Amaqiniso athakazelisayo kakhulu ngamakhowe. Amakhowe anesithakazelo wezwe

Enye yezinto eziphilayo ezingavamile emhlabeni kukhona amakhowe. Ososayensi ngaphambili babibeka embusweni wezitshalo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu i-mycology - isayensi yamakhowe - sekuyisikhathi eside iyingxenye ye-botany, kunokuba i-biology. Manje sekusobala ukuthi isikhunta sinendawo ethile phakathi kwezitshalo nezilwane, futhi abacwaningi namuhla bayazazi cishe izinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyizinhlobo zazo.

Iyini i-fungus?

Esifundweni sabantwana besikole ngamakhowe, njengomthetho, Kuthiwa kuqukethe ingxenye yomhlabathi - umzimba wesithelo, kanti ingxenye engaphansi komhlaba - i-mycelium noma, ngendlela ehlukile, i-mycelium, eyasakazeka enhlabathini noma enye into engaphansi komzimba owenziwe ngokweqile, ama-microns ambalwa aqinile, ama-arachnoid. Ngamanye emicu, engabaningi e-mycelium, kuthiwa i-hyphae.

Umzimba wezithelo ungaphila izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezinsuku eziyishumi, kanti i-mycelium ikhona amashumi namakhulu eminyaka, ukubekezelela ngokuphelele isomiso noma iqhwa elibi.

Izingosi ze-hyphae zihlangene ngezikhathi ezithile zikhula, futhi ama-cell awo, elula, adala umzimba omncane we-fruiting (esikubiza ngokuthi i-fungus), ehamba nge-substrate futhi ikhula. Kusukela kulo mzuzu singawajabulela noma ukuwaqoqa ebhasikisini.

Ngendlela, i-fungus ingahle ibhekwe njengento enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. ENyakatho Melika, isibonelo, kune-mycelium enkulu endaweni yamakhulu ayihektare. Isisindo sabo singaphezu kwesisindo semikhosi ayisikhombisa.

Mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwamakhowe

Amaqiniso anesithakazelo ngesikhunta angafundwa eziqakathekeni zokukhiqiza kwabo. Umzimba we-fungus, esiyithokozela kakhulu ukudla, ungumzimba wokukhiqiza kwawo, okwandisa izinhlamvu ezivumela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium entsha.

Ngandlela-thile, ngisho nanoma yisiphi isikhala kungenzeka ukuthola izinhlamvu zefungi, ukuthatha lokhu isampula yomoya.

Isifungumkhuba sendabuko, njengama-mushroom, khipha, isibonelo, cishe izinhlamvu eziyizigidi ezingama-40, nomanyolo wamakhowa - izigidi eziyi-100. Kodwa iningi kakhulu kulo mqondo i-mushroom-raincoat, enezinhlamvu ezingaphezu kuka-7 trillion ezilungele ukukhiqizwa. Futhi ziphuma ngejubane lemoto - 90 km / h bese zisakaze endaweni engaphezu kuka-2 m.

Ukuhluma, i-mushroom ebonakalayo enomzimba womzimba kungenwa kuphela inhlabathi, kodwa futhi i-asphalt, ukhonkolo ngisho nensimbi noma imabula. Futhi lapho ingeke ikhule khona, isivinini sinciphisa kancane i-mycelium.

Amakhowe angakha isimo sezulu

Ukuzama ukutshela konke ngamakhowe, asikwazi ukukhuluma ukuthi lezi zidalwa zingashintsha izimo zezulu zona. Phela, ingxenye engaphansi komhlaba yefungus ivame ukusabalalisa izinhlamvu, okungukuthi, zihamba nomoya wamanje. Futhi uma kukhona ukuzola ngokuphelele, ama-mushroom anjalo, isibonelo, njengama-mushroom ama-oyster noma ama-shiitake, njengoba abacwaningi abutholile, bakhiqiza umphunga wamanzi, okudala ukunyakaza kwemoya njengendlela yokuhambisa amanzi futhi uyakwazi ukudlulisela izinhlamvu ibanga elithile.

Izinkolelo ezihlobene namakhowe

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isayensi isitshela ngani ngamakhowe, kodwa sekuyisikhathi eside umuntu ehlotshaniswa nezinkolelo nemikhuba eminingi. Isibonelo, lapho ukuqoqa amakhowe, umuntu akufanele akhulume ngokuzwakalayo noma afunge, kungenjalo uzofihla. Ukuvunwa okukhulu kwamakhowe kuyisibonelo esibi kakhulu sezinhlekelele ezizayo.

Owesifazane oye wabona amakhowe ngephupho kufanele kulindeleke ukuba wanezelwe emndenini, futhi indoda - ukunakekelwa kwempilo yakhe, ibe yinto engabonakali ebuhlotsheni nabesifazane.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinye amakhowe, ukuhluma, zakha imibuthano efanele. E-Holland naseJalimane, amakhowe anjalo awaqoqiwe, njengoba lezi "mibuthano enobuqili" kubhekwa njengendawo ekhonjiwe, naseScotland - indawo ekhomba umcebo ogciniwe ogciniwe.

Ngokuhlukile ngamakhowe amhlophe

Ukukhuluma ngamakhowe, i-mushroom emhlophe ayikwazi ukunakwa. Sekuyisikhathi eside sekubhekwa njengento enhle kakhulu nenkosi phakathi kwezinhlobo zayo eRussia. Uma ungalokothi ukhulume ukunambitheka kwawo nephunga elimnandi, okuyinto, ngokuyisigameko, elihlala ngisho nangemva kokumiswa, kusekhona ukuthi i-fungus emhlophe iyisipho esimangalisayo semvelo.

Ithole ama-antibiotics abulala i -wand kaKoch, kanye nezinto ezithintekayo. Abantu abane-anemia, kanye nezifo ezivuthayo, i- white fungus iyasiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlambalaza inqubo yokuphulukiswa kwesilonda, kuvame ukusebenza komzimba we-thyroid, kuthuthukisa isimo sezipikili, izinwele nesikhumba, futhi kusiza umzimba ukuba ululamele ezifweni. Akuyona amakhowe, kodwa ikhemisi lonke!

Mayelana nesimo samakhowe

Ungakhuluma okuningi ngamakhowe. Ama-mushroom amhlophe, ama- boletus , ama- boletus nezinye izinto "zokuzingela okuthulile" - lokhu akulona wonke umbuso we-mushroom.

Kukhona emahlathini ethu kanye namakhowe amaningi, abe nesimo esibucayi nombala. Isibonelo, i-mushroom-hornet, enombala okhanyayo we-orange futhi ifana namahlumela ama-corals, noma i- lattice ebomvu, yokuvuthwa kusuka emzimbeni omhlophe weqanda futhi uthola ukubukeka kwebhaluni elibomvu le-lattice ngesikhathi.

Ngandlela-thile, leli khowa libizwa ngokuthi i-fungus-flowers. Isifungi esinjalo siningi kakhulu emahlathini ashisayo. Kukhona izidalwa eziyingqayizivele ezifana nalokho, isibonelo, ingilazi, njengama-mushroom avela e-India, noma obomvu, ahlomile ngamakhowe we-Java. Futhi okuvelele kakhulu ngokuqiniseka kungabhekwa njenge-diktiafor mushroom bell-shaped, ekhula emahlathini eNingizimu Melika. Ukhula emahoreni amabili nje bese ephonsa ngaphansi kwesigqoko sakhe i-coverlet evulekile evulekile evula umlenze omhlophe weqhwa futhi ihlume ngokuhlwa umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izakhamuzi zendawo, ngendlela, zibiza ngokuthi "The Lady Under the Veil".

Amakhowe anamangalisa eplanethi: "izinyo lokuphuza" nethi "star star"

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi lezizinto eziphilayo zingavamile kangakanani, sizochaza amakhowe athakazelisayo kakhulu emhlabeni.

I-Gidnellum Peka noma "izinyo zokuphuza". Le mushroom emangalisayo ingabonakala emahlathini ama-coniferous aseYurophu Ephakathi nasogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Pacific Ocean. Umswakama obomvu obomvu owukhiphayo ufana nokudonsa kwegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunomdlavuza obabayo, okwethusa izilwane nabantu.

«Inkanyezi yomhlaba». Le amakhowe kuthiwa yizimvula zemvula ezihlala kuzo zonke izilinganiso zomhlaba. Uyabonakala ngokukwazi kwakhe ukushintsha ukubonakala kwakhe lapho ephuma ngaphansi komhlaba. Imisebe yalesi "nkanyezi" iguqa kancane kancane, futhi umzimba wezithelo ovuthiwe uphakanyiswa futhi "imililo" enezinhlamvu emoyeni. AmaNdiya acabangela leli khowa elikwazi ukubikezela izenzakalo zasezulwini ezizayo.

Amaqiniso anesithakazelo ngesikhunta i-Yezhovik ne-plasmodia

Okuthakazelisayo kakhulu i-comb ejovik, engabonakali njengama-mushroom endabuko nhlobo. Lokhu, cishe, kukhumbuza izilwane zasolwandle ukuthi ngandlela-thile ziye zavela esihlahleni lapho, ngendlela, i-ёжовик ithanda kakhulu ukukhula. Ukupheka kahle, i-mushroom iyinambitha kakhulu, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakwazi ukunciphisa izinga le-glucose egazini lomuntu futhi likwazi ukuvikela umzimba emiphumeleni enobuthi.

Uma ucabangela i-plasmodium, ungathola amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Mayelana namakhowe awukwazi ukucabanga ukuthi angakwazi ukuhambisa, kodwa kuvela, futhi bayazi kanjani. I-Plasmodium ayikho umhloli, kepha zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa zingakhuphukela esitsheni esisithandayo. Nakhu lokho! Ukuhamba, noma kunalokho, ukugoqa lesi simangaliso semvelo eqenjini eliphakathi laseRussia futhi libukeka kakhulu njenge-jellyfish.

I-mushroom ekhazimulayo futhi esheshayo ekhulayo

Ukubukeka okukhangayo kakhulu kulandelwe imivimbo eminingi enemibalabala - iyinhlobo evamile emhlabeni wonke yama-mushroom, ehlala ikakhulu emithini yemithi efile. Ososayensi bathola ukuthi izinto ezivela kule fungus zandisa ingculazi futhi zingasiza kakhulu ekwelashweni komdlavuza, futhi emithi yokwelashwa asetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi.

Futhi nenye into ethakazelisayo ngamakhowe: ngendlela, lezi zilwane zingakwazi ukuncibilikisa. Bakhiqiza i-vitamin D, futhi umbala wekhanda labo kuncike ekutheni ilanga eliningi kangakanani endaweni yabo.

Incwadi yamarekhodi e-Guinness yafaka amakhowe-veselka, okuyiminyaka emibili ikhula ngo-1 cm. Ukuvela ngaphansi komhlaba, kubonakala njengeqanda elimhlophe, ngosuku olulandelayo - lesi isambulela esitsheni esincanyana, futhi ngosuku lwesithathu ingxenye engenhla yefungus iphela.

Mayelana nemikhakha yama-mushroom: lapho ahlala khona nje!

Amakhowe anamangalisa futhi angaba khona ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu. Zizizwa zikhulu ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwezidalwa ezifuywayo nasezindaweni ezingenhla, endaweni ephakeme cishe engamakhilomitha angu-30. Abacwaningi banolwazi olujulile mayelana nefungi: bona, kuvela, bangakwazi ukumelana nazo zonke izinhlobo ze-irradiation futhi bangathuthuka ngisho naku-sulfuric acid.

Futhi ngo-2002, ensimini ye-Chernobyl isitshalo samandla enyukliya esakhiweni esibhubhisayo, ososayensi bathola isikhunta, lapho ama-radiation ayadingeka khona ekukhuleni ngendlela efanayo nokukhanya ekutshalweni. Ukubunjwa kwalezi zinhlobo ezimangalisayo kuhlanganisa inani elimangalisayo le-melanin, into efanayo evikela isikhumba sethu emisebeni ye-ultraviolet.

Okuthakazelisayo ngamakhowe - izilwane ezidliwayo

Kukhona futhi izilwane zasendle ezizingelwayo, ukuzingela izinambuzane ezincane. Zinezakhiwo ezakhayo noma amanye amadivayisi wokuzingela. Isibonelo, i-fungus ingalahla izinhlamvu ezinamathele emzimbeni wesibungu bese ziqala ukuhluma kuwo. Isihlungi, Yebo, siyafa.

Futhi konke mayelana nama-mushroom wezinhlobo zeCordyceps ahlelwe kuze kube yilapho kungenakwenzeka ukuthola. Yena, ngendleleni, angakwazi ukuphendula izinambuzane zibe zombie. Njengoba enza kanjalo, ososayensi abaziwa, kepha intuthwane, ohlelweni lokuphefumula ama-fungal spores ayenayo, "ngokulalela" iya endaweni elula yokuthuthukiswa kwesiphithiphithi esiphelile kuso. Intuthwane ithola isitshalo esinjalo futhi iyakhuphuka, ikhetha ishidi elinamazinga afanelekayo okushisa nomswakama, bese igcina kuyo kusukela ngemuva kwephepha. I-fungus ibulala inambuzane, ihluma kuyo, futhi iphuma ngemuva kwekhanda, iphonsa izinhlamvu ezintsha-ababulali.

Amakhowe asiza ukuhlanza iplanethi

Siyazi ngamakhowe anobuthi, ama-mushroom we-predator, i-fungus ye-parasitic, kodwa akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi bangakwazi futhi ukunikeza usizo olubaluleke kakhulu ngekhono labo elikhulu lokuhlala lapho ezinye izilwane zifa khona.

Ngakho-ke, ukuhamba okuvela eYale University kutholakala ehlathini lase-Ecuador uhlobo olusha lwefungus (Pestalotiopsis microspora). Lezi zilwane zondla nge-polyurethane, futhi zenze kanjalo ngaphandle kokufinyelela ku-oxygen. Lezi zithembiso esikhathini esizayo nethemba lokususa lokho okushiwo, okungazange kudibanise, ngokuyivala kakhulu iplanethi.

Amakhowe abe nobulili!

Yiqiniso, isayensi ayikwazi ukusho ukuthi iyazi konke mayelana namakhowe. Njalo manje abacwaningi benza izinto ezitholakalayo kwi-mycology. Isibonelo, ososayensi baye baqaphela isakhi esithweswe amakhowe asobulili besilisa noma wesilisa. Ngokusobala, itholakala ngokulandelana okufutshane kwe-DNA, okukhumbuza ama-chromosomes ocansini kubantu.

Amakhowe, kuvela, iyimodeli efanelekayo yokutadisha umehluko wobulili ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo.

Amakhowe asebekhulile kunama-dinosaurs

Ama-mycologists anolwazi olumangalisayo ngamakhowe: njengoba kwenzeka, bahlala emhlabeni wezigidi ezingu-400 edlule! Kuvela ukuthi bakhulu kunama-dinosaurs. Laba yizakhamuzi zasendulo emhlabeni wonke ezazihlala ndawonye nama-giant ferns futhi, ngokungafani nalezi zamuva, azizange zigaye, kodwa zishintsha futhi zashintshashintsha, zigcina ubukeka kwazo kuze kube manje.

Futhi sizobona, ngokusobala, sithole mayelana nawo amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo. Amakhomikhali ayesaziwa kakhulu, kodwa kakade kucacile ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zifanele ukutadisha okuningiliziwe nokucophelela.