Amadlozi lasendulo amahhashi izilwane ahlobene. Evolution of ihhashi

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwalabo izilwane eziye domesticated umuntu kuyinto ihhashi. Ngaphandle akunakwenzeka ukucabanga iziqephu eziningi ezivela umlando impucuko yethu: yokufuduka abantu, impi enkulu nokunqoba lamazwe wonke ... Yiqiniso, ukufuywa kwamakamela lesi silwane kwakusala kude kweminyaka embalwa, futhi lasendulo ihhashi okhokho wasinika "version" yesimanje kwengane yayo kunalokho muva .

By the way, babengobani, lezi okhokho efanayo? Uma amahhashi ukwazi okuthile cishe wonke umuntu, khona-ke lesi sihloko kuyinto cishe engaziwa. Ukuze ulungise lokhu nokungaqondi ngeshwa, sizilungisile lesi sihloko.

Hyracotherium, eminyakeni million 54-38 edlule

Lona nesikhathi Eocene. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Earth wazungeza ilungu omdala amahhashi umndeni. Cishe bonke ubuso iplanethi is ezembethe amahlathi emvula aminyene asezindaweni ezishisayo, izakhamuzi eziningi zazo ngokuphelele bazivumelanisa baphila ezimweni ezinjalo. Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle ngaleso sikhathi sase sikhona kakade, kodwa ayethanda ukuthi zincane futhi sokuziphatha njengomncane ethule ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ushiye kuphela yokukhosela at kuhlwe.

Amadlozi zokuqala ihhashi, Hyracotherium njengoba ezikhathini ezinjalo izilwane elibuthaka. Kuyinto kungalungile ukusho ukuthi ososayensi yesimanje ngukhokho lamahhashi isilwane kubhekwe kuphela inqolobane enkulu. Okokuqala, libhekisela umndeni elisencwadini yasendulo palaeotheriidae, okwakunginika amadlozi kuphela amahhashi yesimanje, kodwa isikhathi eside kusukela brontotheres yokuqothulwa. Okwesibili, isilwane kwaba kakade 20 amasentimitha ihlombe imilente yayo kungekho izinselo. Ngamafuphi nje, lungaphezu sengathi ezinye uhlobo uhlobo olungavamile zamakati kuka amahhashi.

Futhi kwaba yiqiniso: amadlozi amahhashi eminingi yasendulo acishe afane nalawo lenzalo yabo kuphela ukuthi babe herbivorous. Kodwa! Babedla eshiya nezihlahla encane kuphela, njengoba utshani kulezo ubudala ezikude phezu iplanethi ayitholakalanga. Ukuze zonke ezinye izinkomba, base ejwayelekile kwabakhileyo ehlathini, okuyinto awuzange egijima asemaqeleni. It Hyracotherium - ngukhokho omdala ihhashi.

Nokho, kubalulekile ukugcizelela waphinda ukuthi kwanhlobo izici uhlobo yesimanje. Ngokwezinga elithile Hyracotherium angabhekwa okhokho nesibalo esikhulu izilwane, eziningi zazo cishe ngeke ufunde lutho. Cabanga nje: ekuqaleni Pleistocene wedwa artiodactyl kwakukhona abangaphezu kuka-200 izinhlobo, futhi kuba (ngokokuqala) wayengeyena umkhawulo!

Equines C kwaphawuleka ngesimo esifanayo. Namuhla emhlabeni kukhona esiphezulu kwesigamu zinhlobo kweshumi, kuyilapho esikhathini zomlando wabo, mhlawumbe kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo futhi ezihlukahlukene zenyathi!

Mesohippus, eminyakeni million 40-32 edlule

Nansi isilwane kakade angabhekwa kuqhathaniswa nehhashi. Buyabuna mesohippus kakade bakhula cm 60, nezimbadada ezinyaweni zakhe wayesenalo kakade iminwe emithathu kuphela, futhi kwabikwa eside kakhulu futhi mkhulu kunokhalo abanye ababili.

Yilokho kuphela uma ubheka isakhiwo Yekhanda namazinyo, kuvela ukuthi phambi kwethu - ejwayelekile isilwane herbivorous, Pete ninodwa amahlamvu futhi emagatsheni amancane. Utshani akudingekanga ikakhulukazi. Kuba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo e ukubukeka kwayo ngenxa izimo ukushintsha abukhali kwendawo uma Hyracotherium wahlala aminyene futhi enokwethenjelwa ukuvikela amahlathi yabo, mesohippus siphoqeleke ukuhambisa ngendlela ezingavamile ihlathi-asemaqeleni zone.

Isikhala abe inombolo okuningi lezitha futhi liye lenyuka. Ngakho, lezi okhokho amahhashi lasendulo baphoqeleka ukusebenzisa eziningi, ukuze ngingasebenzisi ukukhonza njengephayona umhlobiso kwethebula kothile. Ngenxa yalesi kancane kancane; yikho abaqala yoma izinzwane lateral, okuyinto kuphela ingathiyeki ukuhambisa ngokushesha phansi, isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene isibe rougher futhi ngakhula ubude, nezingalo amazinyo babe stiffer futhi mfushane.

Ungakhohlwa mayelana brontotheres oshiwo ngenhla, okwakukhona kulo izilwane ngobukhulu Equine owake waphila emhlabeni. Ngokungafani "amahhashi" kwesikhathi, lezi zilwane okusikhumbuza ngaphezulu obhejane yesimanje, futhi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka baba kuphela zinkulu futhi bulkier. By the way, engqondweni yabo, futhi, kwaba uphondo, kodwa ngokungafani kunobhejane (kusuka obhejane uphondo lisuselwa isikhumba), kwaba ngempela amathambo.

Ekupheleni kwe-Oligocene sezulu waqala kwenzeke into emnandi kakhulu abakhileyo izinguquko iplanethi: kwaba ezweni, amahlathi kanye amahlamvu aluhlaza liye lehla. brontotheres Giant, onganeliseki ngokudla nje safa yindlala, kodwa umlando amahhashi ngaleso sikhathi lase liqala nje. Basuke ekubeni wehlukile, uvele legatsha elisha kwemvelo. Yiqiniso, abaningi babo baye baba ukuphela efile, kodwa ezinye emenza izilwane ngasinda izigidi zeminyaka.

Miogippus, eminyakeni million 36-24 edlule

Mesohippus kancane kancane safa, esikhundleni sazo ukuza miogippus. Ngaleso sikhathi kwabonakala sengathi izikhala ezinkulu ngempela kuqala evulekile (kokubili enkangala yesimanje), kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, basalelwe ihlathi elikhulu kunalokhu isilwane owakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele. Ungomunye ezincelisayo eziyivelakancane, eyayintula zenyathi ezimbili nje kakhulu ezahlukene, ehlathini asemaqeleni. Kancane kancane zasondela zenyathi ihlathi adluliselwe eNyakatho neMelika, kusukela kuye kwavela anchitherium. Kodwa la mahhashi lasendulo naleso sikhathi - ke zinhlobo asemaqeleni.

Umehluko omkhulu kusukela mesohippus kwaba ukuthi ukuqinisa e miogippusa iminwe hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi amazinyo. Babé Sinemandla futsi obuqinile. Ithuluzi ekahle ukugaya eliningi kanzima asemaqeleni utshani. By the way, lithathelwe ukugaya okhokho ezinzima futhi obukhulu ukudla izakhi esibi wakhonza zamahhashi ethubeni elihle ekuqaleni Ukupholisa global. Lesitshalo ukuthi uthanda amahlamvu ithenda futhi amagatsha amancane ezihlahla, nofela emihlambini.

Anchitherium, "inzalo ka-uhlangothi." iminyaka eyizigidi 24-5 edlule

Ngakho owayenguyise anchitherium efanayo Isaka ehlathini "izinguqulo" miogippusa? Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wakhumbuza mesohippus ukuthi ngesikhathi ukubonakala kwawo kakade ngokugcwele ziyafa: AmaNaga yakhe iminwe emithathu, wadla amahlumela amahlamvu. Njengoba ungase ukuqagela, ukuvela ihhashi uma bakhe buphezu kuka-: ngukhokho lezi eziphambi kwabo, akazange alale lapho ifomu samanje.

Parahippus, eminyakeni million 24-17 edlule

Ngokujwayelekile, kubonakala kungaphezu nje parahippus yayifana nalabo zamahhashi yesimanje, ukhokho waso ayezoba. Ngo "arsenal" sakhe kukhona abayizinkulungwane imilenze ngokuphelele entsha namazinyo. Okuningi ngokunembile, babengakwazi kangaka ezintsha njengoba ngcono kakhulu. Lesi silwane yaqale ukusebenzisa hhayi lonke unyawo ndawo, okungukuthi ku-esifushane, iminwe yakhe uqweqwe.

Iqiniso lokuthi e-Miocene amahlathi baba ngisho kancane, kodwa isibalo asemaqeleni embozwe izitshalo herbaceous, liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye zokukhosela do cishe kwakungeyona, kodwa ngoba okhokho amahhashi kwadingeka ukuba yashesha nakakhulu.

Lapha kubalulekile ukwenza akanhlanhlatsi. Umlando uyazi amacala amaningana amahhashi kokuba solipeds ngalesi sikhathi waya enye indlela. Sikhuluma mayelana tapir. Futhi okunye kubo (amahhashi) okhokho owakhetha ukuhamba ehlathini emuva, kunokuba ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinzima emaqeleni.

Merikgippus, eminyakeni million 17-11 edlule

Merikgippus ngokuyinhloko kwakungenxa efana parahippus. Emahlombe le "ihhashi i-miniature" ifinyelele imitha, futhi izinyawo zakhe zazinjengethusi inselo kweqiniso. Amazinyo lokhu yezilwane yayigcina kuhle aguqulelwe ukudla nje notshani, kodwa hhayi amahlamvu, njengoba izihlobo zakhe eziningi.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngesikhathi ehlathini waqala kancane kancane ukuvuseleleka. Ngekucabanga merikgippus ungase uzophinde abe zasehlathini, uya i lula ekutholeni kwamahlamvu. Yilokho nje emahlathini ayesahlala miogippusy futhi anchitherium, kodwa ngoba ukudla niche kwakuhlezi ngokugcwele. Ngakho, okhokho amahhashi nezilwane ahlobene zazivame isimo ukungezwani ngxabano yemvelo, njengoba wasebenzisa ukudla okufanayo.

Kungenzeka ukuthi esimweni lokubuya full-scale kwamahlathi eplanethini yethu namuhla yayiyobizwa ophilayo ke inzalo anchitherium nezinye zasehlathini, kepha isimo aqhubeka babe ngaphezulu futhi ezimbi kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa ehlathini, lapho kwakukhona khona ukhokho lasendulo ehhashi, cishe wabuya akekho (ezimweni mthetho eshiwo ngenhla).

Hipparion, eminyakeni million 15-2 edlule

Lezi zilwane ayesezohlubuka 20 zilwane, futhi kuba isikhathi sabo sokuqala ingathiwa ihhashi kweqiniso, ngaphandle ukubhuka. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, babefana amahhashi yesimanje, cishe usayizi ofanayo. Ngezinyawo zabo yayisalokhu iminwe yesithathu neyesine, kodwa kuphela ngesimo izinqubo esingesihle. Lawa kwakungamadodana okhokho la mahhashi. Lezi amahhashi kungenziwa kufanele kuthathwe njengesimo yimpumelelo kakhulu kusukela iphuzu begazi umbono.

Lezi zinhlobo wahlala cishe sonke ebusweni iplanethi. Ikhaya imfihlakalo kwezazi isizathu yokuqothulwa yabo. Kwakuyisikhathi zinhlobo obe yimpumelelo, babhekana ngokuphumelelayo izimo kwendawo yazo. Abanye ososayensi babekholelwa (futhi ukholwa kube yilolu suku), igatsha main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo equines kufanele kubhekwe ngokunembile lezi zilwane, kuyilapho ukuvela ihhashi likwazi igatsha side. Ngomqondo onabile, ngokucacile bamukela imibono izimbangela yokuqothulwa yabo akuyona kuze kube manje. Mhlawumbe lena yiyona ndlela zonke nge ushintsho olufanayo sezulu.

Pliogippus, eminyakeni million 12-5 edlule

Futhi manje sizobheka ekupheleni efile ngempela ekuthuthukiseni umndeni - pliogippusa. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi wayengumuntu weqiniso, ngukhokho ngqo kuzo zonke amahhashi yesimanje. Kodwa kwezazi kamuva nezesayenzi bathole ukuthi isakhiwo Yekhanda ihlukile kakhulu kusukela ihhashi.

Nokho, kwenzeke iphutha ekhethekile akusebenzanga: phela nokuthi isilwane kwaba ozalweni merikgippusa njengoba hipparions. Cishe, pliogippusy babe ifomu ezinye zesikhashana phakathi ehlathini asemaqeleni abameleli bomkhaya. Ngesikhathi lapho yayinesimo sezulu kuqhathaniswa olinganiselayo futhi ethambile, ba kulula ukuzwana nabo bonke abantu, kodwa ke Ukupholisa baqhubeka, futhi lolu hlobo wayengeke asonge izandla ancintisane izihlobo zabo ezikhethekile ngaphezulu.

Mhlawumbe ngaleso sikhathi (eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 million edlule), yethu 'zasendle' okhokho kanye namahhashi zasendle okokuqala bahlangana nomunye. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lo mhlangano kwaba uhlamvu luyingxenye ukudla. Ngo lawo makhulu eminyaka emhlabeni bebephila australopithecines, futhi cishe ngeke abe nesithakazelo ukufuywa kwamakamela amahhashi.

Izigidi ezingu-5 - iminyaka 8000 edlule

Ucabanga ukuthi ekuqaleni ihhashi Pleistocene yesimanje ngasinda ngokugcwele "Oldies" lapho sibhekene hipparions futhi astrogippusa? Awa, akusinjalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba bayanda eziyivulayo ayabulala ezidla uhlaza ngawo okhokho amahhashi, ubudlelwane uMandela ubambekile, ngoba basebenzisa isizinda ukudla ezivamile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi eNingizimu Melika yayisalokhu amafomu lasendulo kakhulu futhi bakudala ka equines, okuyinto kwezinye izindawo osekuyisikhathi eside kusukela uzoqothulwa. Kodwa-ke kwaba isikhathi Pleistocene, kanye iplanethi Iqhwa lavela ngesikhathi esizayo. Kube eziningi zezinhlanzi (njenge elasmotherium) ukuthi bangaba khona kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima sezulu. Ososayensi namuhla uyavuma ukuthi ukushabalala kwalezi zilwane kwakubangelwa ukuthi umsebenzi womuntu, kodwa nge azifele ngokuphelele.

Kodwa simchazela indaba amahhashi ngokuvakashela. Kanjani konke lokhu ixhunyiwe? Iqiniso liwukuthi ngenxa snap ebandayo izinhlobo amadala eziningi (ierikgippusy) Ekugcineni safa ngokuphelele, kodwa ngoba okhokho la mahhashi ithole "ukubuswa", waqala ukuthuthukisa awuthumbe edlulela emasimini amasha.

iminyaka eyizigidi ezine ezidlule - namuhla

Yiqiniso, zonke izinhlobo zakudala musa uzoqothulwa ngenkathi eyodwa. Ngakho, pliogippus wanyamalala iminyaka kwezigidi ezinhlanu kuphela edlule, ukuze ngomqondo zomlando, babehlala cishe izolo.

Njengoba ngisho australopithecines babe ngaphambili kuka eminyakeni million 3 edlule, abantu yokuqothulwa yabo akulona icala lakho. Okokuqala, iplanethi wayethola ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa. Okwesibili, esiteji izilwane eziyivulayo ayabulala, isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene okwakukhona izikhathi eziningi neliphelele kunalelo. By the way, isizathu ukushabalala eziningi mammoth - ukudla efanayo, futhi akukho muntu owakwazi ngemikhonto yakhe lasekuqaleni. Ukuntuleka kokudla eyenziwe amahhashi lasendulo "umhlaba" futhi ngokushesha, futhi abaningi yohlobo lwazo umane wanyamalala.

Amahhashi ngesikhathi sase esingilitholile a look zanamuhla futhi izici Sakhiwo sangekhatsi. Isimo sezulu baba onomoya omnene kangangokuthi zaqala ukusakazeka izindawo ezinkulu. kwemvelo okuqhubekayo ihhashi kwaba phezu izinsalela indlela yoma neminwe yesithathu neyesine, kanye nokuthuthukiswa pheshana emathunjini. Namuhla, ukuvela kwalesi silwane abayekanga, kodwa ngeke sina izinkinga ithonya inqubo umuntu.

Ngazi kanjani ukuthi singakanani ukubukeka ezahlukene babe ihhashi, uma wayesaphila ku amathafa kanye Prairies zomhlaba lapho abantu azange avele!