, imikhiqizo ubumba abe ngezigaba ezibanzi. Ngakho, zobumba izinto zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili main:

• zobumba unglazed (ubumba nezitsha zobumba);
• ezicwebezelisiwe (majolica, faience, ngobumba, fireclay).

Ubumba - Italian ngoba "umhlaba wabhaka". Imikhiqizo ezenziwe ngobumba ezinemibala akheke ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Ubumba enze isitsha sezimbali, izitsha, kanye amathoyizi namathayili.

Ukubumba zobumba kunzima kakhulu inqubo. Ukuze wenze kube manzi, ezipholisha kuyadingeka. Khona-ke umkhiqizo is phansi moraine. Ngenxa yale njongo, ishiywe e hot kuhhonela intuthu kuze epholile. Namuhla, izinhlobo eziningi zobumba, izitsha zobumba ngokukhethekile, athandwa kakhulu. Isetshenziselwa abasemikhayeni yokugcina ubisi, izinto ngobuningi noma njengendlela umhlobiso.

Njengoba uhlobo lwesibili - zobumba ezicwebezelisiwe, lapha china ethandwa kakhulu futhi izindengezi. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka kuyabiza futhi idla isikhathi ukukhiqiza, kwesibili - okusebenzayo kanye ezishibhile. Ziyahlukahluka bodwa ngenxa yokuthi imikhiqizo zobumba aqukethe ubumba kancane nokuningi izithasiselo ekhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zobumba is zikhanyiswa ukukhanya, ngokungafani zobumba.

ku Refractories

Imikhiqizo Izingxube ubumba refractory. Kuye injongo ongakwazi ukumelana namazinga okubanda engu-1 300 kuya ku-2000 degrees Celsius, ngisho ephakeme. Ezisetshenzisiwe esithandweni Ceramic ekhethekile. izinto Refractory kunombolo ngobukhulu esetshenziswayo Metallurgical. Kukhona bajwayele ukwakhiwa kuqhuma amaziko kanye lokubolekwa.

Kunengqondo ukuba bathi nge okwandisa izinga lokushisa kwe-amandla refractory elahlekile, kodwa kunalokho anda. Lokhu kufezwa ngenxa yokuba khona kule refractory oxides, silicates, futhi borides. Zisetshenziswa cishe kuyo yonke indawo, lapho kukhona ephezulu lokushisa izinqubo. Isikhathi esining impela bona zenzeka okwenyanga, okusho ukuthi uhlobo umkhiqizo othize, bathi, isitini. Ngaphansi ngokuvamile kudinga ukusetshenziswa Refractories unshaped njengoba powder.

Ukubumba ekwakheni

Izinzuzo izinto Ceramic wukuthi amasheya abo abangekho elinganiselwe. Kanye kalula ukukhiqizwa futhi ihlala isikhathi eside eliphezulu umkhiqizo, manje-ke lubaluleke embonini yezokwakha. Uma uthatha izinto donga it usesikhundleni okuholela lapha ubumba isitini.

Kuyefana nasendleleni tile Ceramic, okwathi nakuba ukuvela polymers ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa emhlabathini. Namanje esetshenziselwa imishini isikhala nge umswakama high kanye lokushisa. Phakathi kwezinto ebhekene lifaka block lokuqala ukhonkolo.

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ibe nokwenyuka 4% ekukhiqizeni kwesakhiwo ubumba Tile kanye isitini. Ukuze yokukhiqiza zabo kudingeka izinguquko sakugcina ezimbonini isitini, lapho izindleko zikhokhelwa recouped ngonyaka wokuqala ekudayiseni. Sekuyisikhathi eside phesheya zobumba eziyize matasa isikhundla okuholela futhi ithengiswe ingcono kakhulu isitini evamile.

izinto Special Ceramic

imikhiqizo enjalo ihlanganisa amapayipi sanitary nendle. Esokuqala zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu amakhulu:

• ngobumba kanzima (crock ukungena nakwamanye amazwe);
• zobumba sanitary (crock sintered);
• semiporcelain (crock semisintered).

Izimfuneko main kuya imikhiqizo yenhlanzeko - ukumelana umonakalo mechanical, ukushisa ukumelana. Le mfundiso eyasungulwa ethi kufanele kugcinwe ukuze esiqinile, okufanayo kusebenza ubuchwepheshe. Isebenzisa kuphela professional kuhhonela zobumba futhi izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ukuze ware sanitary kuzomele sifake nokucwila, izindlu zangasese, nakubhavu, radiators, njll Indlela isiqiniseko ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo - .. ukukhanya ukuthepha sikebhe. Umsindo kufanele kuhlanzeke futhi ngaphandle ngisisho ngekhanda. Lokhu kubonisa labadubuli ngesikhathi lokushisa kwesokudla kanye ukungabikho imifantu.

Ngokuqondene amapayipi amapayipi, kufanele obukhulu Caked crock. amashubhu bobumba ekhiqizwa nge ububanzi 150-600 mm. Ngokuvamile glaze embozwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Kule mikhiqizo libhekene ukumelana nesimo nolaka futhi ehlangeni kagesi. Have ngentengo ephansi, okubenza babe kufinyeleleke kalula.

izakhiwo Physicochemical of zobumba

Njengoba sekushiwo, yonke imikhiqizo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili ezibanzi: aminyene futhi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Okuwugqinsi nemanti ukumuncwa rate engaphansi kuka 5%, ukungena nakwamanye amazwe - 5% noma ngaphezulu. ubumba isitini (ukungena nakwamanye amazwe futhi ozwakala), okungenalutho wokwakha amayunithi, ama-tile, tile ukwakha uphahla: Iqembu zingozi zihlanganisa mikhiqizo. Okuwugqinsi impahla Ceramic - izitini umgwaqo namathayili phansi. Emkhakheni sanitary lihlangabezana kokubili ukungena nakwamanye amazwe futhi obukhulu sobumba.

Ukukhuluma Izakhiwo futhi amakhemikhali, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuntuleka zobumba ukhiye. Siqukethe ku brittleness anda uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinto. Noma kunjalo, ukutholakala eliphezulu yizinhlobonhlobo wenze le nto omunye ethandwa kakhulu ezimbonini eziningi, ngisho ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. ubuchwepheshe besimanje ukuvumela ukuthola surface bushelelezi ngokushesha ngemuva kokudubula. Uma ufuna ukufeza umbala ethile, bese ufaka oxides zensimbi cobalt.

microstructure Izici

Lapho Ukushisa zobumba liya ketshezi. It sibonisa inani elikhulu compounds elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lapho lwaluyophola crystallization senzeka. It kubonakala ekulahlekelweni zinhlayiya okumsulwa okuyinto ukwandisa ngobukhulu. Lapho mass Uqinisa, isakhiwo kwakhiwa mikrokonglomerat. It okusanhlamvu mullite lwaqinisa mass eqina. Kufanele sinake yakho ukuthi ama-athomu-mpilo akha uhlobo-matrix. Iqukethe ama-athomu metal kancane, okuyinto ukufaka endaweni le interstices therebetween. Ngenxa yalokho, esikhathini microstructure ubuswa izibopho ionic futhi covalent athé ezincane. ukuzinza Chemical nokuzinza izuzwe khona oluqinile futhi iqine chemical compounds.

Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke Ceramic lilinganiselwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zinhlayiya abaphelele. Ngamahele obungefani eziningi: usayizi Pore zenuzi, warping, njll Konke lokhu liwohloka kakhulu ukuqina ... Nokho, kukhona lapha futhi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ubuchwepheshe kuncike ngesikhathi ukuzakhela uhlobo oluthile zobumba kungenzeka ukuze zithole imiphumela emihle ngezikhwepha ngaphezu kwakho. Kuze kube yimanje, kubalulekile ukuba athobele lokushisa kanye nesikhathi imikhiqizo labadubuli.

Izici and izakhiwo zobumba

Clay - sedimentary edwaleni esizimele ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo amafomu impahla plastic lapho exutshwe namanzi. Ngemva labadubuli - kamnevidnoe umzimba. Ngokuvamile, ingxube obukhulu, ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe aluminium silicates. Ngokuvamile ezitholakala Clays futhi idwala ezifana asebenza ngebhethri, feldspar, pyrites futhi hydroxides futhi carbonates calcium, magnesium titanium compounds.

Kaolin - ubumba elicwengekileyo, aziwa kuze kube manje. It wakhiwa cishe ngokuphelele kaolinite. Ngemva labadubuli ibe nombala omhlophe. Iyadingeka Ukuze kusebenzeke plasticity ibangelwa khona okusanhlamvu okuhle kule nokwakheka okokusebenza ubumba (0.005 mm). Ngokwemvelo, kulapho sakhiwa impahla esinjalo, plasticity okungenhla, futhi okuphambene nalokho.

I izakhiwo eziyinhloko ubumba Ceramic lifanele lifake hlangana:

• plasticity - ukusonteka ngaphandle zokugwema ukuphuka;
• lwenethiwekhi;
• umoya nomlilo ukuncipha;
• Ukumelana umlilo.

Namuhla, izithasiselo ehlukahlukene ewuthi lokuvungula futhi okucebile okutholwa siguqula izakhiwo impahla e noma isiqondiso. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi imikhiqizo Ceramic sekuthandwa kakhulu futhi kufinyeleleke.

Ukukhiqiza flowsheet

Kwebalingisi materials Ceramic kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa ubumba kulezo zimboni. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi baningi ababesafuna ukuyibuka kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, sipho anda. Izitshalo ukwenziwa iningi umsebenzi isikimu efanayo:

• Ukuhlola;
• ukuqeqeshwa;
• ekubumbeni nokwesula;
• yokuwugazinga kanye yomkhiqizo release.

Ukunciphisa izindleko ngokuvamile ifektri Kwakhiwani eduze ngokushesha yesibambiso ngobumba. Isizinda ngendlela evulekile, ukuthi igodi. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuqeqeshwa isisindo. I impahla eluhlaza is ahlanganiswe, kuchotshoziwe elixutshwe ubebushelezi. Ekubumbeni Ikusasa komkhiqizo Ceramic Kwenziwa izinqubo ezimanzi futhi omile. Esimweni sokuqala, nenqwaba humidified ku-25%, futhi owesibili - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-12%.

Ngaphambili wayevame ukusebenzisa omiswe zemvelo. Nokho, imiphumela kwezincwadi kuncike ezintweni sezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, emvuleni noma isitshalo abandayo imele. Ngakho-ke, dryers ekhethekile zisebenzisa (igesi). Yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu is yokuwugazinga. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bagcine ubuchwepheshe, okuyinto ngempela inkimbinkimbi. Okuningi kuxhomeke Ukupholisa sobumba. Ayikho okungazelelwe lokushisa iconsi okungabangela warping indiza. Kungemva kwalokho uthengisa izinto sobumba. ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa, njengoba ungabona, akulula, unezigaba eziningana. Ngamunye wabo kufanele kuhlonishwe. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, emashalofini esitolo, singakwazi ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo emshadweni.

Okuncane ukushiyeka Ceramic

Njengoba sekushiwo, indlela yokwakheka impahla Ceramic akuyona enhle. Kahle kahle, lokhu kuthinta amandla lomkhiqizo ezenziwe ngobumba. Noma yimuphi umonakalo mechanical engaveza njengoba chips uqhekeke nokunye. N. Lona yokusilela ukhiye. Kodwa kunezinye izici letivimbela yokwanda okwandile indaba ngaphambi kwethu. Omunye wabo - zibiza. Ngokwesibonelo, tile Ceramic ngenxa uphahla lwendlu izwe - amahle kusukela iphuzu yobuhle umbono ikhambi, kodwa izindleko kuyintokozo eqolo.

Kulokhu, ukubukeka kwayo izohlala kungekho eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-5, uma unakekelwa kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona ayaphela, okuvela kuyo moss phezu m. N. Ngaphezu kwalokho, brittleness futhi brittleness kuholela yokuthi yikuphi ukulimala mechanical kungaphumela ukuvuza ophahleni, futhi kakade abantu abambalwa kakhulu ukujabulela. Yiqiniso, indaba yesimanje Ceramic ubukeka olubabazeka kakhulu, okuyinto kufezwa ngokusebenzisa okuvulekile ukuthungwa imibala kanye izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu yokukhiqiza. Kodwa kuwufanele kusenzima ezibizayo, ngokuvamile kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka lokho kukhetha.

Kufinyeta

Sesihlole sezindawo eziyisisekelo izinto sobumba. Kususelwa bonke ngenhla, umuntu singaphetha ngokuthi imikhiqizo efana abe ubunjalo ethile. itholakala yokuthi ngokungabi bikho umonakalo mechanical, kuyohlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto lobumba isikhathi thusi metal oncibilikisiwe ezitshalweni futhi zibalulekile, ngoba umelana okushisa aphakeme.

Ngokwazi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, lapha zobumba Ukugunda kakhulu. Cutlery kanye nezitsha ukupheka kuhhavini, nakuba kushintshile ukubukeka kwayo yonke le minyaka, kodwa namanje eyenziwe kule nto. Ngobumba, naphezu izindleko zawo ngaphezulu, has a look sleek futhi nje uyabukeka emehlweni. Lokhu kusebenza futhi zobumba, okuyinto nge abulawe efanele kunzima ukuhlukanisa kusuka china.

Kunoma ikuphi kubalulekile ukusebenzisa impahla sobumba. Lena ngokuyinhloko ngenxa inothile ubumba zemvelo. ngempela okuningi yayo, futhi njalo ngonyaka athuthukile ngasezinkwalini bayanda lokhu semithombo yendalo. Isici sesibili ezibalulekile - nobungane kwemvelo. Ngaphambi, abantu abazange babe kungenzeka ukusebenzisa noma isiphi izithasiselo ezilimazayo yokuthuthukisa izici amandla komkhiqizo. Namuhla isimo sesishintshile, nakuba ayengafiki ezibucayi kakhulu. Tile Ceramic, ngokungafani izindwangu zokwenziwa ezingesiyo ingozi empilweni. Lokhu kusebenza futhi izitsha ezenziwe zobumba, okuyinto, uma iqhathaniswa plastic, ikakhulukazi uma yokugcina uyabaselwa, ayiyona ingozi ngaso sonke.