-Auschwitz. Auschwitz-Birkenau. okuhlushwa

Ngeshwa, imemori zomlando - into ibingaba eyesikhashana ngempela. Eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-ayisikhombisa ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, futhi abaningi babe nombono ofiphele lokho Oswiecim, noma i-Auschwitz, njengoba ibizwa emhlabeni. Nokho, okuningi ngokucace isizukulwane esasinegunya ukunambitheka ezethusayo nobuNazi, indlala, sokubulala abantu abaningi futhi ijulile kanjani kungaba ukuwa zokuziphatha. Ngesisekelo imibhalo walondoloza futhi ubufakazi bofakazi ubani wazi ngokuzibonela ukuthi yini emakamu okuhlushwa WWII, izazi-mlando zanamuhla manje kwenzekani, okuyinto Yiqiniso, akukwazi oluphelele. Bala inombolo izisulu amaNazi umshini Infernal akunakwenzeka ukuba abhubhise imibhalo ebhekisela SS, futhi umane Ukuntula yokubika olunzulu efile futhi elimele.

Uyini-Auschwitz?

Isakhiwo zezakhiwo wokugcinwa iziboshwa zempi, lakhiwa ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi umyalelo SS kaHitler ngo-1939. Auschwitz itholakala Awukude Krakow. 90% ezikuyo babengamaJuda yobuhlanga. Ezinye izindaba zika-- iziboshwa yaseSoviet yokuthuthela impi, nabasePoland, amaGypsy nezinye izizwe, okuyinto lonke inani lababuleweyo futhi ahlukunyezwe ababephila ayizinkulungwane 200.

Igama eligcwele ekamu lokuhlushwa - Auschwitz Birkenau. Auschwitz - igama Polish, kuvamile ukusebenzisa ikakhulukazi ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union.

Umlando ekamu lokuhlushwa. iziboshwa zempi

Nakuba i-Auschwitz uba nedumela elibi ngokuba uyaca lezakhamuzi bamaJuda ekuqaleni wacabanga okunye ukucatshangelwa ambalwa.

Kungani-Auschwitz wakhethwa? Lokhu kungenxa indawo yayo elula. Okokuqala, kwaba emngceleni, okwaphela ne -Third Reich futhi ePoland saqala. Auschwitz kwaba omunye ukhiye izingxenye ukuhweba nge ukhululekile futhi ezimisiwe imizila yezokuthutha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlathi khona ezihambayo wasiza yokufihla ubugebengu obenziwa khona emehlweni prying.

Izakhiwo zokuqala lwamaNazi yakhiwa kulesi sizinda Polish ibutho emabhalekisini. Ukuze ukwakhiwa ayesebenzisa kanzima ukushaya nabo amaJuda podnevole wendawo. Ekuqaleni ithunyelwa izigebengu German futhi iziboshwa zezombusazwe Polish. Injongo eyinhloko yawo ekamu lokuhlushwa kwaba incommunicado nokuvalelwa yingozi enhlalakahleni abantu German futhi umsebenzi wabo. Iziboshwa wasebenza izinsuku eziyisithupha ngesonto, futhi iSonto kwakuyilona ngempelasonto.

Ngo-1940, abantu bendawo abahlala eduze emabhalekisini, waba ngenkani ikukhipha ibutho lamaJalimane ukwakha on ensimini zokuthwala ezinye izakhiwo, okwakukhona kamuva kahhavini wokushisa izidumbu, ikhamera. Ngo-1942 ikamu ebiyelwe nge kwagcizelela kocingo okuqinile ukhonkolo, futhi ngocingo ngaphansi high voltage zamanje.

Nokho, lezo zinyathelo azizivimbanga ezinye iziboshwa nakuba izimo bebelokhu ezingavamile kakhulu. Labo zihlangabezane imicabango efanayo, wayazi ukuthi uma bezama zonke iziboshwa lawo bazobhujiswa.

Ngo elifanayo 1942 kule ngqungquthela NSDAP kwaphethwa ngokuthi ngesidingo uyaca yamaJuda kanye "isixazululo yokugcina Umbuzo wamaJuda." Ekuqaleni, okukhulunywe amaJuda German kanye Polish e-Auschwitz nezinye okuhlushwa aseJalimane emakamu WWII. Germany bavumelana ke nozakwabo ukuqhuba "ukuhlanzwa" ezindaweni abakuzo.

Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi akuwona wonke kalula uyavumelana ke. Ngokwesibonelo, Denmark ukwaze okusindisa abantu bakhe ekufeni ezithile. Lapho uhulumeni ukwaziswa kuhlelwe "ukuzingela" SS, Denmark wahlela amaJuda imfihlo ashushumbise esimweni hlangothi - Switzerland. Ngakho-ke, wakwazi ukuhlenga izimpilo ezingaphezu kuka 7000.

Nokho, izibalo jikelele wabulawa, wahlukunyezwa indlala, ukushaywa, ukugqilazwa, izifo kanye ucwaningo akunabuntu abantu 7,000 - iconsi olwandle kwegazi. Sekukonke engakabi wekamu yayibulawe izilinganiso ezahlukene esuka kubantu 1 kuya-4 million.

Phakathi no-1944, lapho amaJalimane idedelwa empini wenza abukhali U-turn, SS wazama ukuthwala iziboshwa ezivela e-Auschwitz entshonalanga, in the kwamanye amakamu. Massively wabhubhisa imibhalo futhi noma yibuphi ubufakazi lokuhlaba isigelekeqe esinonya. AmaJalimane wabhubhisa esinobuthi nezindawo zokushisa izidumbu. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1945, amaNazi kwadingeka ukukhulula iningi leziboshwa. Labo ababengakwazi ukubaleka, wafuna ababhubhise. Ngenhlanhla, sibonga ngaphambi ibutho laseSoviet wakwazi ukusindisa iziboshwa ayizinkulungwane eziningana, kuhlanganise nezingane, lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo.

isakhiwo ekamu

Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange 3 ekamu eziyinkimbinkimbi esikhulu wabelane Auschwitz Birkenau-Auschwitz, Monowitz, futhi i-Auschwitz-1. Ikamu kuqala futhi Birkenau abangu kamuva ehlanganisiwe kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezakhiwo 20, ngezinye izikhathi on emabhilidini eziningana.

Iyunithi okweshumi akuyona indawo wokugcina kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu ejele. Kube kwenziwa ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi izingane. Ngokuvamile, lezi "ucwaningo" kwakungafanele isithakazelo kangaka ngokwesayensi, njengoba kwakunjalo nangenye indlela zokuhlukumeza ezicashile. Ikakhulukazi phakathi izakhiwo wema iyunithi nanye ke okwabangela ukwesaba ngisho kusukela onogada wendawo. Kube indawo sokuhlushwa futhi abulawa, wathumela lapha budedengu kakhulu, bahlushwa nesihluku isigelekeqe esinonya. It is lapha aqalwa Uzame mass, wandise "ngempumelelo" ukuqothula esebenzisa "Zyklon B" ushevu.

Phakathi kwalezi zimo amabhlogo amabili kwakhiwa udonga ukuba abantu babulawelwe kuzo, lapho, ngokomlando ososayensi, sabulala abantu abangaba izinkulungwane 20 base.

Futhi itholakala esizeni a esigodweni ezimbalwa futhi amaziko ukuze esivuthayo isifakiwe. Kamuva yaphinde yakhiwa igesi amakamelo enamandla okubhubhisa abantu 6000 ngosuku.

iziboshwa Fika Kwasakazwa ngodokotela German kulabo bayakwazi ukusebenza, futhi uyabasindisa abanomoya ngokushesha wathumela ku sekufeni kwabo egumbini elinegesi nokulapho. Ngokuvamile chasiselwe abesifazane ekhubazekile ababuthakathaka, izingane nasebekhulile.

Abasinda igcinwe izimo enyinyekile bethwele iziphambano ukudla okuncane ngokwempilo noma angakutholi nhlobo. Ezinye zazo udonse isidumbu noma izinwele ukusika, ababehamba efemini yendwangu. Uma okuphelela inkonzo efuze leyo ephethwe ukusinda kwamasonto ambalwa, thina ayibulale futhi uthathe esisha. Ezinye iwela "ayethanda" isigaba, wasebenza amaNazi njengoba abathungi kanye bezinwele.

AmaJuda badingiselwa bavunyelwa ukuthatha ekhaya akukho ngaphezu kuka-25 kg isisindo. Abantu bathatha yonke esiyigugu kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile. Zonke izinto imali esalayo sebefile, bathunyelwa eJalimane. Ngaphambi ukuthi izinto kwadingeka ukuqaqwa futhi ahlungwe konke okuyigugu kuka iziboshwa abathintekayo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Canada." Leli gama liye laba yindawo lokho wasebenzisa ukuba "Canadian" wabizwa ngokuthi izipho eziyigugu kanye okukhona ethunyiwe phesheya kuya nabasePoland. Umsebenzi "Canada" kwakuhunyushwa athambile kunamafutha wonke sase- Auschwitz. Kukhona abesifazane abasebenza. Phakathi kwezinto ungathola ukudla, ukuze "Canada" kungashiwo lutho ngeziboshwa abalambayo. Amabutho ama-SS akazange anqikaze Okubelesela amantombazane amahle. Ngokuvamile lapha endabeni lokudlwengula.

I ucwaningo kuqala nge "Zyklon B"

Ngemva inkomfa ka-1942, okuhlushwa ayaqala ukuba ujike emshinini, injongo okungukufa nomonakalo omkhulu. Khona-ke amaNazi ihlolwe lokuqala amandla nethonya "Zyklon B" obala.

"Zyklon B" - zinambuzane, ubuthi esekelwe hydrocyanic acid. Ngo ezimangaza ebabayo, ithuluzi yasungulwa ngo usosayensi odumile Fritz Haber, umJuda owafa eSwitzerland ngonyaka ngemva kokufika kwabakhi uHitler ukuba namandla. izihlobo Haber sika zafa emakamu okuhlushwa.

Ubuthi yayaziwa umphumela wawo onamandla. Yingaleso elula esitolo. Isetshenziswa ukubulala omiyane, "Zyklon B 'olwalukhona futhi ezishibhile. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi igesi "Zyklon B" isasetshenziswa e-United States ukuze afeze nokubulawa.

Ukuhlolwa kuqala kwenziwa e -Auschwitz-Birkenau (e-Auschwitz). Ngo block nanye Welusa iziboshwa Soviet bempi ngokusebenzisa izimbobo ushevu egcwele. Ingakapheli imizuzu engu-15, kwaba ukukhala engapheli. Umthamo kwaba enganele ukuba achithe yonke. Khona-ke amaNazi bangiphonsa izibulala-zinambuzane ngaphezulu. Ngalesi sikhathi sasebenza.

Indlela waphumelela kakhulu. emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi WWII aseqalile ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa "Zyklon B", ukwakha igesi emakamelweni ekhethekile. Ngokusobala, hhayi ukwakha ukwethuka, futhi mhlawumbe aphume kokwesaba ukuphindiselwa, SS wathi iziboshwa kudingeka ushawa. Nokho, iningi leziboshwa kwezingu-ke wayengaselona imfihlo ukuthi lokhu "umphefumulo" abakaze baphume.

Inkinga esiyinhloko SS ayengenazo izinhloso zokubulala abantu, futhi ukususa izidumbu. Ekuqaleni, bangcwatshwa. Le ndlela wayengeyena esebenza kahle kakhulu. Lapho evutha ukunuka Ngavala. Izandla ziboshwa amaJalimane wakha esithandweni sokushisa izidumbu, kodwa ukukhala engapheli yokuhogela ezimbi nokwesabekayo kwanda e-Auschwitz: iminonjana bugebengu lokhu ezidlula kungaba nzima kakhulu ukufihla.

Imigomo SS ekamu ukuphila

Auschwitz (Oswiecim, Poland) laliwumuzi yangempela. Kwaba ngenxa yokuphila ezempi: Dinner ngokusinikeza inala yokudla okuhle, cinema, yaseshashalazini kanye zonke ezinhle eseminyaka amaNazi. Nakuba iziboshwa ayitholanga ngisho inani lemali elincane ukudla (abaningi emhlabeni ngesonto lokuqala noma lesibili indlala), SS njalo ukuba nedili, futhi ijabulela ukuphila.

Kakhulu zasemakamu okuhlushwa, ikakhulukazi e-Auschwitz, bekulokhu uya khona othandeakayo inkonzo, lathi isosha laseJalimane. Ukuphila lapha kwaba ngcono kakhulu futhi ephephile kuka labo abalwela inkululeko eMpumalanga.

Nokho, kwakungekho ndawo ngaphezulu ezonakalisa lonke zokuthambekela kobuntu kuka-Auschwitz. ekamu lokuhlushwa - akuyona kuphela indawo ngokuqukethwe okuhle, lapho impi ukubulala abantu abangenacala akuyona ezisengozini, kodwa futhi ukungabakhathaleli nhlobo isiyalo. Kukhona amasosha akwazi uvuke konke sifuna futhi lapho kungenzeka ukuba iwe. Auschwitz wadabula omkhulu nokuphuma kwemali ngenxa impahla zokwebiwa badingiselwa abantu. Accounting lwenziwe ngobudedengu. Yebo futhi ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuba abale kahle ukuthi kufanele ubuyise yengcebo, ngisho noma ngabe isibalo seziboshwa engenayo kungukuthi acatshangelwe?

Amabutho ama-SS akazange anqikaze uzithathele izinto esiyigugu nemali. Sinenkosi eziningi ukuphuza, utshwala ngokuvamile utholakala nezimpahla lababuleweyo. Ngokuvamile, izisebenzi e-Auschwitz akazange agcine nje yena lutho, siphila ukuphila kunalokho lutho.

Doctor Josef Mengele

Ngemva Josef Mengele walimala ngo-1943, sasibhekwa langakufanelekela ukuba baqhubeke nenkonzo yakhe wathumela kudokotela Auschwitz ekamu ukufa. Lapha waba nethuba ukuqaphela yonke imibono yakho futhi ucwaningo ababe ngokungagwegwesi lokusangana, unonya futhi akusizi ngalutho.

Iziphathimandla wayala Mengele ucwaningo ehlukahlukene, isibonelo, kwi zizwa amakhaza inyukela phezulu noma yehla abantu. Ngakho, ukuhlola ukusebenza ezishisayo Joseph wachitha, obkladyvaya isiboshwa nxazonke by ice, aze wabulawa hypothermia. Ngakho-ke sekuvela ukuthi nge lokushisa lomzimba zenzeka nemiphumela awushintsheki futhi ukufa.

Mengele walithanda lokufeza ucwaningo ezinganeni, ikakhulukazi amawele. Imiphumela zokuhlolwa bakhe ukufa cishe izinkulungwane 3 izingane. Akazange ophoqelelwe ubulili reassignment ukuhlinzwa, isitho Ukufakelwa, eyenziwa izinqubo ubuhlungu, ekuzameni ukushintsha umbala amehlo, ekugcineni okwaholela ekubeni abe yimpumputhe. Lokhu, ngokombono wakhe, iyona ubufakazi ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento "mongrel" ukuba abe Aryan kweqiniso.

Ngo-1945, uJoseph kwadingeka babaleke. Wabhubhisa zonke amarekhodi ucwaningo lwakhe futhi ngokukhipha amadokhumenti angelona iqiniso, ubalekele Argentina. Waphila impilo elokuthula ngaphandle kobunzima nokucindezelwa hhayi kokuba babanjwe bese bayajeziswa.

Lapho mina zigoqiwe-Auschwitz. Ubani bazidedela iziboshwa?

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1945, isimo eJalimane ishintshile. amabutho aseSoviet waqala ukuhlasela asebenzayo. SS bekuzomthatha sibaleka, eyaziwa kamuva ngokuthi "ukufa mashi." iziboshwa ayizinkulungwane 60 batshelwa ukuya West ngezinyawo. Izinkulungwane zeziboshwa zabulawa endleleni. Buthaka indlala iziboshwa okungabekezeleleki ukusebenza kwakudingeka bahambe amakhilomitha angaphezu kwangu-50. Zonke ngubani abasasilele emuva futhi ayikwazanga uqhubeke ke badutshulwe. Ngo Gliwice, lapho iziboshwa zifika, zathunyelwa emakamu okuhlushwa ngezinqola zesitimela zayiswa ensimini ka eJalimane.

Ukukhululwa kakhulu zasemakamu okuhlushwa, kwaba ngo ekupheleni kuka Januwari, lapho Auschwitz zikhona iziboshwa iyagula nabafayo-7,000 kuphela babengakwazi.

Life ngemva kokukhululwa

Ukunqoba kuka-wobushiqela nokukhululwa zabantu ababulawa emakamu sase- Auschwitz, ngeshwa, akazange kusho isijeziso esiphelele bonke labo obhekene zonya. Okwenzekile e-Auschwitz akuyona kuphela olunegazi kakhulu, kodwa futhi sezenzo zobugebengu ungajeziswa e emlandweni wesintu. 10% kuphela kubo bonke labo, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, kwakuhilela uyaca lwabantu ababengekho empini, balingwa futhi bajeziswa.

Iningi lalabo abathatha uhlangothi basaphila, futhi akufanele azizwe enecala. Ezinye ubheke umshini ze, okuyinto elulaza isithombe ngani umJuda, futhi kwenza kwaba imbangela zonke ezimbi yama-Jalimane. Abanye bathi oda oda, futhi impi ayikho indawo yokuzihlola.

Kepha abasindile amakamu okufa iziboshwa ke, efana, futhi ubafisele ayisadingeki. Nokho, laba bantu, njengoba umthetho, kusukela kwesobunxele kuya bazibonele. Izindlu zokuhlala, lapho behlala isikhathi eside wabelwe ukuba abanye. Ngaphandle kwempahla, amalungu imali, nomndeni abhubha amaNazi umshini ekufeni, oludingekayo ukuze basinde, beshintshwa ngisho nangemva esikhathini post-yimpi. Omunye kungaba kuphela ziyamangala lapho amandla okumelana naso futhi isibindi kwabantu badabula okuhlushwa wakwazi ukusinda.

Auschwitz Museum

Ngemva kokuphela kwempi e-Auschwitz, ikamu ukufa, wangena uhlu UNESCO Site futhi laliwukuphela kwesikhungo Museum. Naphezu ukugeleza omkhulu zezivakashi, kukhona njalo ethule. Lokhu akulona Museum lapho okuthile ukujabulisa nokumangala. Nokho, kubaluleke kakhulu futhi esiyigugu, njengoba ukukhala engapheli owokugcina yizingane eziba yizisulu ezingenacala futhi ukuwa zokuziphatha, phansi okuyinto unamandla ezijulile.

Museum ivuliwe ngoba zonke, emnyango imahhala. Izivakashi, lapho ziqondiswa izinkambo ngezilimi ezahlukene. Ngo-Auschwitz-1, izivakashi bayamenywa ukuba sibheke emabhalekisini futhi isitoreji izinto siqu iziboshwa efile abayalwa nge ukuhlolisisa German: egumbini izibuko, lokunyenti, ngabe tinkomishi, izicathulo ngisho izinwele. Futhi bakwazi ukuvakashela kahhavini wokushisa izidumbu, udonga labadubuli, okuyinto izimbali kube yilolu suku.

On the izindonga ungabona amabhlogo kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe kwesokunxele iziboshwa. Esikhathini esinobuthi zisekhona ezindongeni iminonjana nail izingozi, befa nangemihelo esabekayo.

Lapha kuphela ungakwazi uzizwe horror eligcwele ngalokho okwakwenzeka, futhi ubone ngamehlo akho izimo ophilayo nezinga ekubhujisweni.

UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe e yebuciko

Omunye imisebenzi ukuyilahla wamaNazi - "Sanctuary" Anne Frank. Lixoxa izincwadi nezihloko embonweni ka empini intombazane engumJuda, nomkhaya wakhe wakwazi ukuba bakhosele Netherlands. Diary lwenziwa ukusuka ngo-1942 kuya 1944. Okufakiwe iphazanyiswe August 1st. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu wonke lo mkhaya Kuboshwe amaphoyisa aseJalimane ngo.

Omunye umsebenzi owaziwa iyona "Ark Schindler sika". Lena indaba mayelana Umnikazi wefemu Oskar Schindler, ngubani, kokuba ehlaselwa ezethusayo ezenzeka eJalimane, nganquma ukwenza konke okusemandleni ukuze asindise abantu abangenacala wathumela izinkulungwane zamaJuda eMoravia.

Encwadini, esingu ifilimu "Schindler sika ohlwini," okuyinto lithole imiklomelo eminingi imikhosi ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise 7 Oscars, nomphakathi akukhuthazwa ngalokujulile.

Ezombusazwe amafilosofi ka wobushiqela kwaholela enye yezinhlekelele ezinkulu isintu. Izwe akazi amacala ngaphezulu mass ezinjalo, ukubulawa ungajeziswa zabantu abangenacala. Umlando amaphutha aholela eNkathini ukuhlupheka okukhulu ukuthi singafaneleki lonke elaseYurophu, kumelwe bahlale imemori wesintu ngokuthi uphawu abesabekayo yini ungalokothi uvumele ephakeme.