Kanjani ukuze uthole yensimbi? ingxubevange yensimbi nabanye izidakamizwa ihlinzeka yensimbi yabalingisi?

Iron - kabanzi ezahlukene izimboni zensimbi, ebonakala ukusebenza emangalisayo. Inqubo yokuthola izinyathelo kuqhathaniswa ayinzima futhi eziningi kakhulu ngokwayo Ayibalwa. Le nto smelted e kuqhuma amaziko - Ohhavini ekhethekile, okuyizinto uhlobo ikhophi ezandisiwe tube. Ukuze ufunde indlela uthole zensimbi, ngakho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuningiliziwe.

Mining and Processing Plant

Izinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa asetshenziswe womshini yensimbi kuyinto nsimbi. Khiphela ngasezinkwalini yayo ezindaweni ezahlukene ezweni lethu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-ore iqukethe inqwaba izinhlobo ezahlukene amanyela. Ukuyisebenzisela encibilika yensimbi ifomu "eluhlaza" Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, lapho besanda kuqala sidla izinkampani ekhethekile - icubungula izitshalo. Lapha-ke esuswa idwala imfucuza nechobozekile. Khona-ke abe ore ahlanzekileyo ukulayishwa ku izinqola izitimela ithunyelwa smelters.

Inqubo agglomeration

Empeleni, njengoba baphonswa yensimbi, sicabanga ngezansi. Manje ake sixoxe indlela uzilungiselele itshe elinensimbi yayo sokuncibilikisa ngokuqondile smelter.

Uma ezivamile particulate impahla, ngokufutha komoya esithandweni umkhiqizo umthofu wokuqondisa izosetshenziselwa remelting. Iqiniso lokuthi iyinhlanganisela okunjalo ongaphakeme igesi permeability. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kulayishwa ku netshe kuqhuma esithandweni njalo uya inqubo agglomeration.

Le nqubo wenziwa workshop ezikhethekile smelters futhi ukuzalela inqubo sintering yizicucu ethile, ofanele kakhulu usayizi sokuncibilikisa insimbi. Coalescence kwenzeka ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu esanele Ncibilikisa icala wamaphaphu kobuso izinhlayiya. Ngenxa yalokho, the last nje ethe njo ndawonye, ukwakha izigaxa. Kulesi ore pre kuyinto exutshwe amalahle. Ngenxa amandla omlilo zokugcina ibangelwa futhi izinga lokushisa edingekayo ukuze sithole nezixhobo. Sishukunyiswe agglomeration inqubo edabula ungqimba ore nge air ageleza namalahle (phezulu kuya phansi).

hhayi kuphela ingasetshenziswa itshe elinensimbi Sinter. Ngezinye izikhathi senziwa futhi we izingcezu ezincane zensimbi. Kuvele ingxubevange nanoma iyiphi ikhemikhali ikuvumela ingulube yensimbi, kuzoxoxwa ngezansi. Yiqiniso, ukwenziwa yensimbi metal alisetshenziswa izingulube. Zaphela ku esiku cast iron Scrap.

Kwenzekani esithandweni

Ngakho ake sibone ukuthi uthole yensimbi esithandweni kuqhuma. Ngaphakathi kwesithando uphahlwe ngesitini ukwakhiwa okunjalo. Ukuthi isebenza kanjani lilula. Lapho esikhiqiza yensimbi inkatho, ngaphezu Sinter esetshenziswa coke nomcako yokucucuza. Ingxube lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu ibhalwe isilinganiso esithile. Wabe ngokuthi domain kwenkokhelo. It is batheleka ngamakheshi akhethekile lift kuya phezulu somlilo.

Ukuze coke wadubula, udinga semali emoyeni elingenawo umoya-lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu. Wakhonza esithandweni kuqhuma kusuka ngezansi, ngokusebenzisa izimbobo, ngokuthi kuqhuma. Yena thathaza esithandweni ngaphansi enomfutho. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umoya osendlini ngokusebenzisa kumiswa icala fed kusuka ngenhla. Kulesi pre-ukugeleza uyabaselwa kuya 600-800 degrees, kungenjalo lokushisa ngaphakathi kuhhavini lehla.

Etholwe ngesikhathi ukunwetshwa icala ingulube yensimbi ageleza phansi imvamisa cishe kanye njalo ngemizuzu engu-40, ngepayipi ngaphandle ngembobo, ngokuthi taphole. Okulandelayo wathela e isitsha esikhulu lendebe uthuthwa izitshalo steel.

Ukuncipha kanye carburization yensimbi esithandweni

Zonke kuqhuma amaziko usebenza counterflow isimiso. Okulandelayo yanjalo zenzeka kulezi yezinqubo zamakhemikhali :

1. Ukuncishiswa yensimbi. Le nqubo kwenzeka ngokulandelana futhi libukeka: Fe ₂ O ₃ - Fe ₃ O ₄ - Feo - Fe. Njengoba i-ejenti ekunciphiseni kulokhu-carbon monoxide (CO), ezakhiwe nokuxhumana CO ₂ ne coke ashisayo, kanye okuqinile carbon yokugcina.
2. Carburizing yensimbi. Ukusabela kulokhu kanje: 3Fe + 2CO = Fe ₃ C + CO ₂ + Q. Fe ₃ C Carbide ixubene kalula owawufanekiselwa insimbi, kwakheka lapho ingxubevange mithandazo kanye carbon. Ogelezayo phansi, awashe izingcezu coke futhi carburized ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyoncibilika izinto ezifana manganese, isibabule, Silicon kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.

Ngakho, kuyacaca ukuthi kuqhuma metal - i ingxubevange yensimbi nabanye izidakamizwa. Thola yensimbi unga ngokumane carburizing icala ncibilika.

Ukubuyiselwa nezinye izakhi

Mn, Silicon, isibabule ne phosphorus awela esithandweni somlilo kuqhuma kanye icala ngesimo ezahlukene chemical compounds. I oxides ephakeme manganese ziyancipha ukuze MNO cishe ku isimiso esifanayo njengoba ukuthi yensimbi MNO ₂ - MN ₂ O ₃ - MN ₃ O ₄ - MNO. manganese Pure zabiwa njengemali: MNO + C = MN + CO - Q. Silicon engena esithandweni ngesimo Silica Sio _2. Phinda kwenzeka ngokuvumelana ukusabela Sio ₂ + 2C = Si + 2CO - Q

Phosphorus kuyehla hydrogen, CO, ne-carbon okuqinile, futhi, ngeshwa, yensimbi kuba cishe ngokuphelele. Lo msuka elilulaza ingxubevange kuqhuma esithandweni somlilo sensimbi. It ivumela ukuthola okuhle izinga yensimbi ekhona ingxube the Silica, kanye oxides ephakeme manganese. Mn kwezinye izimo ingezwe ku blast esithandweni ekhethekile. Lokhu kukunika ngohlobo olukhethekile yensimbi - manganese.

sulphur ukususwa

Umbuzo kanjani ukuze uthole yensimbi asezingeni elifanele, kuhlanganise encishisiwe ukuhlanzwa kusuka kuleli isici engadingeki. Sulphur kuyinto okuphothula main eziyingozi, kakhulu impairing property umkhiqizo wokugcina yokuncibilikisa. senani eziyisisekelo eziqukethwe coke. Sulphur sisuswa ngokuvusa okuqukethwe kule ingxube lime (CAO) nokukhuphula izinga lokushisa esithandweni. Ukusabela kulokhu kanje: Fes + Cao = Feo + Cao + Q. Ezinye izindlela zingase zisetshenziswe ukuze ukwehlisa amaphesenti nesibabule yensimbi ingulube. Ngokwesibonelo, izinto ngezinye izikhathi kakade smelted icutshungulwe endishini noma esitolo esidayisa kudoti nge soda. Kulokhu ukususwa sulphur zisabela kanjani Fes + NaCO ₃ = Feo + Na ₂ S + CO _2.

slag ukwakheka

Ngakho, thina sikanye nawe esiphethweni kanjani ukuthola yensimbi. Nokho, ukuncibilika impahla eyatholakala, futhi enye, kabanzi imikhiqizo umnotho. Lapho encibilika 1 ton of ingulube yensimbi kufika amathani 0.6 ka slag. Iqiniso liwukuthi, ngisho nasezindabeni ukuhlanzwa nsimbi iqukethe lemali kahle esikhulu ngobumba. Ukwakheka sihlanganisa coke umlotha. Ukuze ususe lezi zinto engadingeki iqoqo, ngaphezu, fluxes okuxubile (calcium ne-magnesium carbonates). Ngo inqubo ukuncibilika, bona amakhemikhali ukuxubana zonke izinhlobo ukungcola, futhi lapho slag kwakhiwa. It imelela aluminosilicate noma ncibilika silicate.

slag ukuminyana ingaphansi kwe-oncibilikisiwe ingulube yensimbi. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi senqubo ukuncibilika itholakala ngaphansi kwalo. It is ngezikhathi isuswe ngokusebenzisa ehlukile Thepha imbobo ngokuthi slag. Kwakuvamise lokhu ovela eceleni cast iron umkhakha ikakhulukazi ukwenziwa usimende kanye emabhuloki ekwakha njengoba yamathebhu.

izinhlobo yensimbi

Njengoba ubona, umbuzo kanjani ukuthola yensimbi esithandweni kuqhuma lilula. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kungenzeka uphume endabeni somlilo, a kancane ezahlukene amakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo ngokomzimba. Zonke yensimbi yabalingisi ikakhulukazi lahlukaniswa izinhlobo: steel okwenza (omhlophe) ekhipha (grey). Uhlobo lokuqala isetshenziswa njengophawu impahla eluhlaza e womshini lezinsimbi. Foundry isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene imikhiqizo cast iron, ujabulela funa ezinhle emakethe.

ezimhlophe cast iron

Ingxenye lolu hlobo metal gu kuqhuma amaziko kuyinto 75-80%. I izakhiwo eyinhloko insimbi yilezi: ubulukhuni okukhulu, brittleness futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Manganese nesibabule liqukethe ngokuvamile kunangendlela ku Foundry. White yensimbi ukucutshungulwa ikufanele lula. Isetshenziselwa Wenze ngakho noma iyiphi imikhiqizo ezivamile cutting amathuluzi nemishini yanamuhla bengayi. Kodwa steel Yenziwe yensimbi kwalesi silwane oluphakeme elula. Blast ingulube ihlukaniswe metal kuye indlela remelting okwengeziwe ngezigaba ezintathu: Iziko (M) Bessemer (B) futhi Thomas (T).

yensimbi waphonsa

Ukuhlolwa kwe-carbon kule material ngokuyinhloko elikhona ngesimo graphite khulula, esesikhundleni ukubunjwa yayo silicon. Kuziwa yokukhiqiza waphonsa imikhiqizo yensimbi ngesimo ingots. Le nto imakwe ngohlamvu u- "L" futhi amadijithi "1" ukuze "6", ngokuya ngendawo okuyiwa kuyo. Kukhona elicwengiweyo magnesium cast iron, ziphawulwe izinhlamvu "HR".

Nokho, kwethenjwa ukuthi, thina siphendule umbuzo othi ngabe ingxubevange yensimbi nabanye izidakamizwa ikuvumela ingulube yensimbi ngokugcwele ngempela. Lena carbon ezivamile, esithandweni kuqhuma abambele ingxenye oxygen emkhandweni wensimbi. izakhiwo Eziyisisekelo we-iron yabalingisi incike inani okuphothula abamelwe: manganese, i-phosphorus, i-silicon nesibabule.