Amazwe Uwoyela-timbiwa. Ukuthutha elikhulu uwoyela - uhlu

Abaningi emazweni oil-producing kungaqala umnotho ukubonga kwayo ukuqaliswa umthombo oyinhloko. Kodwa ashukumisayo tilinganiso ebandleni bekungekhe kukghonakale uma amazwe asathuthuka kungukuthi united.

amazwe oil-producing iqembu

Singakezwa ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano elawula ukukhiqizwa uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye netimo tekutsi nokuqaliswa kwalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yini isimo zingena. Ngakho, ukuthutha uwoyela eziyinhloko amazwe lapho misela. Kuleli zinga, okuyinto abaholi bezwe ukukhiqiza angaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane imiphongolo ngonyaka.

Ochwepheshe of wonke amazwe zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana:

- Amalungu OPEC;

- i-United States nase-Canada;

- emazweni North Sea;

- nezinye izifundazwe ezinkulu.

ubuholi Umhlaba kungokwalabo iqembu lokuqala.

Umlando OPEC

Inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe okuletha ndawonye abathuthi ezinkulu uwoyela, ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi Cartel. It yadalwa amazwe amaningi ukuze usimamise amanani izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo. Le nhlangano ubizwa ngokuthi OPEC (isiNgisi OPEC -. The Inhlangano wamaFutha Ikhiphela Amazwe).

Amazwe ayinhloko uwoyela-timbiwa, elalingelamaFilisti emazweni asathuthuka united ngo-1960. Sekube esiyingqopha-mlando engqungqutheleni Septhemba eBaghdad. Lo mkhankaso sasekelwa emazweni amahlanu: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait neVenezuela. Lokhu kwenzeke ngemuva kokuthi izinkampani 7 ngobukhulu YeSizwe onesandla ekukhiqizeni uwoyela, olubizwa nangokuthi ama-"Sisters Seven", encishisiwe unilaterally ukuthenga intengo kawoyela. Phela, kuye izindleko kwadingeka bakhokhe intela ye ilungelo ukuthuthukisa imali kanye nezintela.

Kodwa uthi ayesanda kuthola inkululeko ngabe ukulawula ukukhiqizwa uwoyela insimu yalo futhi ukuqapha ukuxhashazwa kwezinsiza. Futhi uma ucabangela iqiniso lokuthi ngo-1960 lokhu supply material eluhlaza idlula ngokufunwa, bese omunye izimpokophelo OPEC kwaba ukuze uvimbele ezinye intengo ukwehla.

Ukuqalisa

Ngemva kokumiswa inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe lamazwe uwoyela-timbiwa baqala ukuhlanganyela naye. Ngakho, ngesikhathi 1960 inani lamazwe kufakwe OPEC, liye laphindeka kabili. Ujoyine inhlangano, Indonesia, Qatar, Libya, Algeria, e-United Arab Emirates. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimemezelo kwenza kwaba nomfutho omkhulu ukulungisa inqubomgomo uwoyela. Lathi amazwe Unelungelo sizithibe ngesilinganiso unomphela phezu imithombo yabo futhi uqinisekise ukuthi asetshenziswe izithakazelo yentuthuko yabo.

abathuthi uwoyela Major emhlabeni ngo-1970 uthathe izintambo ukwenziwa uketshezi ezivuthayo. Kukithi ukuba OPEC umsebenzi intengo isibe engaphansi, ogibele isisetshenziswa eluhlaza. Phakathi nale nkathi, kujoyina, nakwamanye amazwe uwoyela-timbiwa. Uhlu selingaphezu zihlanganisa amalungu 13: inawo futhi Ecuador, Nigeria kanye Gabon.

kwekuhlela kabusha kuyadingeka

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu sikhathi esinzima Kwakuphakathi 1980. Phela, ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi, amanani ziye zanda unprecedentedly. Kodwa ngo-1986 base phansi, usethe intengo-10 zamaRandi umphongolo. Lokho kwakusho ubunzima abalulekile, wahlupheka wonke amazwe uwoyela-timbiwa. OPEC ephethwe ekulinganiseni izindleko izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inkhulumomphendvulwano usumisiwe namazwe okungezona ezakho kule nhlangano. Kwathiwa setha umkhiqizo kawoyela quota amalungu OPEC. I Cartel Kwavunyelwana zamanani indlela.

Ukubaluleka kwe-OPEC

Ukuze siqonde global uwoyela yemakethe kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukuthonya OPEC washintsha isimo. Ngakho, ngo-1970 zakuqala, amazwe angamalunga waqashwa% 2 kuphela ukukhiqizwa kazwelonke yale impahla eluhlaza. Kakade ngo-1973, uMbuso waqiniseka ukuthi Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo wadluliswa 20% umkhiqizo kawoyela, futhi ngo-1980 waba unyaka singaphansi ezingaphezu kuka 86% of the ukukhiqizwa Imininingwane kwalezi zinsiza. Ngenxa yalokhu amazwe uwoyela-timbiwa, okuyinto elahlanganiswa OPEC, babé amandla self-sokunquma emakethe. ezixhaphaza ngaleso sikhathi lase walahlekelwa amandla abo, ngenxa isimo ngangokunokwenzeka wonke uhulumeni embonini kawoyela.

Amathrendi Jikelele

Kodwa akuwona wonke amazwe uwoyela-timbiwa beniyingxenye ezikhethekile nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1990, uhulumeni Gabon iye yanquma ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni OPEC, esikhathini esifanayo, Ecuador kumiswe okwesikhashana nengxenye ezindabeni yenhlangano (kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-2007). ERussia, okuyinto onesikhundla ehamba phambili ngokuya ukukhiqizwa le nsiza, ngo-1998 waba ingqapheli ku Cartel.

Okwamanje, amalungu OPEC isiyonke, baphathe 40% umkhiqizo kawoyela emhlabeni. Kulokhu, bangabanikazi 80% zigcine wafakazela lokhu impahla eluhlaza. Inhlangano zingashintsha izinga elidingekayo umkhiqizo kawoyela emazweni iqhaza ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa ke ngokwakho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emazweni amaningi wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa imali ngale nsiza, ukusebenza at zigcwele.

abathuthi Okukhulu

Manje amalungu OPEC kukhona amazwe ezingu-12. Ezinye States wayezenza ekuthuthukiseni base impahla eluhlaza, ukusebenza ngokuzimela. Ngokwesibonelo, lawa abathuthi ngobukhulu amafutha, ezifana Russia nase-United States. Basuke engamboziwe ithonya OPEC, inhlangano yakhe akusho balawule nemibandela ekukhiqizeni nokudayiswa izinto zokusetshenziswa. Kodwa kufanele kuhlobanisa izitayela global ezichaza oyilungu nombimbi. Okwamanje, Russia nase-United States anesikhundla okuholela eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke, kanye Saudi Arabia. Ngokusho ezingeni oluvuthayo isizinda uketshezi at isimo ngasinye ukuze ngaphezu kuka 10%.

Kodwa lokho akuyona yonke amazwe amakhulu uwoyela-timbiwa. Uhlu phakathi kwabayishumi abaphasa ngamalengiso sihlanganisa China, Canada, Iran, e-Iraq, eMexico, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates.

Manje amazwe ezingefani ezingaphezu kuka-100 zikhona izimali ezifakwa yentuthuko uwoyela ensimini ziqhutshwa kuzo. Kodwa umthamo kwesivuno, yebo, engenakuqhathaniswa encane uma ziqhathaniswa nalezo aphethwe amazwe amakhulu uwoyela-timbiwa.

nezinye izinhlangano

OPEC kuyinto inhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu uthi oil-producing, kodwa akuyena yedwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1970 kwathiwa ihlelwe yi-International Energy Agency. Amalungu ayo lamazwe 26 waqala ngokushesha. I IEA akusho Zilawula ka abathuthi kanye abangenisa ezinkulu of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Injongo yale nkampani kuyinto ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana izindlela ezidingekayo ezimweni ezibucayi. Ngakho, bakhula isu layo avunyelwe ambalwa ukwehlisa amandla emakethe OPEC sika. Izincomo esemqoka ye IEA baphetha ngokuthi ukudala wezwe sikawoyela, ukuthuthukisa imizila engcono ukuhambisa izinto zokusetshenziswa uma ukuvimbela nokufeza eminye amalungiselelo adingekayo. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela yokuthi emakethe balawule imigomo ungakwazi manje hhayi kuphela abathuthi ngobukhulu uwoyela.