Amanzi asezindaweni ... Amanzi asezindaweni zaseRussian Federation

Amanzi asendle ayingxenye yendawo yamanzi ogwini ngaphansi kokulawula okukhethekile kombuso othile. I-United Nations Organisation yacacisa ngokucacile ububanzi bendawo - amamayela angu- 12 e-nautical, kulinganiswa kusukela ogwini ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwamanzi.

Amanzi angaphakathi

Amanzi omhlaba nawo angaphakathi kwamanzi, kufaka phakathi imifula, amachibi, izindawo ezincane, ama-fjords, njll. Kukhona ubukhosi obuphelele, hhayi ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-Maritime Convention.

Indawo yamanzi phakathi kweziqhingi zama-archipelagos ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ingamanzi angaphakathi. Amazwe amaningana (i-Indonesia, ePhilippines) anendawo engaphakathi, ebeka imikhawulo ekuhambeni kwemikhumbi yangaphandle. Ukuze kungavimbeli ukuhamba, uhulumeni uvumela imiklamo yolwandle ukuze ihambe kalula.

Ulwandle lwasezweni

Ingxenye yolwandle (olwandle) ibhekwa ngokomthetho njengendawo endaweni engamamitha ayi-12 eyamukelwe yi-UN. Amazwe angomakhelwane olwandle ngokuvamile avumelana ngendlela ephakathi kwamanye amazwe ekuqothulweni kwezindawo zomthwalo wemfanelo. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuxoxisana, umngcele unqunywe ngamaphuzu afanayo phakathi kwezigaba zomhlaba.

Ngokwenza njalo, abanye bathi ukuhumusha umthetho wezilwandle ngendlela yabo, kubandakanya endaweni ekhethekile yokubusa yendawo yamanzi ngaphandle kolwandle. Izimbangela zezingxabano ziyimithombo yezinto eziphilayo, imithombo yemvelo, isikhundla sezinhloso.

Indawo evelele

Amanzi omhlaba wombuso anokuqhubeka ngendlela yesimo esinqunyiwe, esichazwe ngamamayela angu-12. I-buffer ekhethekile idalwe njengendawo yokuhlola. Lapha amabutho emingcele angakwazi ukulawula ukuhamba kwemikhumbi, abambe abazingeli kanye nabahlukumezi, futhi abone abahlukumezi bokuphepha, ukufuduka, imithetho yamasiko.

Izitsha zempi zamazwe angaphandle, njengombuso, kufanele zithole imvume yokunqoba indawo edibeneyo, kanye nemikhumbi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba - ukuhambisa endaweni engaphezulu kwamanzi. Noma kunjalo, izidingo azicaci ngokucacile futhi zilawulwa ngokuyingxenye ngezivumelwano zesifunda, noma "ilungelo labanamandla."

I-Zone Yomnotho Ekhethekile

Amanzi asezindaweni akuyona nje indawo engamakhilomitha angu-24 wemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile. Izizwe zikazwelonke zinelungelo lokuthuthukiswa okuyisisekelo, okubizwa ngokuthi indawo ekhethekile yezomnotho. Ihlanganisa amakhilomitha angu-370 (200 miles nautical) ukusuka ogwini (noma amanzi angaphakathi), uma kungekho mingcele yemingcele ngendlela yemikhumbi yasolwandle yamazwe angomakhelwane.

Isimo se-EEZ singakwazi ukukhipha amaminerali ngamunye, noma ukuthuthukisa ama-hydrocarbon deposits, izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle, ukwakha iziteshi zamandla kagesi, ukuhlola ukuhlolwa kwemvelo, njll. Kungavunyelwe ngisho nokwakha iziqhingi ezizimele futhi zizisebenzise ngokwezomnotho.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umthetho wolwandle uvimbela ukuvimbela ukuhamba emoyeni nokuhamba ngokuthula kwezitsha zamanye amazwe. Kuvunyelwe ukubeka izindlela zokuxhumana, amapayipi. Futhi, iqembu lizovikela ukuvikela imvelo, ukuqeda imiphumela yezinhlekelele zemvelo.

Indawo yesheluli

Ulwandle lwendawo luhlanganisa nenye ingxenye yeshalafu sezwekazi elide. Amandla wesifunda ngaphakathi kwendawo yesheluli aziningi ngezindlela ezifana ne-EEZ. Lezi zindawo zingase zenzeke, ngakho-ke imithetho yemikhakha yezomnotho ibaluleke kakhulu.

Uma ishalofu lidlulela ngaphesheya komkhakha owodwa wezomnotho futhi kubonakala sengathi kuqhubeka ukuqhutshwa kwemikhumbi yasemaphandleni ezweni, izwe linamandla okukhipha imithombo yemvelo, ukudoba, njll. Indawo yezomnotho idlula ngaphesheya kwe-EEZ kusukela ngamakhilomitha angama-200 ukuya kwangu-350 ububanzi obuvela ogwini.

Amanzi asezweni laseRussia

I-Russian Federation ilawula indawo enkulu yolwandle. Umngcele ubheke ama-38,800 km. Amanzi angaphakathi ahlanganisa uLwandle OluMhlophe, iKheshskaya Bay, iPechora Bay. Ulwandle lwase-Okhotsk, ngenxa yesigodi saseKuril, luyingxenye yamanzi asezindaweni ezinomthelela owodwa wemithwalo yemfanelo. Lapha kuvinjelwe ukudoba kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kwemvume ekhethekile.

Indawo yezomnotho ihlala ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4 km ² . Ihlanganisa ngokugcwele izilwandle:

• I-Karsky;
• I-Laptevs;
• I-East Siberia;
• I-Okhotsk;
• Mhlophe.

Ngokwengxenye:

• Umnyama;
• I-Azov;
• I-Caspian;
• I-Baltic;
• Barents;
• I-Chukchi;
• Beringovo;
• Isi-Japanese;
• I-Pacific Ocean;
• I-Arctic.

Le nsimu esikhathini esizayo iyoba yindawo yokunethezeka komnotho. Imithombo yemvelo yamanzi inkulu kakhulu. Amasheya anezinqolobane ezicebile zezinto ezimbiwa ngamaminerali kanye namafutha, amafutha negesi. Kuhlelwe ukwakha imizi engaphansi kwamanzi-robotic-izitshalo, lapho ezokhipha khona, ukuthutha, ukucubungula ngezipho izipho zomhlaba.

Izimpikiswano

Amanzi asezindaweni zendawo ahambisana nomthetho we-Maritime Convention. Kodwa akuzona zonke izifundo ezilandela izinhlinzeko zalo. Ngokuvamile ukunqunyulwa kwezilwandle zasemkhatsini phakathi komakhelwane kuyashintsha ekubeni izingxabano, ngisho nezingxabano zempi.

Isibonelo, iU.SA neLibiya kabili (1981, 1989) bahlangana ngxabano ngokuchazwa kweCider Bay. Uyangena enyakatho ye-Afrika, kodwa ebanzi ngokwanele ukuba angene endaweni yokubusa okukhethekile, kodwa iLibya ibheka ukuthi iyakhe. Iminyaka yakamuva ayikwazi ukuhlukanisa imingcele yamanzi aseNicaragua naseCosta Rica. Ukungqubuzana kwezombusazwe kuhambisana nokusongelwa kokuphikisana kwezempi.

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi yokuphikisana phakathi kweTurkey neGrisi, eJapane neChina, i-Indonesia neTimor. Ingxenye yeSouth China Sea ingabangela izimpi ezinkulu phakathi kweChina, iVietnam, iPhilippines, i-US kanye namanye amaqembu.

I-Battle for the Arctic

Izingxabano zakudala ziyavela phakathi kwamazwe omkhathi. Isibonelo, amanzi aseRussia ngamazwe abalingani naseRussia ngokwawo ahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. I-Russian Federation ibheka insimu njengendawo yezintshisekelo ezivela emingceleni yangaphandle yesifunda saseMurmansk naseChukotka eya eNyakatho Pole. I-Norway, i-Canada, i-United States kanye nabanye abaningi badinga ukunciphisa indawo, ngokusho kwemithetho yesivumelwano. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-US neCanada ngokwabo bahumusha ngokukhululekile le mithetho uma kuziwa ezintweni ezithintekayo.

Amashalofu anemfuyo yamatshe, ngakho-ke yizimpikiswano zomphakathi. Isibonelo, ama-hydrologists aseRussia aqhuba izifundo eziyingqayizivele ngonyaka ka-2000 owafakazela ukuthi yiziphephelo zamanzi ezingaphansi kwamanzi aseMendeleev, iLomonosov kanye neChukchi Plateau eya eshefini lase-Asia. Engxenyeni yensimu, iGreenland (Denmark) yathi. Ukuhamba kuka-2007 kwavumela ukuloba izintshisekelo zezomnotho ze-Russian Federation esifundeni se-Arctic.

Kusukela ngo-2010 eCanada belokhu befuna ukwandisa ishalafu sezwekazi ngenxa yezindawo ze-Arctic ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngokuyinhloko, bacabanga ukuthi ingxenye ye-Mendeleev iphakanyiswa njengokuqhubeka kwezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Futhi iDenmark ayinqabeli izimangalo zayo. Lezi zinqumo zaphoqa iRussia ukuba ivuselele izisekelo zempi eziqhingini ezisenyakatho: Novosibirsk, Franz Joseph, Novaya Zemlya nabanye ukuvikela izithakazelo. Ukubonisana kuka-2015-2016 akubandakanyi izixazululo zokwehlisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamashalofu.

Izingxabano ezifanayo ziyabonakala emanzini ase-Antarctica, njengamanye amazwe (eChile, Argentina, Norway, njll) acabangela ingxenye yezwekazi njengezwe elibusayo. Lokhu kuphambene nezinqumo zeZizwe Ezihlangene, eziqaphela izwekazi leqhwa njengendawo engathathi hlangothi. Ngokuvamile, amazwe ayishumi nambili anecala lokunciphisa imingcele yemifula.